英汉翻译技巧练习I

英汉翻译技巧练习IPartIAnOverallIntroductionofTranslationSkills英汉两种语言对比1．所属语系与发展历史英语－印欧语系汉语－汉藏语系2．语音3．语言的本质英语－综合性语言汉语－分析性语言4．句法现象英汉两种文化差异1．同一民族中亦存在文化差异：蛤蟆naughty叩手点心2．英汉文化间的差异思想观念、心理特征龙一dragon鹤一erane表达方式、审美情趣“愤怒出诗人”—“止怒莫若诗”“十里蛙声不断，九溪曲流潺潺”一“Youcanhearfrog'seontinuouseryingintenmilesandeanenjoythebabblingofthewindingstreams.”3.对文化词语和表达的处理文化词语，指的是充满汉语文化个性和特殊内涵的语言。直译法丢脸一toloseface/tobedisgraced纟纸老虎一papertiger/scarecrow骑虎难下一torideatiger/inchancery猫哭老鼠一catscryingforthedeathofrats/toshedcrocodiletears直译加补充信息法下海铁饭碗跳槽父母官待业青年酒囊饭袋清明节C.释义法望子成龙和番金三角两手抓，两手都要硬同（近）义表达借用法得寸进尺一Givehimaninch,andhe'lltakeanell.好聚好散一Merrymeet,merrypart.贪多嚼不烂一tobiteoffmorethanonecanchew皇天不负有心人一Heavenhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.水中捞月一tofishintheair象只落汤鸡一likeadrownedrat回译法忍者神龟一NinjaTurtles画王电视一bigscreenPanasonic米字旗一UnionJackflag中国菜馆一chopsueyhouseIII常见错误及解决方法不要生搬硬套汉语构词模式车、毛、鱼、核、皮、桌Falsefriends（假朋友）休息室一restroom药店一drugstore白手一white-handed食言一eatone'swords茶叶店一tea-shop蛇皮袋一snakeskinbag隐含意义的分析倔强：intractable,mulishstatesman,politician他们热情照顾残疾客人。Theytookgoodcareofdisabledguests.我这位朋友很健谈。Myfriendisverytalkative.VI解释性翻译镶补，减肥，重组EvolutionandEthicsandOtherEssays—《天演论》Honeymoon—蜜月者，西人娶妇时，即挟其游历，经月而返。《黑奴吁天录》UncleTom'sCabinCashmere—御长裙，仙仙然描画不能肖。《茶花女》V参考字典1．《英汉大词典》陆谷孙主编上海译文出版社2．《汉英大辞典》吴光华主编上海交通大学出版社PartIITranslationPractice一、准确理解词义：I根据上下文辩明词义：Work:Heisworkinginthefactory.Heisworkingamachine.HeisworkingatEnglish.Theshipisworkingeastward.Thegearsworksmoothly.Mywatchdoesn'twork.Thescrewworkedloose.Willthesemethodswork?Theyeasthasbeguntowork.Electriccomputersworkquicklyandaccurately.Hand:Soamsshookherhandandwentdownstairs.Heneverreadabookinhislifeandstillwritesaschoolboyhand.Itwouldbeliketryingtomakethehandsofclockmovebackwardstoitsticking.Mr.Huntersuddenlyfailed,andallhandsinthemillwereturnedoff.Like:Helikesmathsmorethanphysics.Inthesunbeampassingthroughthewindowtherearefinegrainsofdustshininglikegold.Likeknowslike.Likechargesrepel;unlikechargesattract.Last:Heisthelastmantocome.Heisthelastmantodoit.Heisthelastpersonforsuchajob.Heshouldbethelast(man)toblame.Heisthelastmantoconsult.ThisisthelastplacewhereIexpectedtomeetyou.Operate:Thehearingaidsareoperatedfrombatteries.Thedoctoroperatedonthepatientforatumor.Thefrontierforceshadtooperateagainsttheinvaders.Witholdplaster-casting,thebonetakeslongertoknitandcripplingeffectsfrommuscleinactivityresult.Thecustomhaditsspringinanothercountry.Hismotherdiedofdifficultlabour.TheAmericanshadviewedforeignpolicyasifitwereawesternmovieinwhichthecavalryappearedattheclimactericmomenttousesuperiorfirepoweronopponentswhowereusuallyofantherrace.Theelevatorgirlreadsbooksbetweenpassengers.Don'tdoyourownthing,oryouwillmeetwithfailure.II.词义的褒贬：。词义有轻重的不同：打破：break,crack,crush,demolish,destroy,shatter,smash闪光：shine,glitter,glare,sparkle。词义有范围大小与侧重点不同：agriculture,farming,cultivation,agronomycountry,nation,land,state,powerempty(house,room,cup,box,stomach,head,words,etc.)vacant(position,room,house,seat,etc.)hollow(tree,voice,sound,cheeks,etc.)。词义有感情色彩与语体色彩“死”toexpire,topassaway,toclose(end)one'sday,tobreatheone'slasttogowest,topaythedebtofnaturetodeparttotheworldofshadowstogiveuptheghost,tokickthebucket,tokickupone'sheelstolaydownone'sknifeandfork“怀孕”Sheishavingababy.Sheisinafamilyway.Sheisknittinglittlebooties.Sheisinadelicatecondition.Sheisinaninterestingcondition.。词义的两面性：Theenemy'sschemewentbankrupt.We'veworkedoutaperfectscheme.Heisanaggressiveandpromisingyoungman.Japanisanaggressivecountry.Hanswastooobviouslyflatteringthegentlemenbysayinghewasthemostcourageousmanhehadeverseen.Mr.Brownfeltgreatlyflatteredwhenhereceivedtheinvitationtodeliveralecture.Ill词语搭配：Kill:Hekilledtheman.Hekilledthedog.Hekilledtimeeverydaydownatthepark.Hekilledhischancesofsuccess.Hekilledthemotionwhenitcamefromthecommittee.Hekilledhimselfbyoverwork.Hekilledthespiritofthegroup.Hekilledthreebottlesofwhiskyinaweek.Killthepeace(promise,friendship,amarriage)Heavy:RaincloudscropsfrostwinenewsroadseaheartfiresmokerbreadwireloadstormtrafficreaderBroken:Abrokenman(soldier,promise,spirit)brokenmoney(English)IV.词义的引申：。词义作抽象引申：Thereisamixtureofthetigerandapeinhisnature.Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.Shesailedintotheroom,Wemustkeepourpowderdry.Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.。词义作具体引申：Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?Thebattlefieldbecamesomethingholy.Itwasnottouched.TheGreatWallisamustformostforeignvisitorstoBeijing.WeZanziberwouldliketobuildacolouredsocietywhereallmencanhaveequalopportunity.Whataidsthereweretoenlightenlaborwereimmemorial.二、词类转译：I转译成动词：Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.Talkingwithhisson,theoldmanwastheforgiveroftheyoungman'spastwrongdoings.Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.Theyworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.“Coming!”Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn,upthepath,upthesteps,acrosstheveranda,andintotheporch.Whatisheat?JohnvotedwiththeTories.Heisamanabovevulgarinterests.Peterdrewhisknifeontherobber.Itlooksasifweareinforastorm.Ifamancouldn'twalkintoaroomandtellwhowasforhimandwhowasagainsthim,thenhewasn'tmuchofapolitician.Doctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.Heprovedhimselfworthyofconfidence.Heisnotveryfamiliarwithbiologicalterms.Areyoudoubtfulofhissuccess?Someinfectiousdiseasesareresponsiblefordiseasesoftheheartvalves.II转译成名词：Formalityhasalwayscharacterizedtheirrelationship.Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.Thosewhohuddledpitifullytogetherontheleftweretheold,theinfirm,theillandtheveryyoung.Stevensonwaseloquentandelegant—butsoft.TheWildefamilywerereligious.Theywereconsideredinsincere.Ill转译成形容词：It'sthetruth.Suchnewswasnojokes.Wearedeeplyconvincedofthecorrectnessofthispolicy.Gasesdifferfromsolidinthattheformerhasgreatercompressibilitythanthelatter.Asheisaperfectstrangerinthecity,Ihopeyouwillgivehimthenecessaryhelp.Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.Thesunrosethinlyfromthesea.IV其他转译：Hethenactedasareluctantinterpreter.Hehadthekindnesstoshowmetheway.Thisisasheernonsense.Buckleywasinaclearminority.Thenewmayorearnedsomeappreciationbythecourtesyofcomingtovisitthecitypoor.Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.三、增词：persuasionpreparationbackwardnesstensionarrogancemadnessantagonismThecrowdsmeltedaway.Ashesatdownandbegantalking,wordspouredout.Hesankdownwithhisfaceinhishands.Marywashedforalivingafterherhusbanddiedofacutepneumonia.Towashbeforemeal.Towashaftergettingup.Towashbeforegoingtobed.Firstyouborrow,thenyoubeg.Thistypewriterisindeedcheapandfine.Heisacomplicatedman—moody,mercurial,withamelancholystreak.Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge,anddeclaredhisownsonguilty.NewsmenwentflyingofftoMexico.Thelionisthekingofanimals.Alltherulesofthemilitarydisciplinemustbestrictlyobserved.Oncetheyhadaquarrel.Herbgaveheraslylook.四、重复：greatcontributionsgratitudeingratitudeprosperityeternalglorytovividhesitatearrogancegrotesquecarelessinchaosstreetgossiprumoursChinaisthecradleofancientandmoderncultures.Woodcannotconductelectricity,norcanglass.Youcandotranslationworkverywell,ifyoucareto.Grammardealswiththestructureoflanguage,EnglishgrammarwiththestructureofEnglish.Weshallneedtoapplyourscientificandtechnologicalresourcestoliterallyeveryaspectofoursociety,toourcommerce,ourindustry,ourmedicine,ourtransportation.五、正反译法：Heknewhewasmortallyill.Thefirstbombsmissedthetarget.Suchachancewasdeniedme.Wecansafelysayso.Hisrefusalisnotfinal.Thisfailureisthemakingofhim.Webelievethattheyoungergenerationwillproveworthyofourtrust.Hewas75,buthecarriedhisyearslightly.Myguessisasgoodasyours.Thedecisionistocome.Don'tlosetimeinpostingthisletter.Thesignificanceoftheseincidentswasn'tlostonus.HesawatoncethatPhilwasnotallright.TheconclusionwereachedinBritainisthatchangesimplycannotsensiblybeputoff.Letbygonesbebygones.Hastemakeswaste.Becareful!Mindmyrightarm!Shetoldme,asIdeparted,thatshe'dhatetobeinmyposition.Cease-firesintheMideasthaveanunhappyhabitofbecomingunstuck.Hetoldusofhissuccesswithundisguiseddelight.Dancinginpublicwithalotofcountrygirls!I'msurprisedthatyoucouldeventhinkofit.Washingtonmustdosomethingaboutthesituation,andsoon.六、被动态的译法：Todaythistreasuryofsiltistrappedbehindthedam,andthereisnoeffectivedrainagesystem.YettheNilehasbeenchangedbymodernmaninwaysnotyetfullyunderstood.Incaseofnon-delivery,lettersmustbereturnedtothesenders.Thecollectionofpoemshasbeentranslatedintomanyforeignlanguages.Visitorsarerequestedtoleavetheircoatsinthecloakroom.Liarsarenotbelievedevenwhentheytellthetruth.Hewaspolicedbybosses'cops.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatmatterisinconstantmotionandinconstantchange.AsrainfellintheEthiopianhighlandsandthesnowmeltedintheMountainsoftheMoon,theriverwaseverlastinglyrenewed.NorthAdelaide,whichischieflyresidential,isborderedbymoreparklands,andcontainstwoopensquares.NandSAdelaidearedividedbytheTorrensRiver,spannedbyfourbridgesandlinedwithornamentalgardens.Thetownhall'sfoundationstonewaslaidin1863.七、定语从句的译法：I译成定语词组：Theincubationperiodisthetimethatelapsesbetweentheentranceofthemicroorganismandthemanifestationofthedisease.Thepeoplewhoworkedforhimliveinmortalscareofhim.Eachdaywemakedecisionsthataffectourlivesandsometimes,thelivesofothers.Brindleyhadbegunonhisaccount,outofinterest,tosurveythewaterwaysthathetraveledashewentabouthisengineeringprojectsformillsandmines.II译成并列句Thenervoussystemconsistsofagreatnumberofnerves,whichlikethebloodvesselsextendtoallpartsofthebody.Hemanagedtoraiseacropof200miracletomatoesthatweighedupto200poundseach.Isabelwasatallgirlwiththeovalface,astraightnose,fineeyesandfullmouththatappearedtobecharacteristicsofthefamily.Thegrammarschoolslegallycouldonlyteachtheclassicalsubjectsforwhichtheyhadbeenfounded....andtheoldwaysofearningalivingrivaledbynewagriculturaltechniques,bycommercewithhithertounknownpartsoftheglobe,andbynewcraftswithstrangemachinesthatsavedlaborandthatranwithoutthetraditionalhumanoranimalpower.AndithelpstoexplainwhysomanyinventionsthatwereofChineseoriginorthathadbeenknowntotheGreco-Romans,werefullydevelopedandexploitedonlybytheWesternEuropeans.ThishopewasnurturedbythegreatvictorieswonbyGenghisKhan'sgrandson,Hulagu,whowasaBuddhist,andwhosewifewasaChristian.III溶合法Therearemanypeoplewhowanttoseethefilm.Thereisasenseinwhichmoralityandexpedienceneednotconflict.Thereareeventstakingplaceatthistimewhichdimtheirhopesandlessentheprospects.IV译成状语从句Hewouldhavetobeverycarefulnottooffendtheforeman,whocouldgivehimthesackatanytime.Thetask,whichseemedtobedifficult,wasalreadyaccomplishedintime.Heinsistedonbuildinganotherhouse,whichhehadnousefor.Menbecomedesperateforwork,anywork,whichwillhelpthemtokeepalivetheirfamilies.Therewassomethingoriginal,independent,andheroicabouttheplanthatpleasedallofthem.ZhouEnlaiarrangedforexpertsfromBeijingUniversitytogiveBillMorrowsomeup-to-dateinformationhewanted.八、长句的翻译：可调整语序、调整长度HereathomeinEngland,underthefireoftheBoche,wedonotforgetthetiesandlinksthatuniteustoFrance,andweareperseveringsteadfastlyandingoodheartinthecauseofEuropeanfreedomandfairdealingforthecommonpeopleofallcountries,forwhich,withyou,wedrewthesword.原序Theglobaleconomythatboomedinthe1960s,growingatanaverageof5.5percentayear,andpushedaheadata4.5percent-a-yearrateinthemid-1970s,simplystoppedgrowingin1981-1982.IfyoureachChicagobytrainandspendonlyanhourortwothereyouwillfeelthelightwindoffthelakewhichgivesitthename“WindyCity”.变序TheWesternerwhodevelopedafarm,openedashop,orsetupinbusinessasatrader,couldhopetoprosperonlyashisowncommunityprospered—andhiscommunityranfromtheAtlantictothePacificandfromCanadadowntoMexico.Hisfamouswill,inwhichheleftmoneytoprovideprizesforoutstandingworkinPhysics,Chemistry,Physiology,Medicine,LiteratureandPeace,isamemorialtohisinterestsandideals.Althoughexperienceddiplomatsdonotoftensharethepopularskepticismaboutinternationallaw,thereisadangerthatthepopularattitudemayaffectinexperiencedofficialsandpressuregroupswithinastate,andthatthestatemay,asaresult,bepushedintobreakinginternationallaw.拆句Amanmayusuallybeknownbythebookshereadsaswellasbythecompanyhekeeps;forthereisacompanionshipofbooksaswellasofmen;andoneshouldalwaysliveinthebestcompany,whetheritbeofbooksorofmen.InthespiritoffranknesswhichIhopewillcharacterizeourtalksthisweek,letusrecognizeattheoutsetthesepoints:wehaveattimesinthepastbeenenemies.Wehavegreatdifferencestoday.Whatbringsustogetheristhatwehavecommoninterestswhichtranscendthesedifferences.9.Itallbeganinthemid-1850s,whenLowe'sexperimentswithballoonsledhimtobelieveintheexistenceofanupperstreamofairthatmovedinaneasterlydirection,nomatterwhatdirectionthelowercurrentsflowed.并句Wehaverainsthere,too.Thunderstormsinspringandsummeroftencomewithintensitygreatenoughtocauseflashflooding.EverychildraisedintheWestknowaboutthesedangers.Atleastthat'swhatIusedtothink.I'mnotsosureanymore.九、习语的译法：I英汉成语比较：。比喻不同Justlikethemushroom.Killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs.Lookforaneedleinahaystack.Likearatinahole.Nosmokewithoutfire.Agoodconscienceisasoftpillow.Neitherfishnorfowl.Youcannotmakeacrabwalkstraight.。风俗习惯不同DogtiredTodogone'sstepsTopdogLuckydogp」QsquoMoqso丄©sepouueQjopjomseqi$se||iqDJVp|33qeqi•上8S」oquefojieqi*gqDue」qeAi|ouy£jueujee」6eszueujeuue6vPsede」6」nos•£seuip」es3>|1|>pedo丄•乙e6euepiog飞去嗨EK僅IIuepioqeqeqjjoeXeeqjuisi人eeg•乙t•pujiqsi9ao-|P|odpuejoqMO|gm」ejeMeAoqepeeqsquodee>|o丄©sjbosquojsejo丄$6ui|iesuieu•上eesjenv9s>pape屮」eepo丄£uueejjse屮屮!m06o丄pLUIMSJO>|UISO丄•£」eAOepijo丄7sedo」e屮mou>|o丄飞回士嘗畀百田osXep」a6unoAsiqui6opepjiqesbman'll•asnoq6op8屮uisian*016epXjjipsiqj/jeq丄G6op人|」nsv*8Xepsjiseq6opXjeA^•上6op