高级英语第三版第二册张汉熙1-4单元课后题及答案

PAGEPAGE4LessonOneAnditisanactivityonlyofhumans.Andconversationisanactivityfoundonlyamonghumanbeings.Conversationisnotformakingapoint.Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideasorpointsofviews.Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.Infact,peoplewhoaregoodatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthisideas.Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother’slives.Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotclosefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedineachother’sprivatelives.itcouldstillgoignorantlyon...Theconversationcouldgoonwithoutanybodyknowingwhowasrightorwrong.Therearecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef.Theseanimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinthefields,butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeat,wecalltheirmeetbeef.ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeithardfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorbthecultureoftherulers.Englishhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.EnglishreceivedproperrecognitionandwasusedbytheKingoncemore.Thephrasehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses.Thephrase,theKing’sEnglish,hasalwaysbeenuseddisrespectfullyandjokinglybythelowerclasses.(Theworkingpeopleoftenmocktheproperandformallanguageoftheeducatedpeople.)Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.AstheearlySaxonpeasants,theworkingpeoplestillhaveaspiritofoppositiontotheculturalauthorityoftherulingclass.Thereisalwaysagreatdangerthat“wordswillhardenintothingsforus.“Thereisalwaysagreatdanger,asCarlyleputit,thatwemightforgetthatwordsareonlysymbolsandtakethemforthingstheyaresupposedtorepresent.TranslationHoweverintricatethewaysinwhichanimalscommunicatewitheachother,theydonotindulgeinanythingthatdeservesthenameofconversation.不管动物之间的交流方式多么复杂，它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。Argumentmayoftenbeapartofit,butthepurposeoftheargumentisnottoconvince.Thereisnowinninginconversation.争论会经常出现于交谈中，但争论的目的不是为了说服。交谈中没有胜负之说。PerhapsitisbecauseofmyupbringinginEnglishpubsthatIthinkbarconversationhasacharmofitsown.或许我从小就混迹于英国酒吧缘故，我认为酒吧里的闲聊别有韵味。Idonotrememberwhatmadeoneofourcompanionssayitsheclearlyhadnotcomeintothebartosayit,itwasnotsomethingthatwaspressingonhermindbutherremarkfellquitenaturallyintothetalk.我不记得是什么使得我的一个同伴说起它来的她显然不是来酒吧说这个的，这不是她事先想好的话题但她的话相当自然地插入到了交谈中。Thereisalwaysresistanceinthelowerclassestoanyattemptbyanupperclasstolaydownrulesfor“Englishasitshouldbespoken.”下层社会总会抵制上层社会企图给“标准英语”制定得规则。Wordsarenotthemselvesareality,butonlyrepresentationsofit,andtheKing’sEnglish,liketheAnglo-FrenchoftheNormans,isaclassrepresentationofreality.词语本身并不是现实。正如诺曼底人讲的英格鲁--法语一样，标准英语是一个阶层用来表达现实的形式。Perhapsitisworthtryingtospeakit,butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow.或许试着去说它还是值得的，但是它不能被制定成法令，从而拒绝来自下层的变化。Thereisnoworseconversationalistthantheonewhopunctuateshiswordsashespeaksasifhewerewriting,orevenwhotriestousewordsasifhewerecomposingapieceofproseforprint.如果一个人说出的话就像写出来的文字，或者试图使用那些创作书面散文的文字，那么没有比这样的交谈者更糟糕的了。WhenE.M.Forsterwritesof“thesinistercorridorofourage,”wesitupatthevividnessofthephrase,theforceandeventerrorintheimage.当E.M.福斯特写到“我们这个时代的险恶长廊”时，其用语之生动及由其所产生的生动有力，甚至可怖的形象苦令我们拍案叫绝。Therewouldhavebeennoconversationtheothereveningifwehadbeenabletosettleatoncethemeetingof“theKing’sEnglish.”颇为相似的是，几百年前，有些可怜的老妇人常常被当成巫婆活活烧死，但事实上她们连为自己变出一顿像样的饭菜的巫术都没有。7.Ittakesinthedried-upsoil,thepricklypear,thepalmtreeandthedistantmountain,butitalwaysmissesthepeasanthoeingathispatch.那干巴巴的土地，仙人掌，棕榈树和远方的山岭被尽收眼底，但在地里耕作的农民却往往没人看见。8.MostofMoroccoissodesolatethatnowildanimalbiggerthanaharecanliveonit.摩洛哥大部分土地都很荒凉，以至于那里生存的最大的野生动物就是野兔。9.Exceptforadayortwoaftertherarerainstormsthereisneverenoughwater.除了难得的暴雨之后的一两天之外，这里总是缺水。10.Itseemstobegenerallythecaseinprimitivecommunitiesthatthewomen,whentheygetbeyondacertainage,shrinktothesizeofchildren.在原始社会里，妇女超过了一定的年纪身材便会萎缩得如孩子般大小，这似乎是一个普遍现象。LessonThreeAndyetthesamerevolutionarybeliefforwhichourforebearsfoughtisstillatissuearoundtheglobeOurancestorsfoughtarevolutionarywartoclaimallmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadendowedthemwithcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem.However,todaythisissuehasnotyetbeensettledinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.Thismuchwepledgeandmore. Thismuchwepromisetodoandwepromisetodomore.United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventures.Unitedandworkingtogetherwecanaccomplishalotofthingsinalargenumberofjointundertakingsourlastbesthopeinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefaroutpacedtheinstrumentsofpeace...TheUnitedNationsisourlastandbesthopeofsurvivalinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefarsurpassedtheinstrumentsofpeacetoenlargetheareainwhichitswritmayrun.WepledgetohelptheUnitedNationsenlargetheareainwhichitsauthorityandmandatewouldcontinuetobeinforcebeforethedarkpowersofdestructionunleashedbyscienceengulfallhumanityinplannedoraccidentalself-destruction.Beforetheterribleforcesofdestruction,whichatomicbombscannowrelease,overwhelmmankind,whichmaybeplannedorbroughtaboutbyanaccidentyetbothracingtoalterthatuncertainbalanceofterrorthatstaysthebandofmankind’sfinalwar.Yetbothgroupsofnationsareattemptingtochangeasquicklyaspossiblethisuncertainbalanceofterriblemilitarypowerthatrestrainseachgroupfromlaunchingmankind;sfinalwar.Soletusbeginanew,rememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweakness...Soletusstartonceagain,bearinginmindthatbeingpoliteisnotasignofweakness.Letbothsidesseektoinvokethewondersofscienceinsteadofitsterrors.LetbothsidestrytocallforththewonderfulthingsthatsciencecandoformankindinsteadofthefrightfulthingsitcandoeachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyalty.Americansofeverygenerationhavebeencalledupontoprovetheirloyaltytotheircountrybyfrightinganddyingfortheircountry’scause.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove...Letusleadthecountrywelove,knowingoursurerewardwillbeagoodconscienceandhistorywillfinallyjudgewhetherwehavedoneourtaskwellornot.Weobservetodaynotavictoryofpartybutacelebrationoffreedom,symbolizinganendaswellasabeginning,signifyingrenewalaswellaschange.我们今天庆祝的不是一个政党的胜利，而是一个自由的盛会，它代表这一个时代的结束和另一个时代的开端，它代表着重生和改变。Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace,tofriendandfoealike,thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans,borninthiscentury,temperedbywar,disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace,proudofourancientheritage,andunwillingtowitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthesehumanrightstowhichthisnationhasalwaysbeencommitted,andtowhichwearecommittedtodayathomeandaroundtheworld.此时此地我向朋友和敌人宣布：火炬已经传递给了新一代的美国人，他们出生于本世纪，经受过战争的洗礼，受过冷峻而苦涩的和平的考验，以我们的古代遗产为傲，不愿意见到或者允许这些人权被逐渐取消。这个国家一直致力于维护这些人权，如今我们在国内和全世界也在维护这些人权。Leteverynationknow,whetheritwishesuswellorill,thatweshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.让世界上每一个希望我们成功或窘迫的国家知道：我们将不惜任何代价，承担任何责任，应对任何艰难，支持一切朋友，反对一切敌人，以确保自由的幸存和成功。United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventures.只要我们团结起来，我们将在大量的合作型事业中战无不胜。Divided,thereislittlewecando,forwedarenotmeetapowerfulchallengeatoddsandsplitasunder.如果分裂开来，我们将一事无成，因为我们不能在争执中去应对巨大的挑战，我们的关系会崩裂。Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcannotsavethefewwhoarerich.如果自由的社会不能帮助多数穷人，它就不能拯救少数的富人。Wedarenottemptthemwithweakness.Foronlywhenourarmsaresufficientbeyonddoubtcanwebecertainbeyonddoubtthattheywillneverbeemployed.我们不敢以软弱来诱惑它们。因为只有当我们的军备力量无疑是非常充足的时候，我们才能确保不会使用武力。Inyourhands,myfellowcitizens,morethanmine,willrestthefinalsuccessorfailureofourcourse.我们的同胞们，我们事业成败的关键与其说掌握在我的手中，不如说掌握在你们的手中。Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagainnotasacalltobeararms,thougharmsweneed;notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare;butacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggle,yearinandyearout,“rejoicinginhope,patientintribulation,”astruggleagainstthecommonenemiesofman:tyranny,povertydiseaseandwaritself.现在号角再次向我们吹响不是号召我们扛起武器，虽然我们需要武器；不是号召我们去参加战斗，虽然我们严阵以待；而是号召我们为迎接黎明而肩负起漫长斗争的责任，年复一年，”从希望中得到欢乐，在苦难中保持坚韧“，去反对人类共同的敌人：专制、贫困、疾病和战争本身Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove,askingHisblessingandHishelp,butknowingthathereonearthGod’sworkmusttrulybeourown.良心是我们唯一可靠的报酬，历史是我们行为的最终裁判，让我们出发去领导我们所热爱的国家，祈求上帝的祝福和帮助，但是要明白上帝在人间的工作毕竟就是我们自己的工作。LessonFourAniceenoughyoungfellow,youunderstand,butnothingupstairs.Heisaniceenoughyoungfellow,youknow,butheisempty-headed.Fads,Isubmit,aretheverynegationofreason.Apassingfashionorcraze,inmyopinion,showsacompletelackofreason.Ishouldhaveknownthey’dcomebackwhentheCharlestoncameback.IshouldhaveknownthatraccooncoatswouldcomebacktofashionwhentheCharlestondance,whichwaspopularinthe1920s,cameback.“AlltheBigMenonCampusarewearingthem.Where‘veyoubeen?”Alltheimportantandfashionablemenoncampusarewearingthem.Howcomeyoudon’tknow?Mybrain,thatprecisioninstrument,slippedintohighgear.Mybrain,whichisprecisioninstrument,begantoworkathighspeed.Withoneomission,Pollyfittedthesespecificationsperfectly.Exceptforonething(intelligence)Pollyhadalltheotherrequirements.Shewasnotyetofpin-upproportions,butIfeltsurethattimewouldsupplythelack.ShewasnotasbeautifulasthosegirlsinpostersbutIfeltsureshewouldbecomebeautifulenoughaftersometime.Infact,sheveeredintheoppositedirection.Infact,shewentintheoppositedirection,thatis,shewasnotintelligentbutratherstupid.“Inotherwords,ifyouwereoutofthepicture,thefieldwouldbeopen.Isthatright?”Ifyouwerenolongerinvolvedwithher,otherswouldbefreetocompetetogetherasagirlfriend.Backandforthhisheadswiveled,desirewaxing,resolutionwaning.Hisheadturnedbackandforth(lookingatthecoatandthenlookingawayfromthecoat).EverytimehelookedhisdesireforthecoatgrewstrongerandhisresolutionnottoabandonPollybecameweaker.Thisloomedasaprojectofnosmalldimensions...Toteachhertothinkseemedtobearatherbigtask.Admittedlyitwasnotaprospectfraughtwithhope,butIdecidedtogiveitonemoretry.Onemustadmittheoutcomedidnotlookveryhopeful,butIdecidedtotryonemoretime.Thereisalimittowhatfleshandbloodcanbear.Thereisalimittowhatanyhumanbeingcanbear.IwasnotPygmalion;IwasFrankenstein,andmymonsterhadmebythethroat.IplannedtobePygmalion,tofashionanidealwifeformyself,butIturnedouttobeFrankensteinbecausePollyultimatelyrejectedmeandruinedmyplan.FranticallyIfoughtbackthetideofpanicsurgingthroughme.DesperatelyItriedtostopthefeelingofpanicwhichwasoverwhelmingme.Mybrainwasaspowerfulasadynamo,aspreciseaschemist’sscales.Aspenetratingasascalpel.我的大脑如发电机一样强大，像化学家的平一样精确，像手术刀一样锋利。Tobesweptupineverynewcrazethatcomesalong,tosurrenderyourselftoidiocyjustbecau