园林水景营建

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现代园林中水景工程的作用及其特点

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摘要

水是大自然中最活跃的元素，是联系人类与自然的桥梁，在人工环境中发挥着重要的作用。文章讨论了园林水景的基本概念、基本特征和功能作用，分析了水体景观的进展。针对水体的特征及功能提诞生态性、文化性的水体景观特色。基于理论讨论基础，结合现实园林工程，探讨水体景观的存在问题并提出合理性建议和措施。关键词：水景工程特性分类景观效应

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名目

1前言····································································································1

1.1讨论背景····················································································1

1.2讨论目的和意义·········································································12现代园林中水景工程的内容······························································2

2.1现代园林中水景工程的组成······················································2

2.2主要水景工程的分类·································································2

2.2.1城市水系规划····································································2

2.2.2依水景观的水景工程·······················································2

2.2.3临水驳岸、护坡和水池工程·············································3

2.2.4水景工程中的动植物配置················································43现代园林水景应当具备的特色··························································4

3.1形——静态水面划分·································································4

3.2声——水声再造·········································································4

3.3光影因借·····················································································5

3.3.1倒影成双············································································5

3.3.2借景虚幻············································································5

3.3.3优化画面············································································5

3.3.4逆光剪影············································································5

3.3.5动静相随············································································54当前水景工程存在的主要问题·························································5

4.1规划布局不合理，脱离地方城市特色·····································5

4.2民众对水景工程的作用熟悉不深，爱护意识有待提高··········6

4.3水边的硬质护岸，减弱了水体的自净力量·····························6

4.4部分雨水收集和排放工程，起到适得其反的作用··················6

4.5水体中生物单一，水体自净力量差··········································65措施和建议··························································································6

5.1树立科学的进展观，进行合理的规划和布局·························6

5.2加强宣扬和立法，规范完善法律体系·····································7

5.3整治和改造一些旧的水景工程体系·········································7

5.4完善园林中的雨水收集和排放系统·········································7

5.5努力营造水中生物的多样性·····················································7

5.6加快湿地的开发建设，做好与大水体的沟通·························7

5.7加强水景工程的综合管理························································86总结·····································································································8后记·······································································错误！未定义书签。参考文献································································································93

1前言

水，作为一种自然要素，在开发建设吞噬的都市空间，有其独特魅力。有了水，空间就有了灵性。经过设计的人工水景相比于自然水景更具有空间氛围，更适合于玩赏，还具有平安、易于掌握的优势。继“绿化热”之后的“水景热”给人们供应了一个全新的环境概念观。回归自然，返朴归真正成为现代人生活的时尚。

1.1讨论背景

随着现代环境设计的兴起，水景开头强调人的参加性，最大程度地满意人们对水亲近的心理．水景从单一装饰、美化的功能加入了休闲、消遣等富有人性化的设计。跌水、水幕、音乐喷泉等等一些新的形式开头大量消失。同时水景的表现形式也受到现代审美观念的影响而产生很大的变化，尤其是建筑艺术领域的象征主义、抽象主义、表现主义、将来主义，以及立体主义、解构主义等等。这些流派的消失与兴起，转变了人们基于古典主义抱负的审美概念。许多新奇的表现形式开头消失在水景设计中。同时随着材料学、工程学、动力学、自动化掌握等学科的进展，为水景的营建与应用制造了更加便利的技术条件，水体的造型手段也更加丰富与多变，施工也更加便利快捷。

城市的进展与环境景观的空前富强，水景工程的设计与应用更加广泛。现在的水景已不仅限于：水景园、公园或私家庭园，而是以各种形式消失在城市的各个角落，成为城市空间中亮丽而又布满生命力的元素。现代城市水景的表现形式以及设计观念都大大超出了以往水景的范围，水景的营建也不再是简洁地考虑一池一塘的问题，人们已经熟悉到现代城市水景的运用不应也不能再简洁照搬古典理水的手法，它应当是对传统的继承和发扬和对传统的超越与变革。城市公共空间水景设计需要更多地考虑到整体大环境、大空间的特征、风格、情感表达以及景观可持续性进展的要求，以使水景能充分发挥美化环境的作用，更多地与现代城市的进展节奏、人的思想意识、可持续进展的生态理念、当代艺术的进展特点亲密相关。

1.2讨论目的和意义

我国的水景建设在近些年取得了很大的进步，水的造型力量及应用已是传统古典园林所无法比拟的。形式丰富了，应用敏捷了，但问题也消失了。首先，有些地方一味追求大（气概大、规模大、场面大），结果许多水景却因后期昂扬的管理费与运作费而运行不了几次，便成了枯燥的摆设，不仅没有起到美化作用，反而成了藏污纳垢的场所，这样的水景缺乏社会价值；其次，设计形式单调，艺术内涵不够，尤其不能满意当今人们的审美要求，并且没有持续欣赏的生命力，这样的水景缺乏美学价值；再次，有些设计者缺乏充分的想象力和足够的文化底蕴，没有成熟而又独特的设计理念，只会照搬照抄，学了形式却没能得到神韵，消失了一些与环境不协调，而且造成了大量的水资源铺张，对周边的生态环境造成了破坏，这样的水景缺乏生态价值。这些无疑都是中国现代水景进展中的憾事。这可能也是高速进展的城市建设不行避开的阶段。1

2现代园林中水景工程的内容

2.1现代园林中水景工程的组成

水是现代园林水景工程的灵魂，景因水而得名，水借景而生辉。正是由于水所具有的聚散、动静、渗透、蒸发等特性，才给予现代园林的水景工程具有“水型美”、“动静美”、“水声美”和“喷射美”的特色，使园林更增加迷人的魅力。

水景工程包括城市水系规划、小型水闸、驳岸、护坡、水池和相应的园林建筑、园林小品及与之相配套的植物配置等。从理论上对中国现代园林的水景工程进行深化的分析和探讨，并在实践中加以论证，具有特别重要的现实意义。

2.2主要水景工程的分类

2.2.1城市水系规划

城市水系规划是水景工程的重要组成部分，城市园林水体又是城市水系的一部分。进行城市绿地规划和有水体的公园设计时都要收集、了解和踏查城市水系现状与水系规划。城市用地的水系是难得的自然风景资源，也是城市生态环境质量的要素，应当大力爱护城市现有的自然 水体，在爱护的前提下加以开发利用。布置水景的要领首先是“疏源之去由，察水之来历”[2]，水有源、流、派和归宿。园林中的水景是城市水体的一部分，要着眼于局部与整体的关系，并兼顾交通航运、消防平安、防洪蓄水、生产生活用水以及巡游观光和城市绿化等多项功能。综合各功能要素，科学规划，合理布局。城市水系规划为各段水体确定了一些水工掌握数据，同时也划定了各段水体的主要功能。依据这些数据来进一步确定园林进水、出水口的设施和水位，使园林内的水体务必完成城市水系规划所给予的功能，并达到园林水景工程的需求。

2.2.2依水景观的水景工程

依水景观的水景工程是园林水景中的一个重要组成部分，由于水的特别性，打算了依水景观水景工程的异样性。在探讨其审美特性时，要充分把握水的特性及与之的关系，利用水体丰富的变化形式，可形成各具特色的水景工程，如园林小品中亭