亚开行-高等教育在绿色转型中的作用：大韩民国的倡议（英）-2023

NO.287

DECEMBER

2023

ADBBRIEFS

KEYPOINTS

•Greentransitiondemands

transformativeinnovations

intheeconomyand

society.Tertiaryeducation

institutionsintheRepublic

ofKoreaareactivelyengagedinexpandingtheirgreen

innovationactivities.

•Thecentralgovernmenthasinitiatedincentive

programstoencourage

highereducationinstitutionstodevelopinterdisciplinary

greeneducationandresearchcourses.

•Universitieshaveformed

strategicpartnershipswithprivatebusinessesand

createdindustry–universitycollaborativeeducation

coursesandresearchanddevelopmenttorespondtothefutureneedsof

humanresourcesandgreentechnology.

•Tofacilitatetechnology

commercialization,

universitieshaveenhancedstart-up-incubatingsystemsbyestablishingtechnology-holdingcompaniesand

othermechanisms.

•Localgovernmentsandlocalcampusesarecooperating

todevelopnewregional

economicgrowthengines

asthegreentransformationresultsinthephasingout

ofgrayindustriesand

thepromotionofgreen

businessesandinvestments.

ISBN978-92-9270-591-6(print)

ISBN978-92-9270-592-3(electronic)ISSN2071-7202(print)

ISSN2218-2675(electronic)

PublicationStockNo.BRF240008-2

DOI:

/10.22617/BRF240008-2

TheRoleofTertiaryEducation

forGreenTransition:Initiatives

intheRepublicofKorea

DukwooJun

LeadforCircularEconomy

CommunityofPractice,

IntergovernmentalOrganization

ChampioningGreenGrowthandClimateResilience

MeekyungShin

EducationSpecialist

HumanandSocialDevelopment

SectorOffice,SectorsGroup

AsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)

PaulVandenberg

PrincipalEconomist

EconomicAnalysisand

OperationsSupportDivision,

EconomicResearchandDevelopment

ImpactDepartment

ADB

JiyounSeo

AssociateProfessor,Department

ofNanoEnergyEngineeringPusanNationalUniversity

RepublicofKorea

BACKGROUNDANDPURPOSE

InJune2022,theCounciloftheEuropeanUnionadoptedtherecommendationon

“LearningfortheGreenTransitionandSustainableDevelopment.”1Thisisakeypolicy

highlightingthecrucialroleofeducationandtraininginhelpingtoachievethegoalsof

theEuropeanGreenDeal.AlongwithEurope,otherregionsandcountriesaregrapplingwiththethreatandimpactofclimatechange.Theyarenowexaminingthecriticalrole

thateducation—includingtertiaryeducation—canplayindevisingstrategies,developingtechnology,andreskilling,upskilling,and“greenskilling”theworkforce.

IntheRepublicofKorea(ROK),humanresourcedevelopmenthasbeenanengineofeconomicgrowth,withtertiaryeducationcontributingsignificantlytotechnology-intensiveinnovationandindustrytransformationsincethe1960s.Recognizing

theimportanceoftransitioningtoalow-carbonandclimateresilienteconomy,

thegovernmenthasrecentlyadvancedgreendevelopmentstrategies,targetingtheachievementofcarbonneutralityby2050andinvestinginlow-carbonactivities.

Theauthorsthankthefollowingfortheircommentsandsuggestionsforthispublication:FookYen

Chong,SeniorSocialSectorSpecialist;RyotaroHayashi,SocialSectorEconomist;andBrajeshPanth,formerChief,EducationSectorGroup,ADB.

1EuropeanUnionLaw.2022.CommissionStaffWorkingDocumentAccompanyingthedocumentProposalforaCouncilRecommendationonlearningforenvironmentalsustainability;EuropeanCommission.2022.Learningforthegreentransitionandsustainabledevelopment.16June.

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Thegovernmentisalsostrengtheningitssupportforvulnerablegroupsandregions—recognizingthatcarbon-intensiveindustrieswilldecline,greenindustrieswillriseandoccupationalandskillsdemandswillneedtochange.

Inthiscontext,highereducationinstitutions,withsupportfromgovernment,aremakingadvancesinthreekeyareas.First,theyarechangingcurriculaandofferingmoregreen-focusedcoursesanddegreeprograms.Second,theyareconductingresearchanddevelopment(R&D)onnewtechnologiestoaddressclimate

change.Third,theyareworkingwiththeprivatesectorto

commercializegreeninnovation,includingthroughtheincubationofgreentechnology(green-tech)start-ups.Thegovernmentis

awarethatclimatechangeandthegreeningoftheeconomymay

exacerbatelocalandregionaldisparitiesineconomicopportunity.

Assuch,thenationalgovernmenthaslaunchedseveralinitiativestohelplocalgovernmentspartnerwithlocaluniversitiestodeviseandimplementgreendevelopmentschemes.

ThisADBBriefoutlinestheinitiativesbeingundertakenbythe

ROKtoutilizethetertiaryeducationsectorinthefightagainstclimatechangeandtheachievementofaninclusivegreen

transition.StartingwithanoverviewoftheKoreanNewDeal,

thebriefisstructuredaroundthreekeyareas:curricula,R&D,

andcommercialization.Alattersectiondiscusseslocalgreen

developmentschemes.Mostoftheseinitiativeshavebeen

implementedonlyrecentlyandthereforetheireffectivenesshas

notyetbeenassessed.Nonetheless,theyprovidevaluableinsightsforothercountriesintheAsiaandPacificregionthatarethinkingofwaystodeploytertiaryeducationincreatingagreenerfuture.

THEKOREANNEWDEAL

ANDWORKFORCEPLANNING

ThefirstversionoftheKoreanNewDealwasannouncedinJuly

2020.Sincethen,thegovernmenthasupgradedandelaborated

furtheritsgreentransitionschemes.TheLong-TermWorkforce

DemandOutlook2020-2035:ReflectingDigitalandLow-CarbonTransformationwassubsequentlyreleasedbasedontheNew

Deal.Theoutlookprovidesindustry-specific,long-termworkforcedemandforecasts.Subsequently,theKoreanNewDeal2.0was

adoptedinJuly2021andtheCarbonNeutralityandGreenGrowthActwasapprovedinAugust2021,aftercomprehensivenational

consultation.

TheKoreanNewDeal2.0emphasizeshumanresource

developmentandincludesthe“HumanNewDeal”asacritical

pillaroftheplan.TheHumanNewDealsupportsthedevelopmentofhigh-qualityhumancapital,includingtheskillsandeducation

neededforfutureindustriestotackleclimatechangemitigation

andadaptation.2Italsoincludesajusttransitionschemewitha

socialandemploymentsafetynetforpeopleaffectedbyeconomicandjobrestructuring.Thesehigh-levelpoliciessupport,orinclude,governmentprogramsinthethreekeyareasofcurricula,R&D,andcommercialization(Figure1).TheroleofuniversitiesinthegreentransitionissupportednotonlybytheMinistryofEducationbut

otherministriesaswell(Table1).

Figure1:ImpactPathwayofUniversityEducationforGreenTransition

Education

R&D

Start-up

Outputs

HumanCapital

GreenFindings

InitialValidation

Outcomes

GreenSkillSupply

GreenInventing

NewBusiness

Models

Impacts

GreenJobs

GreenTechnologies

GreenInvestments

GreenBusinesses

SupportingRegionalGreenGrowthStrategies

R&D=researchanddevelopment.

Source:Author.

2GovernmentoftheRepublicofKorea,MinistryofEconomyandFinance.2021.GovernmentAnnouncesKoreanNewDeal2.0.Pressrelease.14July.

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TheRoleofTertiaryEducationforGreenTransition

Table1:MajorMinistries’GreenPoliciesforTertiaryEducationintheRepublicofKorea

MinistryofScienceandICT

MinistryofEnvironment

MinistryofIndustry

Policy

Carbon-neutraltechnological

innovationpromotionstrategy

4thEnvironmentalTechnology,

Industry,andHumanResource

DevelopmentPlan

Energytechnologyhumanresourcedevelopmentmeasuresfor

carbonneutrality

StartYear

2021

2018

2021

Field

Carbon-neutraltechnology

Environmentaltechnology

Energytechnology

KeyPoints

•Selectionof10coretechnologiesanddevelopmentstrategy

•Promotionofcross-ministerialR&D

•Commercializationofpublicsector-driventechnologies

•Private-ledcooperation

•AdvancementofsustainableR&D,andhighereducationsystem

•Innovativegrowthofthe

environmentalindustryandmarket

•Fosteringfuturehumanresourcesgearedtowardtheenvironment,andstrengtheningsupport

foractivities

•Enhancementofinfrastructure

integratingtechnology,industry,

andhumanresourcedevelopment

•Educationandtrainingoftalentsleadingenergyconvergence

andinnovation

•Developmentofahumanresourcesupplysystemthatrespondstotheindustrialandenergytransition

•Enhancementofhumanresourcetrainingperformanceand

strengtheningfeedback

ICT=informationandcommunicationtechnology,R&D=researchanddevelopment.

Source:EY.Jung,G.Choi,S.Han,T.Kim.2022.KoreaPoliciesforHumanResourceDevelopmentintheClimateTechnologyArea.GTCBrief.3(4).

CURRICULUM:INTERDISCIPLINARYANDCONVERGENCEINEDUCATION

Tofacilitatethetransitiontoagreeneconomyandequipfutureworkerswiththeknowledgeandskillsnecessarytonavigatethechallengesofthenewgreeneconomy,universitiesmustinstructandtrainstudentsincomplexandconvergingsubjectmatters.Likemanyotherdevelopednations,universitieshaveexpandedtheirinterdisciplinarygreenscienceandtechnologyprograms.

TheMinistryofEnvironmentoperatestheSpecializedGraduateSchoolforClimateChangeProgram,whichsupportsthe

developmentofcross-sectoralcurriculaatgraduateschools.

Since2016,theministryhasprovidedfundsto17universities.

Forinstance,theprogramhassupportedKyungHeeUniversity

(KHU)tooperatetheDepartmentofConvergenceScienceand

TechnologyincollaborationwiththeKoreaInstituteofScienceandTechnology(KIST).Thegoalistonurtureprofessionalresearch

talentandgenerateworld-classresearch.Since2018,KHUhas

operatedtheClimateChangeSpecializedGraduateSchool,whichfocusesonintelligent-based,consumer-tailoredclimatechange

riskassessmentandadaptationresearch.Studentsareprovidedwithlearningresearchopportunitiesandwithsupportsuchas

scholarships,researchincentives,globalinternships,andstudentexchangeswithforeignuniversities.

TheMinistryofScienceandICThasinitiatedaClimate

TechnologyResearcherTrainingprogramtosupportpartnership-drivenresearchanddevelopmentskillsacquisition.3Thecampuses

selectedforthistrainingprogramdesignaninterdisciplinaryand

cross-sectoralmaster’sdegreeprogramonclimatetechnology

developmentpractices.4Duringthe18-monthprogram,studentsworkwithprofessionalmentorgroups,professors,andcommercialexpertsonR&Dactivities.

TheMinistryofEducationsupportstheInnovativeConvergenceUniversityProjectthatenablesstudentstopursueeducation

inhigh-techfieldbyremovingbarriersbetweenuniversities.

Startedin2021,theprojecthassupportededucationincritical

newtechnologyfieldssuchasartificialintelligence,bigdata,newenergyindustries,futureautomobiles,biohealth,andothers.

Theparticipatinguniversitiescreateaconsortiuminwhichtheyparticipatetogetherincurriculumandcoursedevelopment

(Figure2).Eachuniversity’slecturesandlaboratoriescanbe

accessedbystudentsfromtheotherparticipatinguniversities.

Forexample,theNewEnergyIndustryconsortiumiscomposedofsevenuniversitiesincludingKoreaUniversity,HanyangUniversity,PusanNationalUniversity,andsoon,andprovideseducation

onproduction,storage,transfer,utilization,andmanagementof

energythroughasharedmodularcurriculum(Figure2).Theory

lecturesareprovidedonlineandlaboratoryinstructionisprovidedinspecializedlaboratoriesinthesevenparticipatinguniversities.

3GovernmentoftheRepublicofKorea.Announcementofintegratednewtasksforthe2022ScienceandTechnologyInnovationTalentTrainingProject.

4In2022,InhaUniversitywasselectedforitshydrogentechnologycurriculum,andKoreaUniversityforitsfocusonenergy,environment,andclimatetechnology.

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Figure2:ModularCurriculumoftheNewEnergyIndustryConsortium(7universities)

ADIMBG

majormajorelective

Energyproduction

EnergyStorage/Conversion

EnergyManagement

EnergyTransport/Management

•IntroductiontoNew

•IntroductiontoEnergy

•Introduction

•EconomicsofEnergy

EnergyEngineering

•IntroductiontoRenewable

StorageEngineering

•IntroductiontoEnergy

toElectricalEnergy

andTechnology

•Energy&Environment

EnergyEngineering

Materials

Technology

•IntroductiontoHydrogen

•ElectrochemicalEnergy

•EnergyandClimate

FuelCells

StorageTheoryand

Experiments

Change

•EnergyResponseEngineering

•EnergyProduction

MaterialsEngineering

•BiowasteEnergyEngineering

•EnergyStorageRedesign

•GiantEnergyStorage

•ZeroEnergySystem

•Next-generationpowerelectronicsandelectrical

equipment

•ChemicalEnergyTransport

•AIInfrastructureEnergyManagement

•EnergyStatisticsBigDataAnalysis

•EnergyandClimateChangePolicy

•AI-basedenergysafetyengineering

•SolarEnergyEngineering

•ElectricVehicleBattery

•Wirelessenergytransfer

•EnergyBusiness

•GeothermalEnergy

Engineering

•AI-basedsystem

FeasibilityAssessment

Engineering

•Next-generationenergy

optimization

•Researchonnewenergy

•WindEnergyEngineering

conversionengineering

•SmartGrid

businessissues

•HydrogenEnergy

•Fuelcell

Engineering

•Heatpump

AD=advanced,IM=intermediate,BG=beginning.

Note:TheconsortiumiscomposedofsevenuniversitiesincludingKoreaUniversity,HanyangUniversity,SeoulNationalUniversity,PusanUniversity,

KangwonNationalUniversity,ChunbukNationalUniversity,KyungnamCollegeofInformation&TechnologyanddesignatedbyMinistryofEducationofRepublicofKorea.

Source:Author,PresentedADBInternationalSkillsForum2023.

Avarietyofdegreeprogramsareoffered,includingmicro-degree,minordegree,convergencemajor,anddoublemajor.In2022,thesecondyearoftheproject,about5,000studentstookcourses.

Greentransformationrequiressomecompaniestochangethe

goodsandservicestheyproduce.Inthemanufacturingsector,

companiescanfosteragreen-techworkforcetodevelopgreen

technologiesandmakegreenproducts.High-techcompanies,suchasLGandSamsung,havecooperatedwithuniversitiesandhave

agreementstooperateprofessionalR&Dcapacityprograms.

Companiesindicatethatlackofgreen-techtalentisasevereconstraintforthemtoexpandtheirsalesofgreenproducts.5Astablesupplyofgreen-techworkersthroughcooperative

tertiaryeducationprogramscanhelpcompaniesfacilitatethecommercializationofgreenproductsandservices.In2021,

LGEnergySolution,amajorbatterymaker,andYonseiUniversityagreedtolaunchcollaborativeinterdisciplinarymaster’sand

doctoralprogramsonsecondarybatteries.6Forthisprogram,

LGprovidesscholarships,livingexpenses,andinternship

opportunitiestodevelopwork-readygraduatestoaddressthesector’scriticallaborshortage.

RESEARCHCAPACITYON

GREENTECHNOLOGY

ThroughR&Dactivities,tertiaryinstitutionscontributetogreentechnologicaladvancementsandcommercializationofthese

technologies(seenextsection).Thegovernmenthaschosen

100coretechnologiesthatcanhelpthecountrybecomecarbonneutral.Theseincludeheatpumpsthatusewaterandairto

generateheat,agreenmethodformakingsteelusinghydrogeninsteadofcoal,andzero-energybuildingsthatuseonlynew

andrenewableenergysources7(Figure3).InJanuary2022,the

MinistryofScienceandICTnamedtheKoreaInstituteofEnergy

ResearchastheClimateTechnologyPolicySupportCenterandtheNationalInstituteofGreenTechnologyastheClimateTechnologyCooperationPolicySupportCenter.

Someuniversitieshavebeendesignatedasnationalresearch

centersandarepartoftheplatformfordevelopingtechnologies.Topuniversitiesarenowworkingtogethertodeveloptechnology,andthecollaborationamonguniversities,researchinstitutes,localgovernments,andbusinesseshasbeenstrengthenedtosupport

5RepublicofKorea,MinistryofEnvironment.2023.Eco-UpTalentDevelopmentStrategy.

6Secondarybatteries,oftencalledrechargeablebatteries,canbeused,discharged,andthenrestoredtotheiroriginalconditionbyreversingthecurrentflow(charging).

7Jin-WonKim.2023.S.Koreaselects100coretechnologiestoachievecarbonneturality.TheKoreaEconomicDaily.23May.

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TheRoleofTertiaryEducationforGreenTransition

Figure3:100KeyTechnologiesfortheCarbonNeutralityoftheRepublicofKorea

Hydrogensupply

Ultra-high-e竹ciencysolar-celltechnologySolarenergyDiversifiedusesofsolarpowertechnology

Wastedsolarpowerrecycletechnology

Supersizedwindturbinestechnology

Ofshorewindpowerfloatertechnology

Windpower

Technologytooperateandmanageofshorewindpowerplants

Verticalaxistypefloaterwindpowertechnology

Technologytoproducewaterelectrolysishydrogen

Technologytoproducewaterelectrolysishydrogen

Technologytostoreandtransporthydrogenoverseas

Hydrogentogasturbinegaspowertechnology

Hydrogencombustiongaspowertechnology

Carbon-freeDustcoalboilerammoniamixedfueltechnology

energyFloaterboilerammoniamixedfueltechnology

Ultrahigh-e竹ciencyfuelcellcompounddevelopmenttechnology

High-e竹ciencyfuelcellcogenerationsystemtechnology

PowerStorage

PowerGrid

Short-termESStechnology

Long-termESStechnology

After-usebatteryESSsystemtechnology

Intelligentpowertransmissionsystemtechnology

Real-timeelectricpowertransactionplatformtechnology

Technologytocombineandoperatedistributedresourcesandflexibleresources

Heatpumptechnology

Solarheattechnology

Energy

integration

systemPower-thermal-hydrogenhybridsystemtechnology

Thermalenergynetworksystem

Carbon-freevessels

Super-insulationcoveringmaterialandfacilitytechnology

Greenremodelingtechnology

Buildingrefrigerationandair-conditioninge竹ciencytechnology

Buildingenergysysteme竹ciencytechnology

ESSconvergencetechnologyusingrenewableenergy

Fuelcell-basedconvergencesystemtechnology

Zeroenergybuilding

Unusedenergyusagetechnology

Buildingenergydataintegrationsystemtechnology

Buildingenergysmartlinkingcontroltechnology

Technologyforpilingupaftercombustion

Industryprocessingpilinguptechnology

Technologyforpilingupduringcombustion

Directairpilinguptechnology

Landandseastorageexplorationandevaluationtechnology Storagefacilitiesdesignandestablishmenttechnology StorageCO2injectionandoperationtechnology Monitoringtechnologyincludingstorageleakagedetection

Chemicalconversiontechnology

Biologicalconversiontechnology

Mineralcarbonationtechnology

CCUS

Internalcombustionenginetechnologyusingcarbon-freefuels Vesselfuelcellandbatterysystemtechnology Electricmotorpoweredsystemtechnology

Technologyofpost-processingofcarbon-freefuelsandincreasinge竹ciency

CCUS=CarbonCapture,Usage,andStorage,CO2=carbondioxide,ESS=energystoragesystem.

Source:CarbonNeutralGreenGrowthCommittee,2023.

thegreenindustry.Companiesprovidefinancialsupport,engage

inexpertconsultations,andconductjointresearchwithuniversities.Inreturn,theyareabletosecurehigh-qualityhumancapital.

SeoulNationalUniversityandtheKoreaAdvancedInstituteof

ScienceandTechnology(KAIST),incollaborationwiththeCarbonNeutralGreenGrowthCommittee(cochairedbytheprime

minister)jointlyorganizedacollaborativeforum.Twoeminent

researchuniversitieshavedeclaredtheirintentiontoformarobust

collaborationinthefieldsofcarbon-neutraltechnologydevelopmentandthecultivationofproficientexpertsinthisdomain.8

SamsungElectronicshasimplementedanorganization-wide

centerforindustry-academiacooperation.Thiscenterprovides

cutting-edgefacilitiestosupportresearchendeavorsforuniversityfaculty,anddoctoralandmaster’scandidates.Additionally,

itfosterstheapplicationforpatentregistrationofcollaborativeprojectsbetweencorporationsanduniversities.Samsung

ElectronicsandKoreaUniversityhaveconstructedacollaborativeeco-friendlye-researchcenterwhoseprimaryobjectiveisto

conductcutting-edgeresearchonenvironmentallysustainablehouseholdappliancetechnologiesofthefuture.

HyundaiMotorGroup,incollaborationwithfiveesteemed

universities(e.g.,theKoreaInstituteofEnergyTechnologyand

HanyangUniversity),hasimplementedtheCarbonNeutralJointResearchLaboratorywiththeobjectiveofinvestigatingnovel

technologiesthatcancapturecarbonfromtheatmosphereandconvertitintoenergyresourcesandvaluablematerials.9

COMMERCIALIZATIONANDGREEN-TECHSTART-UPSINCUBATION

Thegovernmentwillinvest$107billioninpublic–private

partnershipsby2030aspartofitsStrategyforFosteringtheClimateTechIndustry(May2023).Throughitsefforts,thegovernmenthopestohelpfoster10climatetechunicorn

companiesandgenerate100,000jobsinthesector.Aspecialized

funddedicatedtohigh-techmanufacturingandemerging

technologiesistobeestablished.Additionally,itincludesa

strategytoencourage$153millioninprivatefundingtobeusedforcorporateenvironmental,social,andgovernance(ESG)

initiatives,includingimpactinvestingandcorporateventurecapital.

8SeoulNationalUniversity.2023.SeoulNationalUniversityandKAISThavejoinedforcestofostertalentforcarbon-neutralinnovativetechnology!19May.9DohyungKim.2023.HyundaiMotorGroupjoinsforceswithfivedomesticuniversitiestoresearchcarbon-neutraltechnology.FerroTimes.27July.

6

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Green-techinnovationsandtheircommercializationareessential

ingreentransformationandachievingcarbonneutrality.As

aresult,Koreanuniversitieshaveextendedtheirrolefrom

technologyinventortotechnologyandstart-upsincubator.Inthelast15years,manytertiaryinstitutionshavelaunchedtechnology-holdingcompanies10tofacilitatethecommercializationofpatentsownedbytheuniversity.Theseholdingcompanieshelpcreate

businesspartnerships,enablingthetertiaryeducationsystemtolinkwithmarkets.

Thegovernmenthasassistedholdingcompanies’effortsatcommercializationbyprovidingmatchingfundstoboosttheengagementofprivateinvestors.KAISTrecentlypartnered

withHanaFinancialGrouptosupportthedevelopmentand

commercializationofclimatetechnologies.KAISTHoldings,anewtechnologyholdingcompany,andHanaFinancialGroupagreedtoestablisharesearchinstitutespecializinginartificialphotosynthesistechnologies.HanaFinancialGroup’sfocusonenvironmental,

social,andgovernancerelatedinvestmentobjectivesisexpectedtosupportKAIST’sinnovationcapacityandfacilitatethe

commercializationofhigh-endgreen-impacttechnologies.KAISTwilladoptHana’sexpertisetoevaluatethefinancialviabilityofnewgreeninvestmenttechnologies.

RecentlymoreuniversitieshaveestablishedClimateTech

Centerswiththeobjectiveoffosteringthegrowthofclimate-

techstart-ups.Universitiesarestrengtheningcollaborationwithventurecapitalinvestorsandofferingprogramsthatprovide

climate-tech-relatedentrepreneurialeducation,consulting,risk

assessments,andforumsinresponsetothegovernment’seffortstosupportclimate-techenterprises.11

REGIONALGREENGROWTHSTRATEGIES

Thegreentransitioncanbeasignificanteconomicthreatto

regionswheretraditionalgrayandbrownindustryarebeingphasedout.Localgovernmentsareimplementinggreendevelopment

schemestomitigategreentransitionalrisksandmaximizegreen

economygrowth.Localhumanresourcedevelopmentisoften

acoreelementoftheseschemes.Citiesdevelopactionplansin

whichuniversitiesintegrategreen-techattheirlocalcampusesandsupplyagreen-techworkforcetolocalindustry.Basedonthese

actionplans,localauthoritiesreceivecentralgovernmentsubsidiesandmobilizeprivateinvestmenttobuildthecapacityforgreen

researchandbusinessdevelopment(R&BD).

Figure4.TechHoldingCompanybyUniversity

TechHoldingCompany

University

Investment

Investment

ProfitSharing

Start-ups

Special-purposeResearchInstitutes

Investment(Cash)

ProfitSharing

GreenPublicandPrivateInvestors

Source:Author.

GOVERNMENT

10Theterm“technologyholdingcompany”meansacompanythatcontrolsthecompanythroughtheownershipofstocks(includingshares)ofothercompaniesforthepurposeofcommercializingtechnology(Article2oftheActonthePromotionofTechnologyTransferandCommercialization)ownedbyauniversityor

J.Kim.2023.SeoulNationalUniversityClimateTechCenterandSopoongVenturessignanMOUtorevitalizeclimatetechnology.

researchinstitute.Thisisaspecializedorganizationforestablishingandcommercializingsubsidiariesviatechnologyinvestment(e.g.,patentsheldbyindusrty–11academiccooperation,foundations,orresearchinstitutes).

7

TheRoleofTertiaryEducationforGreenTransition

Figure5:Green-TechInnovationPark

University

GreenTech

Innovation

Park

Regional

R&DGroups

Companies

Manufacturers

LocalGreenEconomy

HumanCapitalDevelopment

TechnologyInnovation

LocalIndustryAdvance

FinancingFacilitation

R&D=researchanddevelopment.

Source:Author.

Forexample,JeonnamProvinceispromotinginvestmentin

greengrowthareas.Withaccesstoocean-basedresourcesand

infrastructure,ithassetupanambitiousgreengrowthstrategy

calledtheBlueEconomyDevelopmentPlan.Thisencompasses

renewableenergy,biotech,low-carboneco-tourism,intelligent

aerialtransport,climate-smartagricultureandfisheries,andgreensmartcities.Theprovinceistryingtomobilizehigh-endgreen

technologiesanditispositioninglocaluniversitiesattheheartof

R&BDtoincorporateinnovativetechnologiesandbusinessmodelsinitsgreendevelopme