新教材适用2024版高考英语二轮总复习第2部分阅读能力突破篇专题1阅读理解第3讲题型破解-词句猜测题考点1词语猜测题教师用书

第3讲题型破解——词句猜测题词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力,既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新意,还可以考查对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解文章中,常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释,需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章。考点1词语猜测题辨明题类词语猜测题是基本上每年必考的阅读理解题型。词义判断是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速判断所指定的某一个生词或短语含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。词语猜测题的命题方式有：(1)Theunderlinedword“．．．”inParagraph．．．isclosestinmeaningto．(2)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“．．．”probablymean?(3)Theunderlinedword“．．．”couldbestbereplacedby“”．(4)Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“．．．”？(5)Bysaying“．．．”，theauthormeans．(6)“．．．”usedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas．技法点拨1．根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测(1)科技说明文等文章中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。(2)需要猜测的单词或短语后面有时会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。(3)文章下文中常以某种特定方式对前文进行解释，如利用or,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely等词语。(4)用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。例如：Taylor'sswiftactionhelpedherteammatescalmdown．Onegirlcalled911．Twomorerantogettheschoolnurse，whobroughtadefibrillator，anelectronicdevice(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork．Luckstayedwiththem：Paris'sheartbeatreturned．分析：所猜测单词defibrillator后面出现了同位语“anelectronicdevice(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork(一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)”来进行解释说明，我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。2．根据构词法进行猜测英语中通过词根加词缀或合成两个单词的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry．分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。3．根据因果关系进行猜测在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because,so,thus,therefore,asaresultof,since,sothat,so/such．．．that．．．等。例如：Mysoncouldnotfollowtheteacher'sdirections,hetoldme,andthus,Scolawasdisruptingtheclass．Didn'theknowmysondidnotspeakEnglishyet?试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disrupting”probablymean？A．Breaking． B．Following．C．Attending． D．Disturbing．分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“他因此认为我儿子斯科拉干扰了课堂”，符合这一因果逻辑关系。故选D。4．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，or，like，aswell，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid,Spain,andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt．Petersburg,Florida．试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“contributions”referto？A．Artworks． B．Projects．C．Donations． D．Documents．分析：画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了“Thefineselectionofthemajorworks(精选的重要作品)”，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴，同时文中明确表示contributions是来自museum的。故选A。5．根据转折、对比或反义关系进行猜测有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead(of)，ontheotherhand，ratherthan，onthecontrary等。例如：Intheevening，ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace，withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink．Sedatethoughtheyare,ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive．试题：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Sedate”probablymean?A．Wildandromantic． B．Slowandpeaceful．C．Hungryandthirsty． D．Activeandexcited．分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻。”由though可知，前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的“atamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace”可知，应选B项，Sedate意为“不慌不忙的”。故选B。6．根据上下文进行猜测有些词语猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。真题体验一、(2022·全国乙卷C)Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis．Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines．Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints．Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved．Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard．Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety．ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure．Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts．Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems．Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead．Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture．Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously．VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot．Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime．29．Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinParagraph3referto？A．Personnelsafety．B．Assistancefromdrones．C．Inspectionandrepair．D．Constructionofinfrastructure．【解题示范】第一步：迅速扫读文章，在文章中的第三段找出画线词；第二步：利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。根据下文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure．(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施。)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure”，由此可知“Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety．”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全。故选C。二、(2023·全国甲卷B)TerriBoltonisadabhandwhenitcomestoDIY(do-it-yourself)．Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself．ShecreditstheseskillstoherlategrandfatherandbuilderDerekLloyd．Fromtheageofsix,Terri,now26,accompaniedDerektoworkduringherschoolholidays．Aday'sworkwasrewardedwith￡5inpocketmoney．Shesays,“I'msureIwasn'tmuchofahelptostartwithpaintingtheroomsandputtingdowntheflooringthroughoutthehouse．Ittookweeksanditwasbackbreakingwork,butIknowhewasproudofmyskills．”Terri,whonowrentsahousewithfriendsinWandsworth,SouthWestLondon,saysDIYalsosavesherfromlosinganydepositwhenatenancy(租期)comestoanend．Sheadds,“I'vemovedhousemanytimesandIalwaysliketopersonalisemyroomandputuppictures．So,it'sbeenusefultoknowhowtocoverupholesandrepaintaroomtoavoidanychargeswhenI'vemovedout．”WithmillionsofpeoplelikelytotakeonDIYprojectso