木材科学与工程专业英语课程内部资料

Lesson1WordandvocabularyBaseon:基于State-planned:方案经济Followtherelationshipbetweenthesupplyanddemand：遵循供求关系Resourceallocation：资源分配Woodsupplyshortage：木材资源短缺Beusedtodoing：习惯于UsedtodoForester:林务官，护林人Renew:更新Rehabilitation：恢复Forestcover：森林覆盖Forestcoverpercent:森林覆盖率ChineseMinistryofForestry：中国林业部Chineseforestbureau:中国林业局Productioncapacity:生产能力Housing：建筑Pulpandpaper：制桨造纸Fuel：薪材Domesticsupply：国内供给Afforestation：绿化Sentence1Sofar,Chinahasbeenlosingitsforestresourcesatarateofabout1.4millionha/yr,orabout2.5haeveryminute.Thisismainlyduetoindiscriminatefelling,state-plannedfellingprogramsandnaturaldisasters2Withmorethanone-fifthoftheworld’spopulation,Chinain1988hadonly3%oftheworld’sforestcover,on12%ofthecountry’sland.In2004Chinahad16.7%forestcoveroftheland.3Moreover,accordingtostatisticsfromtheChineseMinistryofForestry,itisestimatedthatper-capitaconsumptionofforestproductswillrisefrom0.056m3in1958to0.2m3in1990(0.28m3now).Theworld’saveragecurrentlyisquestionsWhatisaboutwoodsupplyanddemandinChina?Howtosolvegreatgapsbetweenwoodsupplyanddemand?Lesson2WordandvocabularyGrossfeature：宏观特征定义Softwoodandheartwood:软材心材Stem,trunkandbark：树干树皮Woodymaterial：木质材料Utilization：利用Conversion：转化Chipandchipboard：木片碎料板Timber,woodandlumber：木材锯材Handlens;普通放大镜Growthincrement,growthringandgrowthlayer：生长轮与annualring却别ConsistofandbecomposedofWoodycells木细胞Physiologicalrole：生理作用Patternsofdistribution：分布形态Varywith：变化Longitudinally：纵向Makeup：构成Bulk体积grain：纹理Xylem：木质部parenchymaandprosenchyma：薄壁组织和锐端细胞组织Foodstorageelements：食物储存组织Protoplasm：原生质Epithelialcell：分泌细胞Resincanal：树脂道Perpendicularto：垂至于Bandoftissue：带状组织Specializedfor：专司Raytracheid：射线管胞Identification：鉴定Pith,xylem,cambium,phloemandbarkWoodray定义Veneer：单板Split：裂开Cross,transverse,radial,tangentialsectionVascularcambium,initiatinglayerCutacross：横切ResultfromandresultinConcentricring：同心环Interface：界面Sapwoodandheartwood区别Innercore：内层Outershell：外壳Designateas：定义为Durabilityandpermeability：耐久性和渗透性Temperateclimateandtropicalregion：温带和热带Pitmembrane：纹孔膜Vesselopeningandpore：管孔Sentence1.Bycuttingacrossthestemperpendicularly,asurfaceisexposedwhichiscalledacrossortransversesection.Aradialsectionresultsfromcuttinglongitudinallyintheplaneofthewoodrays,fromthepithtothebark.Theplanewhichisperpendiculartotheraysandtangenttothebarkiscalledthetangentialsection.2.Thiscontrastincolorhasphysiologicalsignificanceinageneralway,butitisnotstrictlycorrecttodesignatethecoreasheartwoodonlyonthebasisofitsdarkercolor.Amoreaccuratecriterionforheartwooddeterminationistheabsenceoflivingcellswithinthezone,andinparticular,cellsofrayparenchymawhichremainalivefarlongerthantheneighboringprosenchymatouselements.3.Whentheporesintheearlywoodaremuchlargerthanthoseformedlaterintheseason,andwhenthesizetransitionbetweenearlywoodandlatewoodporesisabrupt,thewoodisclassifiedasringporous.Iflittleornotransitioninporesizeexitsbetweenearlywoodandlatewood,thetermdiffuseporousisapplied.Semi-ringporousorsemi-diffuseareusedtodescribewoodinwhichtheporepatternsarenotdistinctlyoftheringporousnorofthediffuseporoustype.3questionsHowtotellthesapwoodfromheartwood?Whatisthedifferencebetweenthegrowthincrementsandannualring?Makeabriefintroductiontogrossstructureofwood?Makeabriefintroductiontothreeplaneofwood?Whatarethedefinitionsofringporous,diffuseporousandsemiporouswood?Lesson3WordandvocabularyGrossstructuralfeature：宏观特征Previous：前述的Haveoriginin：来源于Sortingandarrangement：分类与排列Lightmicroscope：光学显微镜Cellularcomposition：细胞成分Middlelamella：胞间层Dissolve：溶解Chemicaltreatment：化学处理Commercialprocess：：商业处理Simplepit：单纹孔(纹孔腔宽度无变化〕Contain：包含Thinwalled：薄壁Coniferous：针叶材Aggregateray：聚合木射线Longitudinalstrand：纵向薄壁组织束Longitudinaltracheid：纵向管胞Imperforatecell：不穿孔细胞Polygonal：多边形Compressionwood：应压木Paperstrength：纸张强度Raytracheid：射线管胞Margin：边缘Borderedpits：具缘纹孔〔纹孔腔宽度有变化〕Dentatethickening：锯齿状加厚Angiosperm：被子植物Vesselandpore：导管与管孔Treachery：管状的Lumen：细胞腔Extensivepit：外延纹孔Tubular：管状的Open-endedcell：两端开口的MultipleorsolitaryLibriformfiber：木纤维Slit-like：裂缝状的Duralrole：双重作用Vasculartracheid维管管胞Vasicentrictracheid:环管管胞Sentence1.Theseprosenchymatouselementshaveborderedpitsthataresmallerthanthosefoundinthelongitudinaltracheidsandwhichdistinguishthemfromtherayparenchymacellswhichhaveonlysimplepits.2.Individualvesselelementsaretubular,open-endedcellswhich,whenjoinedend-to-end,formthevessel.Theyarerelativelythin-walledcellsspecializedforconductionlongitudinallyinthetree3.Acelltypecompletelydifferentinappearancefromthevesselelementisthelibriformfiber.Thistypeofelementisthick-walled,narrow-lumenedandelongated.Itisadaptedforstrengthandsupportratherthanconductionsinceithasimperforatetaperedendsandsmall,slit-like,simplepits.4.Inadditiontothesetwospecializedhardwoodprosenchymatouselementsthereareotherswhichhavefeaturesthatwouldindicateadualroleinthelivingtree,involvingbothconductionandsupport3questions1.Whyissoftwoodmoredesirableforpapermanufacturingthanhardwood?2.Howtotelltherayprosenchymatouscellsfromtherayparenchymacells?3Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthevesselsandlibriformfiber4Whatisthedistinctivetreacherystructureofhardwoods?5Whatcontributetothelateralconductiontotheneighbouringcells?Lessonfour一Wordandvocabulary〔1〕Delveinto：研究Lightmicroscope：光学显微镜Pitandwall纹孔和细胞壁Makeindentification:鉴定Highresolvingpower：高倍Electronmicroscope：电子显微镜Reveal：揭示，说明Becomposedof组成Lignin：木素Cellulose：纤维素semicellulose：半纤维素Layer：层Middlelamella：胞间层Microfibril：微纤丝Primarywall：初生壁Flathelix:平缓的螺旋Thicken:加厚SecondarywallLaydown:沉积Consecutively:顺序地Closeto接近Makeup构成Elongated:细长的Exhibit:展示Alternating:交替的Rightandlefthanded：右旋或左旋Parallelto平行Cellaxis:细胞轴Innermostlayer：最里面的Similarto相似，接近于Wartylayer:瘤层Linea:直线状Strand:束状Crystallineandamorphousregion:结晶区与非洁净区Crystallite:微晶Shortchain:短链Laterally:侧向Strength:强度Stiffness：刚度Sentence1Asthecellreachesfullsize,thewallisthickenedbytheadditionofathree-layeredsecondarywalllaiddownfrominsidethecell.Thelayersofthesecondarywallarenumberedconsecutively:s1isclosesttotheoutsideprimarywall,s2makesupthebulkofthecellwall,ands3isnearesttheinsidelumenoftheelongatedtracheidcell.2Eachmicrofibrilconsistsoflinearcellulosemoleculesarrangedinstrandswhichpassthroughphasesofparallelandnonparallelorder,knownascrystallineandamorphousregions.3Inthecrystallineregions,themoleculesarecalledcrystallites,afterthecrystallikeformtheyassume,andareorientedessentiallyparalleltothemicrofibrilaxis.Intheamorphousregions,thecellulosemoleculesexhibitalackofparallelorderandtheremaybeahigherproportionofshorterchainmolecules.3questionsWhatisthemainstructureofthecellwall?WhataboutthemicrofibrilsoftheprimarywallWhataboutthemicrofibrilsofs2layer?Whatlayermakeupthebulkofthecellwall?Relationshipsbetweenwoodstructure(grossandmicroscopic)andwoodprocessing?Lessonfive一Wordandvocabulary〔1〕wordandvocabulary(1)

petroleum:石油Nonrenewableandrenewable:可再生与非再生的Rawmaterials:原材料Constantly:固定的,持续的Carbondioxide:二氧化碳Photosynthesis:光合作用Chlorophyll:叶绿素Radiantenergy:辐射能Compound:复合物Organicmaterial:有机物Extractives:抽提物Inorganicmaterials:无机物Calcium:钙Sodium:钠Potassium:钾Manganese:锰Traceelement:微量元素Glue:胶粘剂Bind:胶合BecomparedwithGlass-reinforcedresin:玻璃纤维Fiberglass:玻璃纤维Syntheticresin:合成树脂Nonuniformly:非均匀的Molecularweight:分子量Phenylpropane:苯丙烷Carbohydrate:碳氢化合物Serveas:用作,用于Bindingagent:粘合物Dimensionalchange:尺寸变化Moisturecontent:含水率Toxicity:毒性Resistantto:抵抗的,阻止,有耐性Decayandinsectattack:腐朽与虫害Thermoplastic:热塑性的Pilable:可塑的，可弯的Glucose:葡萄糖Mineralacid:无机酸Revert:返回Hydroxylgroup:羟基Reactivesite反响点Derivative:衍生物Celluloseacetate:纤维素醋酸盐Swellingandshrinking:膨胀与收缩X-raydiffraction:x射线衍射Inaccessibleto:不能进入Penetrate:穿透Polysaccharide:多糖Formfrom:形成于,产生于Simplesugar:单糖Galactose:半乳糖mannose:甘露糖xylose:木糖Arabinose:阿拉伯糖Xylan：木聚糖Sentence1Allwoodisformedfromcarbondioxidewhichistakenfromtheair,andfromwaterwhichistakenfromthesoilalongwithsmallamountsofdissolvedminerals.2Althoughcomposedofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygen,ligninisnotacarbohydratenorevenrelatedtothisclassofcompound.Itis,instead,essentiallyphenolicinnature.3Thehydroxylgroupsgivecelluloseitsprincipalchemicalpropertiesandarethereactivesitestowhichotherchemicalgroupscanbeattachedinthepreparationofderivatives,suchascelluloseacetate,Thehydroxylgroupsstronglyattractwatermoleculesandthusarethemajorcauseoftheswellingandshrinkingofwood.4Thehemicelluloses,incontrast,areformedfromanumberofsugars,themostimportantofwhichareglucose,galactose,mannose,xylose,andarabinose.questions1.Whataretheelementscompositionofdrywood?2Whatcontributetothewoodstrength?3Whatisthenaturesofthelignin?4Whatisthecauseofwoodswellingandshrinking?5Whythecompositionoflignininwoodremainuncertainty?Lessonsixwordandvocabulary(1)Deformation：变形Bereferredtoas：称作，称为Mechanicalproperties力学性质Carry：承当，负荷Strength:强度Appliedloadorforce:施加力或作用力Resistancetodeformation:抗变形Compress：压缩Distort：变形Bent:弯曲Elasticdeformation：弹性变形Rheologicalproperty：流变性Structuralbuildingmaterial：建筑材料Powerlinetransmissionpole:电线输送杆Primarycriteria：主要标准Floorjoists：地板格栅Rafter：椽子Woodframehome：木结构房子Roofsheet：屋面板Sub-flooring地板底层用材Glue-laminatedbeam：层积梁Rail：扶手，横档Upholsterfurniture：软包家具Engineeringmechanics:工程力学Stressandstrain：应力和应变Member:物体Impose:施加Externalforce:外力Internalstress：内应力Acton：作用Transfer：转换Dimension:因次Proportionallimit：比例极限Slope：坡度Modulusofelasticity弹性模量Uniaxial：单轴Linearmanner：线性关系Assumption：假设Clearstraight-grainedwood：清晰的直纹理Knot：节子Graindeviation：纹理扭曲Neutralaxis:中性轴Lengthen：加长Bend：弯曲Deflection：挠度Magnitude：幅度，重要性Bendingtest：弯曲试验Solidwood：实木Specimen:样品Concentratedload：集中荷载Span：跨度Solidwood实木Particles：刨花Fiber:纤维Specimen:样品Concentratedload:集中载荷Sentence1Awoodthatisrelativelystrongwithrespecttoonestrengthpropertymayranklowerinadifferentpropertyascomparedwithotherspecies.2Thechangeinlengthperunitoflengthinthedirectionofthestressiscalledthestrain.Sincestrainisexpressedinunitsoflengthdividedbythelength,ithasnodimensions3Belowtheproportionallimittheratioofstresstostrain,i.e.,theslopeoftheline,isaconstantvaluecalledthemodulusofelasticity(MOE).4Whenabeamsuchasawoodfloorjoistisbent,thetophalfisstressedincompressionandthebottomhalfisstressedintension.Themaximumstressesdevelopatthetopandbottomsurfacesofthebeam.5Sincenotensileorcompressivestressesdevelopattheneutralaxisofthebeam,thelength(AAinFing.10.4)oftheneutralaxisremainsthesamewhenbeamisbent,thetopsurfaceofthebeamiscompressedandthebottomsurfaceislengthened.questionsWhatarethemechanicalproperties?Whatarethestructuralusesforwood?Whenthereislinearrelationshipbetweenstressandstrain?WhatistheneutralaxisLessonsevenPhysicalproperties物理性能Versatility:多用途Unmatched：不匹配Acousticalproperty：声学性能Thermalproperty：热性能Electricalproperty：电学性能Valuable：珍贵的Dampen：减震Vibration：震动Airdry气干Douglasfir北美黄杉气干密度0.52g/立方厘米〔g/m3〕Machinestress机械应力Relativedensity：相对密度Deducefrom推断AcrossthegrainandparalleltothegrainInternalfriction：内摩擦Logarithmicdecrement：对数衰减Amplitude：振幅Oscillation：震动Aluminum铝Moisturecontent：含水率Absorptionandisolation：吸附和隔绝Soundabsorptioncoefficient:吸音系数Unfinished：未修饰的Heavilylinedcarpet密织毛毯Roughness：粗糙度Striation：条纹Sandblasting：喷砂Insulatingquality：绝缘性Fastener：紧固件Sandwich：夹入Transmittance透射系数Elastomer：弹性体Oven–dry：烘干，绝干Electricresistivity：电阻率Moisturemeter：含水率测定仪High-frequencyalternating：高频交流Curingofresin：树脂固化Radiofrequencymoisturemeter高频含水率仪Dielectricconstant：介电常数Powerfactor功率因子Capacitance：电容Polarization：极化Adhesive：胶粘剂Keyvariable重要变量Coefficientofthermalexpansion：热膨胀系数Arisefrom：产生于Shrinkage:收缩Dimensionstability:尺寸稳定EquivalenttoDimensionalstability尺寸稳定性Poorconductor不良导体Thermalinsulator：绝热体Passage：传输Thermalconductivity：导热系数Cellcavity：细胞腔Kilndry：窑干Specificheat：比热Debark去树皮Powerconsumption功率消耗Thermaldiffusivity：热扩散系数Havebearingon有意义Fire-resistantmaterial阻燃材料Conditioning：调温调湿处理Veneerbolt：原木段SentenceThespeedofsoundandmodulusofelasticitybothdecreasewithincreasingmoisturecontentandtemperature.Becausethetransmittancedecreasesasthelogarithmoftheweight,addingmassisnotparticularlyeffectiveinincreasingtheinsulationprovidedbyawall.Thedielectricconstant,canbedefinedastheratioofthecapacitanceofacapacitorwithsomechosenmaterialasadielectrictoitscapacitanceusingavacuumasthedielectricAnimportantacousticalpropertyofwoodisitsgreatabilitytodampenvibrationsBecausethetransmittancedecreasesasthelogarithmoftheweight,addingmassisnotparticularlyeffectiveinincreasingtheinsulationprovidedbyawall.High—frequencyalternatingcurrentsareusedinthewoodindustryprimarilyforthecuringofresinadhesivesandtoalesserdegreeforradio—frequencymoisturemetersandfordryingwoodrapidly.questionsWhywoodhasgreatabilitytodampenthevibrations?Whataffectthelogarithmicdecrementandhow?Whatthesoundabsorptioncoefficientandhowtoimprovethewoodabsorptionproperties?Whyiswoodanexcellentthermalinsulator?Whyistheveneerboltsoftenedbyheatsbeforelathing?Lesson8Fibersaturationpoint纤维饱和点Elasticproperty：弹性Cellwall细胞壁Longchainmolecule长链分子Exponentialrelationship:指数关系Green生材Redoak红橡木Age老化Deleteriouseffect:有害的作用Microorganism微生物Environmentalfactor环境因子Perse本身，单独Impose施加，作用Load载荷Forestproduct林产品Deflect偏斜Deform扭曲Sag下垂Shelf搁板Creep蠕变Rheologicalproperty流体性能Slippage滑移Bondingsite结合点Adjacent:邻近的Matrix基体Understress:在力作用下Header:横梁〔见图片〕Floorjoist地板格栅Overload过载Coating涂饰Element:组成单元Randomorientation:随即排列Allowablestress容许应力Ovendry绝干Criticalstructuralmember重要部件Cumulative累积Equilibriumtemperature平衡温度Fatiguestrength:疲劳强度Repeatedsevereloading:重复强荷载Railcar:火车车厢Clearstraightgrainedwood:纹理通直无节材Knot：节子Slopeofgrain:斜纹理Staticstrength静强度Alkaline碱Resistanttoacidiccondition:耐酸性Corrosion:腐蚀Hydrolysis水解Oxidizingagent氧化剂Penetrate:渗透Severecondition:条件恶劣Whiteoak白橡木Redoak红橡木〔见图片〕Douglasfir花旗松Cypress:柏树Southernpine:南方松Oldgrowth:原始林Secondgrowth:次生林Fastener：紧固件Tannin单宁Corrode腐蚀Barn粮仓Nail螺钉Redwood红木Cedar雪松SentenceAgingofwoodalonewithoutthedeleteriouseffectsofmicroorganisms,hightemperature,orcontinuousloadinghaslittleeffectonproperties.Exposuretohightemperaturesforlongperiodscancauseapermanentlossofstrength.Generally,thehigherthemoisturecontentofthewood,thegreateritssensitivitytohightemperature.Thefatiguestrengthofamaterialisitsabilitytoretainitsstrengthwhensubjectedtorepeatedsevereloading.Chemicaldeteriorationofthecellwall,whichresultsinstrengthloss,resultsfromhydrolysisofcellulose,oxidationbyoxidizingagents,ordelignificationbyalkaliesquestions1Whyismoststrengthincreasedwhenthewoodisdriedbelowthefibersaturationpoint?2Howtominimizethecreepofwoodproducts?3Whatisthecauseofcreep?4Howtodeterminetheallowablestress?5Whatisfatiguestrength?Lesson9Agent试剂Deterioration败坏Woodbuilding：木建筑Serve效劳，使用Organicmaterial：有机物Besubjectto易于，遭受Decay腐朽Fungalstain霉变Insectinfestation虫蛀Surfaceweather外表老化Useoflife:使用寿命Outofdoor室外Indoor:：室内Marineborer海生钻木动物Servicelife使用期Severecondition使用条件Preventivemeasure预防措施Biologicalagent生物因子Stain:变色Soften软化Mollusk软体动物〔见图片〕Crustacean甲壳纲动物Termite白蚁Carpetant木蚁Woodboringbeetle蛀木甲虫Bio-deterioration生物败坏strongacidandalkali强酸和强碱Condensation凝聚，浓缩Leakage渗漏Equilibriummoisturecontent平衡含水率Practical：实际的Treatedmaterials处理过的材料Decayhazard腐朽危害Naturallydecayresistant天然耐腐性Constructionwood:建筑木材Spruce：云杉Hemlock铁杉Durability：耐久性Westernredcedar：北美圆柏Redwood：北美红杉Patiodeck庭院板材Secondgrowth次生Oldgrowth初生Inhibitingfungi寄生菌Volatility挥发性Leach流失Oilsoluble油溶性Waterborne水载型Heavyoilandlightoil重油和轻油Carrier载体Retard：阻止或延缓Oil-basedcompound：油溶型化合物Finish：外表装饰Paint：涂饰Soundbarrier健全防护带Coaltarcreosote煤焦杂酚油(淡水中用木桩、电杆木和海上、陆地材的防腐处理Creosotecoaltarsolution杂酚煤焦油溶液Creosote–petroleumsolution:杂酚油石油液Pentachlorophenol五氯苯酚Coppernaphthenate环烷酸铜Waterrepellent防水剂Millwork建筑木线材Ammoniacalcopperarsenite:氨化亚砷酸铜acidcopperchromate酸性铬酸铜Chromatedzincchloride：加铬氯化锌Chromatedcopperarsenate加铬砷酸铜Chromiumoxide：氧化铬Copperoxide：氧化铜Arsenicpentoxide：氧化砷Pressureretort加压罐Vacuum：真空Fullcellandemptycell满腔和空腔法Incise切割Powerpostbeetle粉蛀虫Decomposition分解Driveoff挥发Carbondioxide二氧化碳Carbonmonoxide一氧化碳Pyrolyze热解Carbonchar炭Fireresistance耐火性Gypsumboard石膏板Fireretardant阻燃剂Flammability可燃性Combustion燃烧Zincchloride氯化锌Ammoniumsulfate硫酸铵Diammoniumphosphate磷酸铵Boricacid硼酸Leachfrom:流失InteriorapplicationandexteriorapplicationConcentration：浓度inorganicsalt：无机盐Hygroscopic吸湿性Relativehumidity相对湿度Woodshingle木屋顶板Partition分隔板Roughen粗糙化Weathering:风化Degradation:降解Latewoodandearlywood晚材和早材Detrimental:危害的Woodsiding批雨板Bleach:漂白剂SentenceHowever,asanaturallyproducedorganicmaterial,woodmaybesubjecttodecay,fungalstains,infestation,fire,andsurfaceweathering,whichcancausetheusefullifeofabuildingoraproducttobegreatlyreducedBiologicalagentsarethemajorcausesofwooddeterioration,whichresultsfromfungithatcausestaining,softening,anddecay,marineborers,mainlysmallmollusksandcrustaceans,insectsincludingtermites,carpenterants,andavarietyofwood-boringbeetles,andbacteriathatcauseminordeteriorationinwater-storedlogs.Becauseofthelimitedavailabilityandhighcostofnaturallydecay-resistantspecies,thisapproachismostsuitableforapplicationswherebothdurabilityandappearanceisimportant.Woodpreservativesincommercialusetodayareoftwogeneraltypes:oil-solublechemicalsandwaterbornesalts,Thefundamentaldifferenceisthetypeofliquidusedtocarrythetoxicchemicalsintothewoodstructurequestions1Whatarethemajorcauseofwooddeterioration?2Whatarethegreatestfinicallossesfrombio-deterioration?3Dowhatnon-biologicaldeteriorationinclude?4Howtopreventorreducewooddecay?5Whatdeterminethewoodnaturalresistancetodecay?6Whywillthewater-bornepreservativefindmoreuse?7WhataffecttheeffectivenessofapreservativetreatmentLesson10Greenlumber生材Heartwood心材Sapwood边材Hygroscopic吸水的Propensity倾向Swellandshrink膨胀与收缩Dimensionalchange尺寸变化Inservice效劳，使用Woodstainmold木材变色菌Decayproducingfungi腐朽菌Railwaytie铁轨枕木Fencepost:栅栏Utilitypole：电线杆Check开裂Freewater自由水Fire-retarded:阻燃处理Unimpeded：无阻碍Veneer：单板〔见图〕Plywood：胶合板〔见图〕Gluedlaminatedbeam：胶合层积梁〔见图〕Curingtemperature固化温度Finish装饰Anatomy：解剖构造Livingtree：活立木Celllumen：细胞腔Pit：纹孔Tracheid：管胞Circumference：周边Permeability：渗透性Freewater：自由水Boundwater结合水Capillaryforce毛细管力Hydrogenbond氢键Fibersaturationpoint纤维饱和点Equilibriummoisturecontent含水率Relativehumidity：相对湿度Outdoorcondition：室外条件Coveropenshed:：敞开有盖棚Woodwork：建筑木线条Desorb：解吸Absorb：吸附Hysteresis吸湿滞后Latentheatofevaporation蒸发潜热Heatingofwetting：润湿热Vaporpressure蒸汽压Closedcontainer密闭容器Saturatedvaporpressure：饱和蒸汽压Function：功能Transport：输送Replenish装满Recede：凹进Sphericaldepression:球星凹面Menisci弯液面Capillaryflow毛细管流Permeability渗透Mechanism机理Vapordiffusion蒸汽扩散Randommanner：随意方式Pressuregradient:蒸汽梯度Moisturegradient：含水率梯度Endoflumber：锯材端部Block，木段Massflow质流Split：开裂Degrade：降解Tempt诱惑Expedient：便利的Indiscriminately：不加区别的Dryingdefects:枯燥缺陷Non-homogeneous非均相的Westernredcedar北美乔柏Casehardening表层硬化Tangential：弦向的Radial：径向的Initialstage初始阶段Stretch拉伸Tensionset拉伸变定Rip-saw纵锯Bindingsaw:夹锯Bowedstock弓弯方材Prong齿片Bulbdrytemperature干球温度Collapse塌陷Rupture开裂Crack裂隙Endtrimming截头Cupping瓦形弯曲Rollercheck碾压裂纹Sticker隔条Spacer间隔条Bow瓦形弯曲Shake轮裂Radiofrequencydrying：高频枯燥Freezedrying：冷冻枯燥solardrying：太阳能枯燥De-humidificationdrying：除湿枯燥SentenceWoodisahygroscopicmaterial,whichmeansthatitabsorbsorgivesoffmoistureinresponsetohumiditychangesinthesurroundingatmosphere.Ithasanaturalpropensitytoswellandshrinkasitsmoisturecontentincreasesanddecreasesintherangefromoven-dryto30%.Thetransportationrouteforwaterinthelivingtreeisverticallythroughthesapwoodcelllumensandfromcelltocellthroughthepitsconnectingthecells.Moistureinwoodexistsinthreeprincipalforms:freewater,whichisliquidwaterwithinthecelllumen;watervaportogetherwithairoccupiesthatpartofthecelllumennotoccupiedbyfreewater;andboundwater,whichisadsorbedinthecellwallWoodleftexposedtoairataconstantrelativehumidityandtemperaturewilleventuallyattainaconstantmoisturecontent.Thismoisturecontent,whichisatequilibriumwithitssurroundingatmosphere,isknownastheequilibriummoisturecontentBecausethecontributionofcapillaryflowtothedryingprocessdependsonthepermeabilityofthewood,itvariesconsiderablybetweenspeciesandbetweenheartwoodandsapwoodofthesamespecies.questions1Whatarethemostimportantreasonforwooddrying?2Whatareformsofwaterinwood?3Whataretherolesofatmosphereinwooddrying?4Inpermeablewoodwhatcontributedmosttothemoisturemovementtowoodsurface?Lesson11Glueline胶层Waterproof防水resistancetoweather耐候性Set固定，变定Crosslinking交联Postagestamp邮票Becoatedwith涂饰Dextringum糊精Wet润湿Diffuse:扩散Revertto恢复Rubbercement橡胶Organicsolvent有机溶剂Polyvinylacetate聚醋酸乙烯Latex乳液Water-basedpaint水性涂料Hot-meltgluing热熔胶合Rooffelt屋面毡Roofsheathing屋面盖板Epoxyresin环氧树脂Tough：韧性Durable：耐久性Polymerize聚合Urea-formaldehyde脲醛树脂Overlay：贴面Decorative：装饰Vinylplastic乙烯塑料Resorcinolformaldehyde间苯二酚甲醛树脂Precursor预聚体Paraformaldehyde多聚甲醛Filler：填料Phenol：苯酚De-polymerize解聚Novolak线性酚醛树脂Finger-jointedlumber指接板Phenolformaldehyde酚醛树脂formulationCausticsoda碱性钠Sodiumhydroxide氢氧化钠Hot-pressing热压Waferboard：华夫板Colorlessline无色胶层Stain：变色Extender补充剂，增量剂Radiofrequency：高频Melamine：三聚氰胺Formaldehyde：甲醛Hardeningagent固化剂Ammoniumchloride氯化铵Coldset：冷固化Hotset：热固化Animalglue：动物胶Caseinglue：酪素胶黏剂Fortify强化Formulation配方Waterresistance耐水Potlife贮存期Clay粘土Speedup加速Casegood：柜架类物品Isocyanate：异氰酸酯SentenceGluingisbasicallyanoperationinwhichaliquidmaterialisspreadbetweenthesurfacesofthematerialstobejoined,andthetwosurfacesareheldinintimatecontactuntiltheliquidhaschangedtoasolidformThetypesofadhesivesusedfallintotwogeneralclasses.Oneclassiscomposedofthestructuraladhesives,