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考研翻译讲解1第一部分考研英语翻译概况2翻译部分由一篇400字左右的文章组成,其

中划出5个句子,要求考生在30分钟内译完。

2002年题型更改之前,每句3分,一共15分,现在每句2分,一共10分。要求准确,完整和通顺常见问题:理解不透;词汇不认识或难以断定词汇或词组的意义;表达:硬译和死译,过于追求异化的结果;任意删减或增加,尤其是删减;不符合原文文体;不符合中文的表达习惯或过于追求归化的效果.基本步骤:通读文章:了解大体内容及其风格.英汉翻译文章大都属于比较严肃正式的议论文文体,尽量避免过于随便的俚语或俗语.开始翻译:可能的话,校对译文.3概况英译汉短文内容大体上涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、 一般常识或社会、自然科学与技术常识的题材。题材多为议论文。科学常识的题1991

能源与农业444词1992

能力评估的科学性4061993

科学研究的方法4431994天才技术与科学发展的关系3081995标准化教育与心理评估3641995科学发展的动力33141997动物的权力1998宇宙的起源1999史学研究的方法3262000科学家与政府3812001计算机与未来发展的困难3392003人类学的简介3712004语言与思维3572005大众传媒2006

的知识分子2007法律与新闻平均370字要求翻译的160字5考研英语英译汉的方法与技巧6翻译是两种语言的转换。考生首先必须对

英语和汉语两种语言的不同特征有所了解。词典所提供的词语的中文意思是翻译的基

础,而词语在句子中的意思则要依照上下

文的具体语境而定。在英语中,词和词组

的意思要根据词语之间的前后搭配关系而

定;句子的意思要根据句子之间的修饰关

系与逻辑关系而定。

具体地说,动词词组要看其前后的主语和宾语;介词要看它所修饰的中心词的词义和习惯搭配;连词要根据整个句子的意思及句子之间的关系而定;状语要看动词部分的意思;各种从句的意思要看它们与主句的关系:因果、并列、递进等关系的翻译方法各不相同。7汉语则不同。汉语字词本身没有语法上格和数等方面的变化,不同的顺序组合可以使同样的词产生不同的意思。所以,英译汉的关键在于调整汉语语序。根据英语产生汉语意思,用汉语的语序和汉语的表达习惯完整准确地把意思表达出来。如果只知其大意,而不懂调整语序,那么翻译过来的句子会洋腔浓重、佶屈聱牙。这也正是通常说的翻译者自己知道原文的意思,就是说不出来或表达不清楚的情况。8

简单而言,考研英译汉试题就是要求考

生准确地理解英语,完整、通顺地进行语

言转换。具体来说,就是在准确理解英语

的基础上,采用直译、意译、增词、减词、词性转换等具体技巧将英文意思用汉语表

达出来。9

考生在做翻译题时,在理解和表达方面,一般应以意思通顺为主要目标,将要翻译

的句子的几层主要意思通过比较通顺的中

文表达出来即可,而不要拘泥于句子当中

的个别词汇,在上面耽搁太长时间,更不

要见到生词就慌神,影响对整个句子的理

解。遇到动词、形容词这种功能性词汇,

可以根据周围语义关系对它的意思进行合

理推测。10英译汉试题的文章很多与科技有关,科技

术语出现得比较频繁。考生专业各不相同,因此要求做出十分地道的专业化的翻译是

不现实的。对于专用名词,就是尽量按照

字典意思直译,不要过度联想和发挥。人

名、地名的翻译按照音译即可,不需要过

多讲究。11考研英译汉是阅读理解的一种题型,它实

际上是对阅读理解更深层次的要求。阅读

理解要求我们能够从大体上把握文章的意

思即可,不必要求我们把句子的意思用符

合汉语表达习惯的文字复述出来。虽然说

阅读理解和翻译同样是从理解(先读文章)到运用(做题或翻译),显然翻译对理解

和运用的要求比阅读理解要深得多。12首先,虽然说是要求对文章划线部分的句

子进行翻译,但要能准确翻译好划线部分

句子,仍然要以通读全文为前提,因为即

使是划线部分的句子也绝不是孤立的句子,它和上下文有着千丝万缕的联系(比如划线句子中出现了代词it,they等,我们就不得不借助于前文进行准确地翻译)。13其次,即使自己能准确地理解划线部分句子的意思,也未必能将该意思用符合汉语表达习惯的文字表达出来。因为中文和英文都有相对特殊的表达习惯(比如英文长句多,中文短句多;英文喜欢用被动来表达,中文喜欢用主动来表达等等),要把翻译题做好,不仅要求有扎实的英文阅读理解能力,同时还要求有一定的汉语表达基础。14考研英译汉要求准确传达原文含义,做题时考生要把握以下几点:15•

一、翻译要做到意思准确,不能扭曲原文含义。准确是做好翻译的前提,是最基本的评价标准。所谓准确,是指译文必须正确传达原文的内容,不得曲解原文的含义。考生需要把原文的内容完整、准确地表达出来,不得有任何篡改、歪曲原文含义的现象。二、保证足够的信息覆盖率,不可减损原文表达。

信息是否全面是评价考研翻译好坏的一个标准。这里说的信息覆盖率就是指翻译内容的完整和全面,信息覆盖率是翻译评分的根据,所以考生在做题时要把握好这一点,不可因为疏忽而丢失本来可以得到的分数。16三、直译为主,意译为辅,语言通顺流畅。

直译和意译是两种侧重点不同的翻译

方法,直译重在表达形式,而意译则重在

意义。考研翻译中,应尽量采用直译的方

法,如果直译出来句子不通顺或者不符合

汉语表达习惯,则可以大胆采用意译的方

法,两者相辅相成,使译文更加通顺流畅。17第二部分考研英译汉英汉对比18一、英语重结构,汉语重语意Children

will

play

with

dolls

equippedwith

personality

chips,

computers

with

in-built

personalities

will

be

regarded

asworkmates

rather

than

tools,

relaxationwill

be

in

front

of

smell

television,

andthe

digital

age

will

have

arrived.(2001,72)Children

will

play

with

dolls

equipped

withpersonality

chips,

computers

with

in-builtpersonalities

will

be

regarded

as

workmatesrather

than

tools,

relaxation

will

be

in

front

ofsmell

television,

and

the

digital

age

willhavearrived儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,到那时数字化时代就来到了。19好好学习,天天向上你不知道,谁知道?Goodgood study,

day

day

up.You

don’t

know,

who

knows?Work

hard

and

make

progress

everyday.If

you

don’t

know,

whoknows?20二、英语多长句,汉语多短句21In

the

doorway

lay

at

least

twelveumbrellas

of

all

sizes

and

colors.门口放着一堆伞,少说有12把,五颜六色,大小不一。门口放着至少12把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞。22三、英语多从句,汉语多分句23On

the

whole

such

a

conclusion

can

bedrawnwith

a

certain

degree

of

confidence,

but

only

ifthe

child

can

be

assumed

to

have

had

thesame

attitude

towards

the

test

as

the

otherwithwhom

he

is

being

compared,

and

only

if

he

wasnot

punished

by

lack

of

relevant

informationwhich

they

possessed.(2002,75)On

the

whole

such

a

conclusion

can

be

drawnwith

a

certain

degree

of

confidence,

but

only

ifthechild

can

be

assumed

to

have

had

the

sameattitude

towards

the

test

as

the

other

with

whomhe

is

being

compared,

and

only

if

he

was

notpunished

by

lack

of

relevant

information

whichthey

possessed.(1992,75)总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:一是能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同;二是他并没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。24译文:这种假设是依据这样一种谬论:人的本性中存在天生的惰性。自由和尊严是传统理论当中自治者(自我约束者)拥有的最宝贵的东西,一个人必须对其行为负责,他的成绩必须得到赞扬,在这些实践中,自由和尊严是必不可少的。They

may

actually

avoid

them

because

they

assume

that

the

banks

either

cannot

understand

their

special

needs

or

chargeunreasonably

high

interest

rates.If

you

don’t

know,

whoknows?You

don’t

know,

who

knows?In

the

doorway

lay

at

least

twelve

umbrellas

of

all

sizes

and

colors.They

may

actually

avoid

them

because

they

assume

that

the

banks

either

cannot

understand

their

special

needs

or

chargeunreasonably

high

interest

rates.They

may

actually

avoid

them

because

they

assume

that

the

banks

either

cannot

understand

their

special

needs

or

chargeunreasonably

high

interest

rates.二、保证足够的信息覆盖率,不可减损原文表达。他们可能实际上躲开,因为他们觉得这些要么不能理解少数民族企业的特殊需要,要么收取的利率太高词典所提供的词语的中文意思是翻译的基础,而词语在句子中的意思则要依照上下文的具体语境而定。

七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体把猴群警察移走的结果是剩余的猴子相互梳毛、相互玩耍的行为减少了,并分成了几个帮派。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。What

brings

us

together

is

that

we

have

common

interests

which

transcend

those

differences.Can

you

answer

a

question

which

Iwant

to

ask

and

which

is

puzzling

me?我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答我吗?如果译成:你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?

不仅效果不好,而且不像中文。25四、英语多代词,汉语多名词26There

will

be

television

chat

showshosted

by

robots,

and

cars

with

pollutionmonitors

that

will

disable

themwhenthey

offend.(2001,21)There

will

be

television

chat

shows

hostedby

robots,

and

cars

with

pollutionmonitors

that

will

disable

them

when

theyoffend.(2001,21)将会出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车污染超标,监测器就会使其停驶。27They

are

the

possessions

of

the

autonomous(self-governing)

man

of

traditional

theory,

andthey

are

essential

to

practices

in

which

a

personis

held

responsible

for

his

conduct

and

givencredit

for

his

achievements.(2002,64)自由和尊严是传统理论当中自治者(自我约束者)拥有的最宝贵的东西,一个人必须对其行为负责,他的成绩必须得到赞扬,在这些实践中,自由和尊严是必不可少的。根据上下文它应该指前面提到的freedomandindignity,在翻译的时候如果译成“它们”就是表达不清应该译成名词“自由和尊严”。28五、英语多被动,汉语多主动29And

it

is

imaginedby

many

that

the

operationsof

the

common

mind

can

by

no

meansbecompared

with

these

processes

oftheScientists’

minds,

and

that

theyhave

to

be

acquiredby

a

sort

of

special

training.许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,并且这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。常用被动句型30It

is

said

thatIt

is

believedthatIt

is

reportedthatIt

is

estimatedthatIt

must

be

pointed

out

thatIt

must

be

admitted

thatIt

has

been

found

thatIt

is

suggestedthatIt

is

imaginedthatIt

can

not

be

denied

thatIt

will

be

seen

from

this

thatIt

should

be

realized

thatIt

is

always

stressed

thatIt

is

generally

considered

thatIt

may

be

said

without

the

fear

ofexaggeration

that31六、英语多变化,汉语多重复32The

monkey’s

most

extraordinaryaccomplishment

was

learning

to

operatea

tractor.

By

the

age

of

nine,

themonkeyhad

learned

to

solo

on

the

vehicle.

(R.Quirk)这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会单独驾驶

拖拉机了。(R夸克)He

hated

failure;

he

had

conquered

it

allhis

life,

risen

aboveit,

and

despised

it

inothers.他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败、并且藐视别人的失败。33七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体34Until

such

time

as

mankind

has

the

senseto

lower

its

population

to

the

point

wherethe

planet

can

provide

comfortable

supportfor

all,

people

will

have

to

accept

more“unnatural

food”.

(1991,

74)Sense

/point

/support/

comfortable/unnatural

都是非常抽象的词,如果不进行具体化,译文可能就是:Until

such

time

as

mankind

has

the

senseto

lower

its

population

to

the

pointwherethe

planet

can

provide

comfortablesupport

for

all,

people

will

have

to

acceptmore

“unnatural

food”.除非人类有这样的感觉,把人口减少到这样的点,使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持,否则人们不得不接受更多的“非自然的食品”。除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度—使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”35八、英语多引申,汉语多推理36英语有两句俗话:一是:You

know

a

wordby

the

company

it

keeps.(知人看伴,只词看文)。二是:Words

do

not

havemeaning,but

people

have

meaning

forthem.(词本无义,义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理。While

there

are

almost

asmanydefinitions

of

history

as

therearehistorians,

modern

practice

most

closelyconforms

to

one

that

sees

history

as

theattempt

to

recreate

and

explain

thesignificant

events

of

the

past.(1999,71)尽管关于 的定义几乎和 学家一样多,现代实践最符合这样一种定义,即把 看做是对过去重大 事件的再现和解释。37把recreate不能翻译成“重新创造”,是不能重新创造的,也不能翻译成它名词的词义“娱乐”。作者显然对recreate进行了引申,再想想我们生活中发生的情况:、文学、电影、电视经常向我们展示过去发生的事情,这种展示用恰当的中文表示就是“再现”。例如:“sure”在不同句子中的处理381.I

am

not

quite

sure

of

his

having

said

it.我不能确定他说过这话2.

This

is

the

surest

guarantee

that

we

shall

besuccessful.这是我们取得成功最可靠的保证。3.

He

made

asure

step

out

of

the

mud.他从泥沼中跨出了稳健的一步。4.She

had

a

sure

grasp

of

the

subject.她对于这门学科的知识掌握得很牢固。5.

He

is

very

sure

in

hisbelief.他的信仰十分坚定。39九、英语多省略,汉语多补充40在并列结构中,英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语,而汉语往往重复这些省略了的词。Reading

exercises

one’s

eyes;speaking,

one’s

tongue;

whilewriting,

one’s

mind.

(F.

Bacon)阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿,写作训练人的思维(培根)One

boy

is a

boy,

two

boys

half

a

boy,three

boys

no

boy.一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。41十、英语多前重心,汉语多后重心42•在表达逻辑思维时,英语往往是判断或结论等在前,事实或描写在后,即重心在前。汉语则是由因到果,由假设到推论,有事实到结论,即重心在后。I

was

all

the

more

delighted

when,

as

aresult

of

the

initiative

of

your

Governmentit

proved

possible

to

reinstate

the

visit

soquickly.由于贵政府的提议,才得以这样快的重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。The

assertion

that

it

was

difficult,

if

notimpossible,

for

a

people

to

enjoy

itsbasic

rights

unless

it

was

able

todetermine

freely

its

political

statusandto

ensure

freely

its

economic,

socialand

cultural

development

was

nowscarcely

contested.43The

assertionthat

it

was

difficult,

if

notimpossible,

for

a

people

toenjoy

its

basicrights

unless

it

was

able

to

determine

freelyits

political

status

and

to

ensure

freely

itseconomic,

social

and

cultural

developmentwas

now

scarcely

contested.如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位,不能自由的保证期经济、社会和文化的发展,要享受其基本权利,即使不是不可能,也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。44考研英译汉四步定位翻译法45一、结构分析二、句子切分三、词义推敲四、检查核对考研冲刺英译汉试题中常考句型示例与翻译461.with+名词+现在分词或过去分词所构成的独立主格:•

1)

With

the

prices

and

house

rentsincreasing

rapidly,

many

young

universitygraduates

cannot

earn

their

living,

let

alonesupport

their

parents.

(21

words)译文:随着(由于)物价和房租迅速上涨,许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己,更不用说赡养父母了。2.not

so

much…as…(=less…

more…)的译法47•

In

order

to

detect

the

misprints

in

asingle

print,

the

proofreader

has

to

noticenot

so

muchthe

meaning

of

what

hereadsas

the

exact

shape

and

order

of

letters

andwords

in

the

text.

(37

words)译文:为了发现稿件中的印刷错误,校对员必须与其说注意所读材料的含义,倒不如说注意文章中字母和单词的确切形状和顺序。3.more…than

的译法48•

There

is

more

agreement

on

the

kinds

ofbehavior

referred

to

by

the

term

intelligencethan

there

is

on

how

to

interpret

or

classifythem.

(26

words)译文:人们对智力所指的不同种类的行为表现比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类,看法更为一致。•49

4)Railroads

typically

charge

such

“captive”shippers

20

to

30

percent

more

than

they

dowhen

another

railroad

is

competing

for

thebusiness.(2003试题)译文:与有另一条铁路竞争这笔生意时相比,铁路公司对这样一些“被套住的”货主特意多收20-30%的运费。(2003试题)5)They

teach

very

well,and

more

thanearn

their

salaries,

but

most

of

them

makelittle

or

no

independent

reflections

onhuman

problems

which

involve

moraljudgment.(2006试题)

译文:他们可以把书教得很好,而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水,但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。504.

as

as

,

as

much

as

…,

as

many…as…,as

well

as…,as

从句,not…,as51…的灵活译法:•

6)

While

there

are

almost

as

manydefinitions

of

history

as

there

are

historians,modern

practice

most

closely

conforms

to

onethat

sees

history

as

the

attempt

to

recreate

andexplain

the

significant

events

of

the

past.

(36words)译文:虽然学的定义与学家几乎一样多(=虽然几乎每个学家都有自己对学的定义),但是现代史学家的实践最接近于符合这样一个定义(=最趋于认为),学是试图重现和解释过去的重大事件(=史实)。7)

But

surely

that

does

not

meanenvironmentalists

concerned

aboutuncontrolled

industrial

growth

are

anti-science,

as

an

essay

in

US

News

&

WorldReport

last

May

seemed

tosuggest.

译文:但是肯定与去年五月“

新闻和世界报导”中一篇文章似乎表明的不一样,那并不是说,关注工业无节制发展的环境专家是反科学的。52•53•

5.what从句的译法-what词义的引申译法:8)

What

he

has

demonstrated,hebelieves,

is

that

lack

of

control

over

anevent,

not

the

experience

itself,

iswhatweakens

the

immune

system.

(24

words)译文:他认为,他所论证的是,缺乏对事件的驾驭能力而不是经验本身是削弱免疫系统的原因。•546.定语从句的前置合译法:

9)On

the

whole,

such

a

conclusion

can

bedrawnwith

a

certain

degree

of

confidence,

but

only

if

the

childcan

be

assumed

to

have

had

the

same

attitude

towardsthe

test

as

the

others

with

whom

he

is

being

compared,and

only

if

he

was

not

punished

by

lack

of

relevantinformation

which

they

possessed.

(58

words)译文:总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度

和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏

别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分•558.定语从句的溶合译法:

10)This

assumption

rests

on

the

fallacyofthe

inherent

laziness

in

human

nature;

actually,aside

from

abnormally

lazy

people,

there

wouldbe

very

few

who

would

not

want

to

earn

morethan

the

minimum,

and

who

would

prefer

to

donothing

rather

than

work.译文:这种假设是依据这样一种谬论:人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上,除了特别懒惰的人以外,几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱,也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。•5611.not+谓语动词…+because…的否定转移译法:

12)Individual

manufacturers

do

not

necessarily

relyon

their

relatives

because

they

cannot

obtain

financialsupport

from

commercial

banks.

They

may

actually

avoidthem

because

they

assume

that

the

banks

either

cannotunderstand

their

special

needs

or

charge

unreasonablyhigh

interest

rates.

(41

words)译文:个体企业家并不是因为无法从商业借到金融

贷款而必须依靠他们的亲属。他们可能实际上躲开,因

为他们觉得这些要么不能理解少数民族企业的特殊需要,要么收取的利率太高•57•

12.not

that…,but

that…或强调形式:

It

is

not

that…,but

that…的汉译:13)Our

boast

is

not

that

we

have

moreideas

or

brilliant

ideas

but

that

our

ideasare

better

tested.译文:我们自我夸耀倒不是因为我们的主意多或我们的主意好,而是因为我们的主意都是经过更好检验的•58•

13.It

was

not

until

that…与Not

until…的译法:14)As

was

discussed

before,

it

was

not

untilthe

19th

century

that

the

newspaper

became

thedominant

pre-electronic

medium.

(=It

wasdiscussed

before

that

not

until

the

19th

centurydid

the

newspaper

become

the

dominant

pre-electronic

medium.)译文:正如以前谈过,直到19世纪报纸才成为电子时代以前的主导媒体。•59••

14.as

引导的特殊状语从句的译法:当作定语从句来翻译15)Dr.

Pyke

contended

that

the

scientific

revolution,as

we

call

it,

is

largely

the

improvement

and

inventionand

use

of

a

series

of

instruments

that

expanded

thereach

of

science

in

innumerable

directions.译文:派埃克博士坚持认为,我们称为的科学革命主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。15.cannot…too…的译法:再…也不过分,越…越好,应该…(三)英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概

念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句作

层次分明的叙述。因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英

语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中,归纳出以下的一些方法。60(1)顺序法61•当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语,从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。例如:But

now

it

is

realized

that

supplies

of

someof

them

are

limited,

and

it

is

even

possible

togive

a

reasonable

estimate

of

their

“expectationof

life”,

the

time

it

will

take

to

exhaust

allknownsources

and

reserves

of

these

materials.It

is

imaginedthat9)On

the

whole,

such

a

conclusion

can

be

drawn

with

a

certain

degree

of

confidence,

but

only

if

the

child

can

be

assumed

to

havehad

the

same

attitude

towards

the

test

as

the

others

with

whom

he

is

being

compared,

and

only

if

he

was

not

punished

by

lack

ofrelevant

information

which

they

possessed.译文:这种假设是依据这样一种谬论:人的本性中存在天生的惰性。On

the

whole

such

a

conclusion

can

be

drawn

with

a

certain

degree

of

confidence,

but

only

if

the

child

can

be

assumed

to

have

hadthe

same

attitude

towards

the

test

as

the

other

with

whom

he

is

being

compared,

and

only

if

he

was

not

punished

by

lack

of

relevantinformation

which

they

possessed.人名、地名的翻译按照音译即可,不需要过多讲究。Television,

it

is

often

said,

keeps

one

informed

about

current

events,

allow

one

to

follow

the

latest

developments

in

science

andpolitics,

and

offers

an

endless

series

of

programs

which

are

both

instructive

and

entertaining.他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败、并且藐视别人的失败。许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,并且这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。what从句的译法-what词义的引申译法:表达:硬译和死译,过于追求异化的结果;任意删减或增加,尤其是删减;不符合原文文体;不符合中文的表达习惯或过于追求归化的效果.从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理。在表达逻辑思维时,英语往往是判断或结论等在前,事实或描写在后,即重心在前。There

will

be

television

chat

shows

hosted

by

robots,

and

cars

with

pollution

monitors

that

will

disable

them

when

they

offend.In

the

doorway

lay

at

least

twelve

umbrellas

of

all

sizes

and

colors.It

is

said

thatIn

order

to

detect

the

misprints

in

a

single

print,

the

proofreader

has

to

notice

not

so

much

the

meaning

of

what

he

reads

as

theexactshape

and

order

of

letters

and

words

in

the

text.2003人类学的简介371一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。

分析:该句的骨干结构为“It

is

realized

that…”,it为形式主语,that引导主语从句以及并列的it

is

even

possible

to…结构,其中,不定式作主语,

the

time…是“expectation

of

life”的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构表达了四个层次的意义:A.可是现在人们意识到;B.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;C.人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;D.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法,把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整,整个句子就翻译为:可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。62(2)逆序法63•英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉,即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。例如:It

therefore

becomes

more

andmoreimportant

that,

if

students

are

not

to

wastetheir

opportunities,

there

will

have

tobemuch

more

detailed

information

aboutcourses

and

more

advice.64分析:该句由一个主句,一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成,“……变得越来越重要”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有三个谓语结构,包含三层含义:A.……变的越来越重要;B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,我们可采用逆序法,翻译成:因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。65(3)包孕法66•这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把

英语长句译成汉语时,把英语后置成分按照汉语

的正常语序放在中心词之前,使修饰成分在汉语

句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长,否则

会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。例如:You

are

the

representative

of

a

countryand

of

a

continent

to

which

China

feelsparticularly

close.

您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。What

brings

us

togetheristhat

we

have

common

interests

whichtranscend

those

differences.使我们走到一起的,是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。67(4)分句法68•有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系

并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的

习惯,把长句的从句或短语转换成句子,分开来

叙述。为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语,也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子,顺序基本不变,前后保持连贯。Television,

it

is

often

said,

keeps

oneinformed

about

current

events,

allowoneto

follow

the

latest

developmentsinscience

and

politics,

and

offers

an

endlessseries

of

programs

which

are

bothinstructive

and

entertaining.69分析:在此长句中,有一个插入语“it

is

often

said”,三个并列的谓语结构,还有一个定语从句,其中三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义,因此在翻译时,可以采用分句法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句,翻译成:人们常说,通过电视可以了解时事,掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。70(5)

重组法71•指在进行英译汉时,为了使译文流畅且更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯,在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上,彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式,对句子进行重新组合。例如:

Decision

must

be

made

very

rapidly;physical

endurance

is

tested

as

muchasperception,

because

an

enormous

amountof

time

must

be

spent

making

certain

thatthe

key

figures

act

on

the

basis

of

thesame

information

and

purpose.必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事,而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此,一旦考虑成熟,决策者就应迅速做出决策。72(6)综合法73•上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法

和分句法,事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时,并

不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要综合使

用到各种方法,这在我们上面所举的例子中也有

所体现。再如,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何

一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的仔细分析,

或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原

文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:People

were

afraid

to

leave

their

houses,for

although

the

police

had

been

orderedto

stand

by

in

case

of

emergency,theywere

just

as

confused

and

helpless

asa

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