台湾电子业在绿色供应链管理能力的实证研究

27三月2024台灣電子業在綠色供應鏈管理能力的實證研究報告大綱

前言文獻回顧與研究假設研究設計研究结果討論與建議2前言環境的問題3

研究：極地融冰可能使海面2100前上升六公尺法新社-03/24/0610:35AM

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十年升溫攝氏零點三度西藏暖化速度冠全球法新社-07/22/0710:35PM5

受地球暖化影響紐西蘭冰河迅速融化

法新社：2007/11/20

6馬爾地夫的首都馬列就像海上的一颗明珠──但它可能终將被安詳湛藍的印度洋吞没

7TyphoonMorakot'sassaultonTaiwanhascausedthemostseriousfloodinginthepast50years.89前言結合環境與供應鏈管理10歐盟法律規定廢電機電子設備指令」(WasteElectricalandElectronicEquipment,WEEE)危害物質禁限用指令」(RestrictionofHazardousSubstance,RoHS)耗能產品環保設計指令(E-co-DesignRequirementsforEnergyUsingProducts,EuP)化學品註冊、評估、許可和限制(REGULATIONconcerningtheRegistration,Evaluation,AuthorizationandRestrictionofChemicals,REACH)11

WEEE為了應付日漸增加的廢電子電機廢棄物，減輕掩埋場及焚化爐的負擔，防止廢電子電機廢棄物中所含之有害物質進入環境，歐盟於2003年1月27日通過「廢電子電機設備指令」（DirectiveontheWasteElectronicsandElectricalEquipment，WEEE），要求製造商必須負起收集、回收並妥善處置廢電子電機產品。12RoHS2001年Sony公司在荷蘭被檢驗出PlayStation遊戲機中部分零件之鎘含量，超出歐盟鎘禁用指令(91/338/EEC)要求，造成130萬台PlayStation遊戲機產品，於全面更換零件前禁止銷售之重大損失。類似的案件也發生在美國，105家日本公司被控告，電線中之鉛含量超出加州65號條文(300ppm)限制，和解金總額高達300萬美元。這些巨額的損失與賠償，同樣也發生在許多其它電子製造商之間，也因此喚起了電子製造業者，對產品中有害物質禁用條令之重視。2006/07/01行銷歐洲市場之產品，必須禁用6項有害物質(鉛、鎘、汞、六價鉻、多溴聯苯及多溴二苯醚)13RoHS大型家用產品小型家用產品IT和遠端通訊設備消費產品照明設備電器和電子工具玩具，休閒和運動設備自動販賣機14EuP

EuP泛指所有使用能源以執行生產作業的產品，能源包含電力、固態、液態及氣態能源(車輛並不在此限)。現階段依據產品的重要性及影響性，訂出優先管制的19(14+5)類產品包括個人電腦／螢幕、消費性電子產品（如電視）、電池／電源供應器等。依時程規劃各會員國應於2007年8月完成EuP國內法之立法。EuP指令將逐步管制所有能源使用產品必須符合生態化設計規範，未來須符合其適用實施方法的生態化設計要求，並且需取得CE標示，才能在歐盟市場自由流通。15

經過長達6年的討論，歐盟REACH法規於2007/6月1日正式生效。REACH法規全稱為《關於化學品註冊、評估、許可和限制法案》。

REACH16在此情境下企業所應扮演的角色?結合green+supplyChainManagement=GSCM17研究目的綠色供應鏈管理的構面。以綠色供應鏈管理的構面為來基礎建立其台灣電子業的策略群。了解各個策略群與其績效的關係。18研究對象臺灣證券交易所TaiwanStockExchangeCorporation(TSEC)臺灣櫃檯買賣中心GreTaiSecuritiesMarket(GTSM)(over-the-counter,OTCmarket)電子資訊相關的六個製造產業19大綱

前言文獻回顧研究設計研究結果討論與建議20文獻回顧資源基礎的理論綠色供應鏈管理21資源基礎的理論資源基礎的觀點(theresource-basedviewofthefirm，RBV)(Barney,1991;Wernerfelt,1984)，乃首先出現於1950年代晚期，學者Penrose所發表的文章中；至1980年代，學者Wernerfelt才有較清楚的闡釋；而到1990年代，才在管理思潮中扮演著重要的角色。資源基礎的觀點主要強調公司的內部的強勢及弱勢，相對於產業組織（IO）經濟學所強調公司外部的機會與威脅(如Porter,1980,1985)(Grant,1991)，因為當外在的環境是動態的，公司內部的資源及能力也許較容易控制。22資源基礎的觀點認為公司異質的（idiosyncratic），資源（resources）及能力（capabilities）是企業持久性競爭優勢（sustainedcompetitiveadvantage）的來源。23綠色供應鏈管理能力綠色供應鏈管理涉及金流、物流、資訊流、整合、關係、及環境管理等層面是企業為了關懷自然環境中如設計、獲得、生產、配送、使用、再利用、丟棄等議題，而針對供應鏈管理所提出的一連串政策與行動」(ZsidisinandSiferd,2001)24EPSON(台灣愛普生,2005)，從企業的供應鏈的角度切入，提出綠色價值鏈（GreenValueChain）的概念，包括了綠色設計、綠色採購、綠色生產∕製程、綠色產品、綠色行銷、綠色消費、綠色處理及綠色材料等八個項目（如下圖），彼此間環環相扣，缺一不可。25綠色設計綠色處理綠色經營理念綠色管理綠色企業模式綠色消費綠色產品綠色行銷綠色材料綠色採購綠色生產26大綱

前言文獻回顧研究設計研究結果討論與建議27問卷設計綠色供應鏈管理能力指標問項的來源，主要是依據過去學者的研究(Agagón-Correaetal.,2004;Zhuetal.,2004;González-BenitoandGonzález-Benito,2005;RaoandHolt,2005;Rao,2005;VachonandKlassen,2006;Nokia,2007;Zhuetal,2007)，及業者實際訪談而成。而問項是採用李克特七點尺度，由「非常不同意」到「非常同意」分別給予1分到7分的分數。企業績效，主要依據過去學者的研究(Autryetal.,2001;Zhuetal.2004;RaoandHolt2005)而來，採用李克特七點尺度法，由「非常不好」到「非常好」分別給予1分到7分。28問卷發放與回收表1問卷發放家數統計表發放家數A問卷退回B有效家數C=A-B問卷回收D廢卷E有效問卷F=D-E回卷率G=F/C第一次問卷94669401091108第二次問卷8311182059059總計94617929168816718%29主要人口統計變項分析2006營業額(台幣:億)(n=158)<56-1011-1516-100>10012.7%21.5%20.3%40.5%16.5%2006台灣地區經常僱用之全職員工人數(人)(n=158)<100101-400401-10001001-5000>500022.2%39.2.%17.7%16.5%4.4%主要產品產業歸屬(n=160)半導體光電電腦及週邊通信網路電子零組件其他16.9%17.5%14.4%8.8%26.9%16.1%受測者的職位(n=154)總經理總經理秘書或特助副總或董事部門經理中階主管其他6.9%17.5%20%22.5%19.4%10.0%30大綱前言文獻回顧研究設計研究結果討論與建議31Respondents’agreementwithcapabilityattributes(1)GSCMVariablesMeanSD.G14Designofproductstoavoidorreduceuseofhazardousproductsandmanufacturingprocesses5.941.18G29Substitutionofpollutingandhazardousmaterials/parts5.871.09G28Themanufacturingprocesswillreducethenoisepollutiontotheminimum.5.771.09G31Productionplanningandcontrolfocusedonreducingwasteandoptimizingmaterialsexploitation5.721.13G24Inpurchasing,thiscompanyrequiressupplierstoprovidecertificationoftestingforgreenproductconformance.5.691.41Highagreementwithcapabilityattributestoallrespondents(theirmeanscoreswereover5.77)32Respondents’agreementwithcapabilityattributes(2)GSCMVariablesMeanSD.G09Eachfull-timeemployeewellunderstandstheenvironmentalperformancetargetforthisyear.

4.541.53G45Periodicupdatingofthewebsiteonenvironmentalissues4.451.57G06Naturalenvironmentalseminarsforexecutives4.311.42G41Sponsoringofenvironmentalevents/collaborationwithecologicalorganizations4.231.37G43Supplytocustomersandinstitutionsofregularvoluntaryinformationaboutenvironmentalmanagement4.071.51G22Holdingawarenessseminarsforsuppliers/contractors3.801.52Theleastagreementwithcapabilityattributestoallrespondents(theirmeanscoreswerebelow4.23)

33FactorAnalysis34Factoranalysis(1)GSCMattributesF1F2F3F4F5F6G31Productionplanningandcontrolfocusedonreducingwasteandoptimizingmaterialsexploitation.795.234.113.141.040.131G29Substitutionofpollutingandhazardousmaterials/parts.767.156.087.264-.030.057G30Processdesignfocusedonreducingenergyandnaturalresourcesconsumptioninoperations.742.211.225.076-.046.101G28Themanufactureprocesswillreducethenoisepollutiontotheminimum..715.209.014.182.197.114G35Recyclableorreusablepackaging/containersinlogistics.618.095.411.124.210.114G33Filtersandcontrolsonemissionsanddischarges.615.485.204.184.171.106G34Selectionofcleanertransportationmethods.604.223.445.144.242-.083G14Designofproductstoavoidorreduceuseofhazardousproductsandmanufacturingprocess.600.267-.002.305-.071.416G32Acquisitionofcleantechnology/equipment.575.249.308.240.129.268G36Ecologicalmaterialsforprimarypackaging.538.115.424.190.212.146Greenmanufacturingandpackaging35Factoranalysis(2)GSCMattributesF1F2F3F4F5F6G01Naturalenvironmenttrainingprogramsformanagersandemployees.102.792.233.147.048.020G04Cross-functionalcooperationforenvironmentalimprovements.321.771.181.185.057.148G02Establishedanenvironmentalprotectionindexofrecycling,gaseousreductionandenergyconservation..131.758.101.172.009.029G05Environmentalmanagementsystemexists.248.737.168.221-.001.229G03CommitmenttoGSCMfromseniormanagers.263.736.236.162.036.142G09Eachfull-timeemployeewellunderstandstheenvironmentalperformancetargetforthisyear..221.710.309.144.001.123G12Thecompany’seffortsinrelationtoenvironmentalmattershaveexceededtherequirementsoftherelevantregulations.182.573.289.331.091.295G06Naturalenvironmentalseminarsforexecutives.207.543.463.224.094.113G10Participationingovernment-subsidizednaturalenvironmentalprograms..277.520.274.366.133-.118Environmentalmanagement36GSCMattributesF1F2F3F4F5F6G43Supplyofregularvoluntaryinformationaboutenvironmentalmanagementtocustomersandinstitutions.011.259.756.157.113.078G41Sponsoringofenvironmentalevents/collaborationwithecologicalorganizations.087.297.718.207.144-.040G40Recuperationandrecyclingsystems.075.380.665.282-.028.089G44Useofnaturalenvironmentalargumentsinmarketing.205.230.659.295.017.190G45Periodicupdatingofthewebsiteonenvironmentalissues..389.095.637.033.150.186G38Materialpackageswillbelabeledforretrievalpurposes..402.137.599.092.110.247G42ConsideredthatEcoProductsboosttheconsumers’purchasingwillingness..415.205.591.137-.222.024G22Holdingawarenessseminarsforsuppliers/contractors.164.377.536.344.258-.153Factoranalysis(3)Greenmarketing37GSCMattributesF1F2F3F4F5F6G19Second-tiersupplierenvironmentallyfriendlypracticeevaluation.098.160.247.795.098.060G18Suppliers’ISO14000certification.122.275.127.775.053.128G20Choiceofsuppliersbyenvironmentalcriteria.277.240.228.765.048.129G21Urging/pressuringsupplierstotakeenvironmentalactions.355.197.233.753.076.089G24Inpurchasing,thiscompanyrequiressupplierstoprovidecertificationoftestingforgreenproductconformance.382.354.105.638-.021-.005G17Providingdesignspecificationtosuppliersthatincludeenvironmentalrequirementsforpurchaseditems.126.192.346.524.154.426G26Saleofexcesscapitalequipment.116.028.148.096.881-.035G27Saleofscrapandusedmaterials.137.078.097.077.856.078G13Designofproductsforreducedconsumptionofmaterial/energy.442.180.137.115.030.707G15Designsfocusedonreducingresourceconsumptionandwastegenerationinproductusage.272.406.252.234-.009.587Eigenvalues16.402.542.201.851.531.03Percentagevariance44.346.875.944.994.152.78GreensupplierGreenstock

Greeneco-designFactoranalysis(4)38ReliabilitytestGSCMdimensionNumberofitemsCronbachAlphaMeanS.D.Greenmanufacturingandpackaging100.935.540.91Environmentalmanagement90.934.881.15Greenmarketing80.904.611.10Greensupplier60.915.151.21Greenstock20.814.991.28Greeneco-design20.735.511.1639ClusterAnalysis40Groups1(44)2(69)3(27)4(24)FValueFProb.ScheffeTestGreenmanufacturingandpackaging-0.720.250.200.3812.68**0.00(2,1)(3,1)(4,1)Environmentalmanagement-0.720.52-0.390.2821.84**0.00(2,1)(2,3)(4,1)Greenmarketing-0.010.61-0.43-1.2538.07**0.00(2,1)(2,3)(2,4)(1,4)(3,4)Greensupplier-0.44-0.120.460.629.45**0.00(4,1)(4,2)(3,1)Greenstock0.260.18-1.730.94102.55**0.00(1,3)(2,3)(4,3)(4,1)(4,2)Greeneco-design-0.360.28-0.02-0.103.94**0.01(2,1)One-wayANOVAanalysisofGSCMdifferencesamongthefourgroupsNote:a.thedescriptionofgroupsisbasedonfactorscoreswithameanofzeroandstandarddeviationofone.Forinstance,thenegativevalueofthefactorscorecoefficient,-0.72(seefirstcolumn,firstrow),indicatesthatrespondentsplacedlessemphasisondimensionone.b.dimensionscoreswerederivedfromdatapooledacrossthefourgroups.c.*Significancelevelp<0.05;**Significancelevelp<0.01

41Interpretationofclusters42

Fromclusteranalysis,fourgroupsemergedthatwerebasedontheGSCMdimensions;namely,anweakGSCMorientedgroup(WEAK),agreenmarketingorientedgroup(MARK),agreensupplierorientedgroup(SUPP),andagreenstockorientedgroup(STOC).43Differencesinperformanceamongthefourgroups44FirmPerformanceGroups1WEAK2MARK3SUPP4STOCFRatioCom-parisonScheffeTestCorporateimageimprovements(0.75)b5.58(0.96)4.56(0.97)4.54(1.18)**18.42>3>4>1(2,1)(2,3)(2,4)Environmentalregulatory4.27(0.79)5.61(0.99)4.70(1.17)4.88(1.12)**17.52>4>3>1(2,1)(2,3)(2,4)Profit4.66(0.86)4.94(1.20)4.44(1.28)4.50(1.72)1.52>4>1>3NoneMarketshare4.68(0.86)5.12(1.32)4.26(1.38)4.33(1.52)**4