69-英美经济概况

会计学英美经济概况The

mainstream

economy

in

the

UK

and

the

US

isprivately-owned,

however,

governmentintervention

took

place

in

history

that

helped

themout

of

trouble

in

their

development.The

UK

nationalization

and

the

USA

governmentsupport

of

agriculture

certainly

vary.

The

UKexercises

a

mixed

economic

system

while

the

USAdoes

not

have

a

system

of

public

ownership.As

a

result,

the

UK

did

not

experience

any

majoreconomic

crises,

but

the

USA

did

not

escape

them.However,

this

did

not

prevent

the

USA

frombecoming

an

economic

superpower.Economy

of

the

UKbut

st ll

stroIntroductionThe

third

largest

economy

in

Europe

after

Germany

andFrance.One

of

the

world"s

most

globalised

countries,

rankingfourth

in

one

recent

survey.The

British

economy

is

often

described

as

an

"Anglo-Saxon

economy" It

is

made

up

of

the

economies

ofEngland,

Scotland Wales

and

Northern

Ireland.

The

UKhas

been

a

member

state

of

the

European

Union

since1973.

Privatisation

of

state-owned

enterprises

under

theGovernment

of

Margaret

Thatcher

in

the

1980s.

in

recent

years

the

longest

period

of

sustainedeconomic

growth

in

every

quarter

since

1992.

one

of

the

strongest

EU

economies

in

terms

ofinflation

interest

rates

and

unemployment

all

ofwhich

remain

relatively

low.Economy of

the

USd’s

E

gineIntroduction

The

United

States

of

America

has

the

largesteconomy

and

the

most

important

market

in

the

world.

A

mixed

economy

in

that

private

firms

make

themajority

of

the

microeconomic

decisions

while

beingregulated

by

the

government

The

U.S.

economy

maintaining

a

high

level

of

outputper

person

Maintaining

a

stable

overall

GDP

growth

rate,

a

lowunemployment

rate,

and

high

levels

of

research

andcapital

investmentFeatures

of

the

British

andAmerican

EconomyFeatures

of

the

British

Economy

There"re

some

striking

features

in

the

Britisheconomy.It

was

the

first

to

have

been

fullly

industrialized;

It

doesn"t

produce

enough

food

to

meet

the

country’sbasic

needs;

The

British

industry

is

operated

by

many

differenttypes

of

firms,

ranging

from

the

small

family

businessto

the

great

public

coporation

operating

numerousplants;Th

British

labour

force

is

remarkably

homogeneous.Features

of

the

American

EconomyIt"s

a

free

enterprise

system;

All

the

50

states

in

the

US

have

been

most

active

inbuilding

roads

and

in

the

field

of

education;

The

US

government

plays

an

important

role

in

the

USeconomy;The

farmers

are

efficiency

in

the

production

of

grain;The

sale

of

the

armed

forces

to

other

countries.British

and

AmericanIndustryBritish

IndustryPrimary

Industry：agriculture,

fishing,

andmining.Secondary

industries:Tertiary

industries:ces,

sucm,selPrimary

Industries

in

the

UK

Agriculture

is

intensive,

highly

mechanised,

andefficient

by

European

standards,

producing

about

60%of

food

needs

with

less

than

2%

of

the

labour

force3rd

quarter

of

2007.

It

contributes

around

2%

of

GDP.

Around

two-thirds

of

the

production

is

devoted

tolivestock,

one-third

to

arable

crops.

Three

quarters

of

Britain’s

land

is

used

foragriculture with

about

a

quarter

of

that

under

crops,and

the

rest

is

grazing

for

animals

Energy

production

accounts

for

5%

of

the

nationalwealth.

Since

1970s,

when

oil

and

gas

were

discoveredunder

the

North

Sea,

Britain

has

become

a

major

oiland

gas

producer

The

abundance

of

energy

resources

make

the

UKbecome

an

overall

exporter

of

energy.

Three

of

the

biggest

ten

companies

in

Britain

are

inthe

energy

sector:ShellBritish

PetroleumBritish

Gasrgy

needs

Britain’s

companies

are

active

in

all

majorfields

of

Manufacturing

industry,

but

areparticular

strong

in

pharmaceuticals

,chemicals,

aerospace,

and

food

and

drink.

Britain’s

electronics

industry

is

the

fourthlargest

in

the

world,

but

in

many

cases

areforeign-owned.Tertiary

Industries

of

the

UK

The

importance

of

secondary

industry

hasshrunk,

while

the

importance

of

serviceindustry

grows.

70%of

the

UK’s

workforce

are

employed

inthe

service

sector.

The

UK

service

sectornow

makes

up

about

73%

of

GDP.

The

service

sector

is

dominated

by

financialservices,

especially

in

banking

andinsurance.British

Trade

Foreign

trade

played

an

important

role

intheBritish

economy.Overseas

commoditytrade

aloneaccounting

for

about

one

sixthof

the

country’s

national

income.There

is

animporter

of

food

and

an

exporter

ofmanufactured

goods.British

FinanceImportantfinancial

cities

in

the

UK

London: theworld’s

financial

centerShares

and

bonds:

London

Stock

ExchangeInsurance:

L

loyds

of

LondonCentral

bank:

The

Bank

of

EnglandBusiness

banks

;Barclays

Bank,

Citigroup

and

HSBCThere

are

now

over

500

banks

with

offices

in

the

City

andDocklands with

themajorityof

business

in

London

beingconducted

on

an

international

basis.Edinburgh:

the

fifth

largest

financial

centre

in

Europe

the

Royal

Bank

of

Scotland

(the

second

largest

bank

inEurope),

HBOS

(owners

of

the

Bank

of

Scotland)

and

StandardLife

Insurancelhe

UniteMajor

banks

in

the

UK

with

Bank

of

England

as

thecentral

bank

:HSBC

BankRoyal

Bank

of

ScotlandBarclays

BankHBOSLloyds

TSBStandard

CharteredAlliance

&

LeicesterNorthern

RockCo-operative

BankLondonEdinburghLondonEdinburghLondonLondonLeicesterNewcastle

upon

TyneManchesterPound

sterling:

The

symbol

of

the

UKUnits

of

the

sterlingCoins1

penny20

pence2

pence50

pence5

pence1

pound10

pence2

pounds5

pounds

(commemorative

only)Notes5

pounds20

pounds

(seldom)10

pounds50

pounds

(rarely

used)T

o

urismisveryi

mportanttot

h

eB

ritishecono

m

y.L

ondonisthem

o

stv

isitedcityi n

thew

orldaheado f

2ndp

lacedBangko

k

and3

rdplacedPar

i

sAmerican

IndustryPrimary

industryAmerican

agriculturePrimary

Industries

in

the

USThe

naturary

advantages

of

agriculture

:

The

United

States

is

blessed

with

fertile

soil,

and

agood

climate

for

its

agriculture

About

one-fifth

of

the

land

area

is

farmed.

Some

394million

acres

are

harvested

cropland,

and

about

890million

acres

are

permanent

pastureland.Most

of

the

important

crop-growing

areas

in

the United

States

are

in

the

central

plain

region

between the

Appalachians

and

the

Rockies.Others

are

in

the

Atlantic

coast

plain

and

the

great basins

west

of

the

Rockies.Agriculture

is

a

major

industry

in

the

United

States and

the

country

is

a

net

exporter

of

food.Agriculture:

historical

developmentIn

the

U.S.,

the

spread

of

farms

from

the

colonieswestward

along

with

the

settlers.

In

coolerregions,

wheat

has

been

the

crop

of

choicewhen

lands

are

settled,

which

leads

to

a

“wheatfrontier”

that

moved

westward

over

the

courseof

years.After

passing

the

“wheat

frontier”

through

anarea,

more

diversified

farms

including

dairycattle

generally

takes

its

place.The

plantings

of

cotton

and

herds

of

beef

cattlein

warmer

regions

.In

the

south,

the

common

phenomenon

is

raisingtobacco

and

cotton,

especially

through

the

use

ofslave

labor

until

the

Civil

War.In

the

northeast,

slaves

were

used

in

agricultureuntil

the

early

19th

century.Slave

labor

in

the

southern

plantationsAgriculture:

development

The

introduction

and

broad

adoption

of

scientificagriculture

since

the

mid

19th

century

lead

to

alarge

improvement

in

the

USA’s

economic

growth.

the

establishment

of

a

land-grant

university

in

eachstate

and

a

federally-funded

system

of

agriculturalexperiment

stations

and

cooperative

extensionnetworks

which

place

extension

agents

in

each

state.Top

five

livestock

industries

in

theUnited

States1.2.3.4.5.Dairy

CattleBeef

CattleSwine

(also

called

hogs

or

pigs)PoultrySheepDifferent

agricultural

belts

Belt

of

cheese:

Northeast

and

the

region

around

thefive

Great

lakes.

The

belt

of

wheat:

the

western

part

of

the

greatcentral

plain.The

belt

of

corn:

south

of

the

Great

Lake.The

belt

of

cotton:

the

whole

southeast

section.Secondary

Industries

of

the

US

The

U.S.

has

a

leading

manufacturing

power

in

theworld

.

The

U.S.

manufacturing:

highly

diversified

andtechnologically

advanced.

Main

industries:

petroleum steel,

motor

vehiclesaerospace

telecommunications

chemicals,electronics food

processing,

consumer

goods,lumber,

mining.Three

industrial

sections:The

northeast

section:

the

center

of

industries.

The

northeast

section:

consisting

of

3/4

of

thenational

manufacturing

and

processing

industries.Detroit:

the

center

of

the

automobile

industryPittsburgh:

the

center

of

the

steel

and

iron

industryThe

section

of

the

south:a

rapid

development

zone

and

the

most

importantarea

of

petroleum

production4.

The

western

section:

rapid

development

ofindustries

related

to

military

affairs

and

film-making

.The

most

developed

city

in

the

region:

Los

Angeles

America

ranks

second

in

gold,

silver,

copper,

lead,natural

gas,

and

coal.

Petroleum

production

is

the

third

in

the

world,

afterRussia

and

Saudi

Arabia.

The

United

States

lead

all

nations

in

the

value

of

itsyearly

manufacturing

output.

Although

manufacturingremains

a

key

component

of

the

U.S.

economy,

it

hasdeclined

in

relative

importance

since

the

late

1960s.

The

nation’s

industrial

core

is

first

developed

in

theNortheast.

In

this

area,

there’re

five

of

the

top

sevenmanufacturing

states—New

York,

Ohio,

Illinois,Pennsylvania,

and

Michigan

.

New

York,

New

Jersey,

and

Pennsylvania

specializethe

production

of

machinery

and

chemicals.

In

the

South

the

greatest

gains

in

manufacturing

havebeen

in

TexasTertiary

industry:Service

and

Commerce

SectorBy

far

the

largest

sector

of

the

economy

in

terms

ofoutput

and

employment

service

and

commercesector.

The

rapid

development

of

this

sector

duringthe

last

part

of

the

20th

century

created

many

newjobs.The

inclusion

of

many

high-paying

jobs

and

lower-paying

positions

are

in

financing,

banking,

education,and

health

services.el

bankLarge

banks

in

the

United

StatesCitibank(美国花旗银行）—New

YorkJ.P.Morgan

Chase

&

Co.(摩根大通集团),—NewYorkBank

of

America(美国银行)

CharlotteWells

Fargo(富国银行)—

San

Francisco，CaliforniaWachovia/FirstUnion美联银行--

CharlotteAmerican

Dollar

CoinscoinsDollar

NotesEntertainment

business

Motion

picture

production

has

beencentered

in

Hollywood,

California,

sincethe

early

decades

of

the

20th

century.Other

entertainment

industries

includetheater

and

televisionInternational

trade

The

United

States

is

the

world’s

leadingtrading

nation,

The

United

States

economy

can

provide

ahigher

quality

of

life

for

consumers

andmore

opportunity

for

businesses

bytrading

with

other

nations.

Nonagricultural

products

usually

account

for90%

of

the

yearly

value

of

exports,

andagricultural

products

account

for

about

10

%.

Machinery

and

transportation

equipment

makeup

the

leading

categories

of

exports,amounting

together

to

one-third

of

the

valueof

all

exports.

Other

leading

exports

include

electricalequipment,

chemicals,

precision

instruments,and

food

products.Mexico

,China

,Japan,UnitedMain

export

partners:Canada

,Kindom

,and

Germany

.General

StatisticsImportgoods

agricultural

products

5%,industrial

supplies

33%capital

goods

30%(computers

telecommunication

equipment motor

vehicle

parts,office

machines electric

power

machinery),consumer

goods

32%(automobiles

clothing medicines

furniture toys)

(2003)Main

import

partners:Canada

,

Europe

,

Asia

.Genenal

points

about

theeconomic

of

the

UK

andthe

USAbout

the

UK

economyAbsolute

Decline

and

Relative

DeclineBythe

1880s,

the

British

economy

wasdominant

in

the

world,

producing

one

thirdof

the

world’s

manufactured

goods,

half

itscoal

and

iron,

and

half

its

cotton.But

by1900,

the

UK

has

been

overtaken

byboth

the

United

States

and

Germany.The

Second

Industrial

Revolution

in

theUnited

States

meantthe

US

had

begun

tochallenge

Britain"s

role

as

the

leader

of

theglobal

economy.The

efforts

of

both

World

Wars

in

the

20thcentury

and

dismantlementof

theBritishalso

weakenedthe

UK

economy

in

globalterms,

and

by

that

time

Britain

had

beensuperseded

bythe

United

States

asthechief

player

in

the

global

economy.From

1945

until

the

present,

the

Britisheconomy

is

one

of

decline.The

reasons

for

the

decline

of

theBritish

economy:

After

World

War

II,

the

Britain

had

gone

heavily

intodebt,

in

order

to

finance

the

war,

many

of

itsaccumulated

overseas

assets

were

sold,

and

theyborrowed

large

amounts

from

the

US

and

Canada.

The

era

of

empire

was

over.

the

independence

of

itscolonies

makes

Britain

lose

big

markets

for

Britishgoods,

and

the

independent

colonies

stopped

providingraw

materials

to

the

UK,

leaving

Britain

as

just

amedium-size

European

country.3.

The

industry

were

unaffected

during

thewar

so

British

could

continued

with

its

olderfactories

and

pre-war

products.The

British

economy

went

through

aparticular

bad

period

in

the

1970s.Following

the

severe

shock

of

the1973

oil

crisis

and

the

1973–1974stock

market

crash,

the

Britisheconomy

went

into

recessionin

1974.It

grew

weaker

than

other

Europeancountries

in

the

1970s

overall.Results:Workers

struck

for

more

pay.The

government

was

in

debt.

The

British

industry

appeared

to

bedoing

badly,

with

increasing

importsrelativetoexports.Solution:

a

change

of

governmentIn

1979,

the

British

people

voted

in

theConservative

Party

under

MargaretThatcher,

with

the

promiseof

a

radicalprogram

ofreform.Positive

consequences:The

inflation

was

under

control.

Companies

were

more

efficient,

being

ableto

pay

higher

wages

and

make

higherprofits.Negative

consequencesmployholew ates

thaAbout

the

US

economyMobility:

1865;

freed

slaves

become

labour

for

northern

indus