新视野大学英语第二册第六单元ection-A省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖课件

2Doorcloser,areyou?Unit6SectionAFOREIGHLANGUAGETEACHINGANDRESEARCHPRESSAIRFORCEENGINEERINGUNIVERSITY1/104Besidesthenobleartofgettingthingsdone,thereisthenobleartofleavingthingsundone.Thewisdomoflifeconsistsintheeliminationofnon-essentials.—LinYutang(Chinesewriter)Youhavesucceededinlifewhenallyoureallywantisonlywhatyoureallyneed.

—VernonHoward(Americanwriter)26UNITLessismore2/1046UNITSectionA

2ObjectivesTotalkaboutwhethermoreisbetterthanlessTofurtherunderstandthetextToapplythephrasesandpatternsTomasterthecause-effectwritingskillLessismore?Doorcloser,areyou?3/104Contents6UNITWarming-upActivities

TextStudy

LanguageApplicationSummaryDoorcloser,areyou?4/1046UNITWarming-upActivitiesLead-inPre-readingActivitiesCulturalBackgroundDoorcloser,areyou?5/1041.Asfaraschoicesinourdailylifeareconcerned,haveyoueverbeentroubledwithsuchdilemma:tokeepallortogiveupsome?Justasallpeoplehavetomakedecisionsintheireverydaylives,collegestudentsarealwaysfacedwiththedilemmaofmakingrightchoices.Facedwithanabundanceofoptionstochoosefrom,theycan’tbearthepaintoloseanyopportunityandhaveastrongdesiretokeepalltheoptionsopen.Theytrytoavoidsuchanemotionalloss,andwouldratherpaythehighcosttokeepallthedoorsofopportunityopen.6/1042.Whatistheproperwaytodealwiththisdilemma?Ismorealwaysbetterthanless?Evidencesshowthatpeoplefeellesshappyandmoredepressedwhengivenanoverabundanceofchoice.Thetendencytokeepallourdoorsofchoicesopenmighthavedamagedourlife,andwecangetgreaterpleasureandmoresatisfactionbyfocusingourenergyandattentiononfeweroptionsandthings.Moreisnotnecessarilybetterinlife.Weshouldclosesomedoorsinordertoallowfortherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.7/104Task1.Listentoatalkaboutwhypeopleareoftenirrational.Basedonwhatyouhear,matchthequestionswiththeanswersbyplacingaletternexttothenumber.1()Accordingtothespeaker,howcanpeoplebehaveinarationalway?2()Whataretheconsequencesofpeople’sirrationalbehavior?3()WhathasMITProfessorArielydiscovered?4()Whatistheexampleinthetalkregardingirrationalbehavior?5()Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutthisirrationalbehavior?8/104Task1.Listentoatalkaboutwhypeopleareoftenirrational.Basedonwhatyouhear,matchthequestionswiththeanswersbyplacingaletternexttothenumber.APeopletendtobehaveirrationallyinapredictablefashion.BPeopleshouldactaccordingtologicandreasonrequiredinasituation.CItcausesproblemstothemselvesaswellastoothers.DHedoesn’tthinkthisirrationalbehaviorisalwaysintentional.EIfapersonknowssomeonesuffersfromadisease,hewillfeelhesuffersfromthesamedisease.9/104Task1.Listentoatalkaboutwhypeopleareoftenirrational.Basedonwhatyouhear,matchthequestionswiththeanswersbyplacingaletternexttothenumber.1()Accordingtothespeaker,howcanpeoplebehaveinarationalway?2()Whataretheconsequencesofpeople’sirrationalbehavior?3()WhathasMITProfessorArielydiscovered?4()Whatistheexampleinthetalkregardingirrationalbehavior?5()Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutthisirrationalbehavior?BCAED10/1041.Inyouropinion,whatisanirrationalbehavior?Givesomeexamples.Itisanactionoropinionbasedoninadequateuseofreasonandlogic:•Onceapriceisestablishedintheirminds,theywillcompareothersimilaritemswiththisprice•Buyproductstheydon’tneedjustbecausetheygetsomethingforfreeinthetransaction.•Dosomethingjustbecausesomeotherpeoplearedoingthesamething.Task2:Listentothetalkagainandanswerthetwoquestions11/1042.Whatdoyouthinkmaycausepeople’sirrationalbehavior?•Ignorance—Peoplecanbetotallyunawareofasituationbeforeformingtheirownviewsandjudgments.•Emotions—Peopletakeoffenseorgetangrybeforethesituationactuallyoccurs.•Stress—Itcreatesfeelingofanger,irritationandfrustration.•Blindbeliefs—Theyaretooconsciousaboutsocietyanditsreactionstothem.Task2:Listentothetalkagainandanswerthetwoquestions12/104Sometimestwothingsaretobedoneatthesametime,both_________yourattention.youcanonlytakeuponeofthem,theotherhastowaitorbegivenup.Butyouknowthefutureis_____________—thechangedsituationmaynotallowyoutodowhatisleftbehind.Thusyouarecaughtinafixandfeelsad.Howcomethatniceopportunitiesand___________shouldgatheraroundallatonce.Listentoashortpassagenamed“Anotherdoor”andfillinthemissinginformation.deservingunpredictableTobecontinuedbrilliantideas13/104

Itmayhappenthatyourlifechanges___________onyourpreferenceofonealternativetotheother.Infactthatiswhatlifeislike:weareoftenfacedwiththetwooppositeaspectsofathingwhichareboth__________likenewspapercutting.Itoftenoccursthatourattentionisdrawntoonethingonlyafterweare_________another.dramaticallydesirableTobecontinuedengagedinListentoashortpassagenamed“Anotherdoor”andfillinthemissinginformation.14/104Theformerandthelattergiverisetoadividedmind.Istillrememberaphilosopher's_______"Whenonedoorshuts,anotheropensinlife."Soa______orpassivechoicemaynotbeabadone.Whateverwedoinourlifetime,whereverlife'storm______us,theremustbesomethingwecanachieve,remarkscasualTobecontinuedtossesListentoashortpassagenamed“Anotherdoor”andfillinthemissinginformation.15/104someshorewecanland,whichopensupnew

vistastous.Don'tforgetGodalwayskeepsan_____________openforeveryone.Whilethefrontdoorisclosed,theremustbeanotheropenforyou.

alternativedoorListentoashortpassagenamed“Anotherdoor”andfillinthemissinginformation.16/104QuestionsPreviewing1.WhatdoyouknowaboutDanAriely?2.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutXiangYuandtheBattleofJulu?TipsTips17/104DanAriely,Americaneconomistandpsychologist,wroteabookinentitledPredictablyIrrational(可预见非理性):TheHiddenForcesThatShapeOurDecisions.Inthebookhechallengesreaders’assumptionsaboutmakingdecisionsbasedonrationalthought.Heexplains,“Mygoal,istohelpyoufundamentallyrethinkwhatmakesyouandthepeoplearoundyoutick.”1.WhatdoyouknowaboutDanAriely?18/104XiangYuwasaprominentmilitaryleaderandpoliticalfigureduringthelateQinDynasty.Inabout207BC,XiangYuledtheChurebelforcestovictoryattheBattleofJulu(巨鹿之战)againsttheQinarmies.ThebattlemarkedthedeclineofQin’smilitarypower.TheyfinallybeattheQinarmy.TheBattleofJuluwasofcrucialimportanceinoverthrowingtheQindynasty,andithasbeenknownasthebattleof“SmashingtheCauldronsandSinkingtheBoats”(破釜沉舟).2.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutXiangYuandtheBattleofJulu?19/104MainIdea&StructureLanguageFocusCriticalThinking

TextStudy6UNITDoorcloser,areyou?20/104rivaloptionsThetextstartswithaquestionaboutwhatXiangYu,aChineseimperialgeneral,woulddowhenfacing___________.(Para.1)Tips21/104WhydidGeneralXiangYuorderhistroopstocrushtheircookingpotsandburntheirsailingshipswhencrossingtheZhangRiver?(Para.3)Tipstoimposeonhistroopsanecessarysacrificetoachievevictoryovertheiropponents.toinspirethesoldiersbemoredeterminedandconcentratedonthebattles.22/104PartIintroducesastoryofclosingdoorstoopen___________________aboutXiangYu.Facingchoicesofrivaloptions,hemadeanunusualdecision-orderinghistroopstocrushcookingpotsandburntheirsailingships.Bydoingthis,heclosedthedoorforretreatingfromtheenemy’sterritorybutopenedthewindowfor______________.PartI—(Paras.1-__)3windowsofopportunitywinningthebattle23/104AccordingtoDr.Ariely’sbook,PredictablyIrrational,whatmightbeaweaknessofhumanbeings?(Para.4)TipsHisexperimentshowsthatpeoplejustcouldn’tbeartoseetheiroptionsvanishthoughtheyknewitwouldbenefitthemtoletgo.24/104PartIservesasatransitionfromtheancientstoryofXiangYutothe__________ofthestudentsatMIT.Throughconductinganexperimentonhuman’s_____________

,Dr.Arielyfoundthatpeoplejustcouldn’tbeartoseetheiroptionsvanishthoughtheyknewitwouldbenefitthemtoletgo.PartII—(Para.4)modernstoryirrationalbehavior25/104What’sthesignificanceofdoingtheexperiments?(Para.5)TipsTheexperimentenabledpeopletoseewhyit’salwayssohardforthemtosay“NO”toanyopportunitythatcametothem.Ineverydaylife,peoplejustgiveexcusestokeepoptionsopen.26/104What’sthewinningstrategywhenplayingthecomputergame?(Para.6)Studentsshouldquicklycheckallthedoorsandkeepclickingontheonewiththehighestcash.Theyshouldabsolutelyignorethevanishingdoors.Tips27/104Howdidstudentslossmoneybecauseoftheirirrationaleffortstokeepthevanishingdoorsopen?(Para.7)Inthegame,anydoorleftun-clickedforashortwhilewouldvanish.Insteadofignoringthevanishingdoors,thestudentsrushedtoclickonthembeforetheyvanished,sotheylostmoneyintheend.Tips28/104Whyarethecorrespondingcostsoftenlessobviousinlifethanintheexperiments?(Paras.8-9)Becauseinlifethedoorsareclosingslowly,notliketheonesonthecomputerintheexperiment,sopeopledon’treallyseetheopportunitiesactuallyvanishingawaylittlebylittle.Tips29/104PartIIImainlyfocusesontheexperimentconductedbyDr.Ariely.Hefirstexplainsthe___________________oftheexperiment,andtheprocessofthestudents_________.Thenhepointsouttherealcauseofthestudents’________________.Finallyheemphasizesthatinlifethedoorsareactuallyclosingslowlyandwedon’tseethefuture_____________.PartIII—(Paras.5-__)9purposeandsignificancelosingmoneyirrationalbehaviorvanishingaway30/104Inthetext,whatdoesDr.Arielysuggestinordertobalanceourlife?(Paras.10-12)TipsPeopleshould:prohibitoverbooking,reduceoptions,delegatetaskstoothers,giveawayideastootherstopursue.31/104PartIV—(Paras.10-12)PartIVsuggestshowwecanbalanceourlivesbyreducing________________.suchasprohibitionofoverbooking,tryingtolessentheload,rememberingthelessonsof____________likeXiangYu,andkeepingthoseactivities_______________.unnecessaryoptionsdoorclosersenrichingourlives32/104Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantstosendoutfromthistext?(Paras.13-14)TipsPeoplecanobtainpleasureandsatisfactionbyfocusingtheirenergyandattentioninamoreconcentratedfashion.Theywillhavemorewithfewerbutcarefullychosenoptions.33/104PartV—(Paras.13-14)PartIIIconcludestheessay,andmeanwhileitraisesthequestionif___________________.Weshouldclosecertaindoorsinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.moreisbetterthanless

34/104ThestoryofclosingdoorstoopenwindowsofopportunityaboutXiangYuservesasagoodexampleillustratingthepointthatwhenweclosedoors,weopenwindowsofopportunity.TheexperimentconductedbyDr.Arielyalsoprovesthatinlife,weshouldclosecertaindoorsinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.MainIdeaoftheText35/104Whenfacingchoicesofrivaloptions,thinkaboutwhatXiangYuwoulddo.(Para.1)XiangYuorderedhistroops'cookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingshipsburnedaftertakinghistroopsacrossarivertoraidtheenemy.(Para.2)

XiangYuexplainedthathisdecisionwasanecessitytoattainthevictory.Buthisunusualdecisionwouldbevalidatedonhisbattlefieldandinmodernsocialscienceresearch.

(Para.3)IntroductiontoXiangYu’sstoryofclosingdoorstoopenwindowsofopportunity36/104ThisexamplefromancienttimesleadstotheexperimentatMITwhereDr.Arielyteachesbehavioraleconomics.Theexperimentshowedthatstudentscouldn’tbeartoseetheiroptionsvanish,eventhoughitwascleartheywouldprofitfromdoingso.(Para.4)TransitionalparagraphIntroductiontoXiangYu’sstoryofclosingdoorstoopenwindowsofopportunity37/104IntroductiontoXiangYu’sstoryTransitionalparagraphBody:theexperimentbyDr.Ariely38/104Body:theexperimentbyDr.ArielyIt’sanexperimentaboutcomputergamewhicheliminatedtheexcusesforlettinggo.(Para.5)Theruleofthegamewasthemoremoneytheyearned,thebetterplayertheywere.(Para.6)howtheylostmoneybecauseoftheirrationaleffortstokeepthevanishingdoorsopen.(Para.7)Dr.Arielypointsouttherealcauseofthestudents’irrationalbehavior.(Paras.8-9)39/104IntroductiontoXiangYu’sstoryTransitionDr.Ariely’ssuggestionsBody:theexperimentbyDr.ArielyImplementmoreprohibitionsonoverbookingandreduceoptionsonourown.(Para.10)ReducetheloadandrememberthelessonsofdoorcloserslikeXiangYu.(Para.11)Onlykeepthechoicesthatactuallyenrichourlives.(Para.12)40/104IntroductiontoXiangYu’sstoryTransitionDr.Ariely’ssuggestionsBody:theexperimentbyDr.ArielyconclusionWeshouldclosecertaindoorsinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen.(Paras.13-14)41/104

Doorcloser,areyou?Whenfacedwith____options,XiangYuprovedtoawonderfuldecision-maker.Hetookhistroopsmakinga_____intoenemyterritory.Tohistroops’___________,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingshipsburned,whichgavehistroopsonlyone_______:towinthebattle.Thebattleturnedouttobeagreatsuccessonhisside.

Tobecontinuedrival

raid

astonishment

option

42/104Thisstoryindicatesthatwhileclosingthedoorfordoingsomething,peoplemayopenthe_______forachievingsomethingmoresignificant.Throughconductinganexperimentonhuman’s________behavior,Dr.Ariely,foundthatmanystudentsinhisexperimentjustcouldn’tbeartoseetheiroptions_______thoughtheyknewitwouldbenefitthemto______.Hethenemphasizesthatinlifethedoorsareactuallyclosingslowlyandwedon’tseethefuturevanishingaway.Tobecontinuedwindow

irrational

vanish

letgo

43/104Tosolvethisproblem,peoplecanbalancetheirlivesbyreducing___________optionsontheirownandkeepingthoseactivitiesthatwillactuallyenrichtheirlives.Toconclude,weshouldclosecertaindoorsinordertoallowtherightwindowsof_______________________toopen.opportunityandhappiness

unnecessary

44/104PracticalPhrasesSpecificMeanings1.imposesth.onsb.将…强加于2.befeaturedin被特写；在…中专题介绍3.beattachedtosth./sb.喜欢（依恋）某物或某人4.revolvearound围绕；以…为主题5.payabigprice花很大代价6.comeinhandy派上用场7.bemeasuredinsth.用某事来衡量45/104将…强加于(generationgap/makethingsworse)Tobridgethegenerationgap,parentsshouldneverimposetheirpersonalviewsontheirchildren,whichmaymakethingsevenworse.imposesth.onsb.短语逆译短语应用为了消除代沟，父母不应该将自己观点强加给孩子，这么会使事情更糟。意群提醒46/104被特写；在…中专题介绍(heroicdeed/enlightenpeople)Hisheroicdeedwasfeaturedinthefirstpageofyesterday’snewspaper,whichenlightenedmanypeople.

befeaturedin短语逆译短语应用他英雄事迹在昨天报纸头版专题介绍，让很多人受到了启发。意群提醒47/104喜欢（依恋）某物或某人(frombetweenherlips)Thebirdgotsoattachedtoherthatitwouldtakefoodfrombetweenherlips.beattachedtosth./sb.短语逆译短语应用鸟是如此依恋她，以致于它会从她双唇间获取实物。意群提醒48/104围绕；以…为主题(takeitforgrantedthat)

Somepeopleareveryselfishandtakeitforgrantedthatthewholeworldrevolvesaroundthem.revolvearound短语逆译短语应用一些人很自私，想当然地认为整个世界都以他们为中心。意群提醒49/104花很大代价(payanevenbiggerprice)XiangYupaidabigpricewhenheburnedhisships,buthecouldhavepaidanevenbiggerpriceifallofhismenhaddiedinthebattle.

payabigprice短语逆译短语应用当项羽烧毁他船只时，他付出了巨大代价；但假如他士兵都死在战斗中，他可能会付出更大代价。意群提醒50/104派上用场(turnadeafearto/startyourownbusiness)Don’tturnadeafeartohisadvice,forwhathesaidmaycomeinhandysomedaywhenyoustartyourownbusiness.comeinhandy短语逆译短语应用对他提议，不要置若罔闻，未来某一天当你自己经营时，可能会派上用场。意群提醒51/104用某事来衡量(loseyourself-confidence/wisdom)Never

loseyourself-confidence.Therealpowerapersonisnotmeasuredinhissizebutinhiswisdom.短语逆译短语应用永远不要丧失信心。一个人真正强大不是用他身体而是他智慧来衡量。意群提醒bemeasuredinsth.52/104FunctionalPatternsFunctions&Usages1.Thenexttimesb.isdoingsth,askoneselfthequestion:…用于表示“某种情景下某人应该反思”。2.Sb.orsth.isarareexceptiontosb.else,who/that…用于表示“某人或某物与众不一样”。3.Sb.wouldprobablyprotestthat…,butaccordingtosb.else,thatisn’tthetruefactor.用于表示“对某种观点或分析否定”。53/104下次你要在两个难于取舍、主要和次要选择之间做决定时，不妨问自己这么一个问题：项羽会怎么做？原句译文逆译练习Thenexttimeyou’redecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimaryandtheotherwhichissecondary,askyourselfthisquestion:WhatwouldXiangYudo?（Line1,Para.1）句型提炼54/104Thenexttimesb.isdoingsth,

askoneselfthequestion:…句型提炼应用提醒用于表示“某种情景下某人应该反思”。句型应用55/104(complainabout/inreturn)经典例句下次你要在埋怨他人，认为他们对你不友好时，不妨问自己这么一个问题：你日常对他们怎样？群提醒Thenexttimeyouarecomplainingaboutothers,whoseemtobeunfriendlytoyou,askyourselfthequestion:Howdoyouoftentreattheminreturn?56/104对墨守陈规人来说，项羽将军是一个罕见异于常人人，他是一位资深首领，因为他征战无数并到达了成功顶峰，他深受尊敬。原句译文逆译练习GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,aveteranleaderwhowashighlyrespectedforhissomanyconquestsandwhoachievedthesummitofsuccess.（Line5,Para.3）句型提炼57/104Sb.orsth.isarareexceptiontosb.else,who/that…句型提炼应用提醒用于表达

“某人或某物与众不一样”。句型应用58/104(innovativeleader/thinkcritically)经典例句对很多普通人来说，乔布斯是一个罕见异于常人人，他是一位创新型领导。他不但能够批判性思维，而且努力探索新领域。意群提醒Jobswasarareexceptiontomanyordinarypeople,aninnovativeleaderwhowasthinkingcriticallyandwhoendeavoredtoexplorenewareas.59/104他们可能会争辩说，他们抓住这些门是为未来多留一些机会。不过，据阿雷利博士说，这不是真正原因。原句译文逆译练习Theywouldprobablyprotestthattheywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfutureoptionsopen,but,accordingtoDr.Ariely,thatisn’tthetruefactor.（Line6,Para.7）句型提炼60/104Sb.wouldprobablyprotestthat…,butaccordingtosb.else,thatisn’tthetruefactor.句型提炼应用提醒

用于表达“对某种观点或分析否定”。句型应用61/104(corporalpunishment/forthesakeof)经典例句他们可能会争辩说，学校体罚孩子是为他们未来成长。不过，据调查组说，这不是真正原因。意群提醒Theywouldprobablyprotestthattheypracticedcorporalpunishmentatschoolsforthesakeofthechildren’sfuturegrowth,but,accordingtoinvestigationgroup,thatisn’tthetruefactor.62/104

a.“Closingadooronanoptionisexperiencedasaloss,andpeoplearewillingtopayabigpricetoavoidtheemotionofloss,”Dr.Arielysays.(Para.8,L3)

阿雷利博士说:“每闭上一扇选择之门就如同感受了一次处罚，人们宁愿付出很大代价，也要防止情感失落。63/104

b.Sometimesthesedoorsareclosingtooslowlyforustoseethemvanishing.(Para.9,L1)有时候，门是慢慢关闭，我们没有看到未来机会在悄然消失。

64/104

c.Wearenaturallyprejudicedtobelievethatmoreisbetter,butDr.Ariely’sresearchprovidesadoseofrealitythatstronglysuggestsotherwise.(Para.12,L2)我们很自然、很偏执地相信选择越多越好，但阿雷利博士研究却强有力地告诉我们事实并非如此。

65/1041.InwhatwayisGeneralXiangYu’sordersimilartoDr.Ariely’sexperiments?2.Inreality,whyarepeoplereluctanttoseetheiroptionsvanish?3.HowdoyouunderstandtheEnglishsaying“Lessismore”?TipsTipsTips66/104●Bothconsequencesaresurprising.●Bothhavetodowithstrategies.●Bothfocusonhuman’smentality.1.InwhatwayisGeneralXiangYu’sordersimilartoDr.Ariely’sexperiments?67/104●Afraidoflosingpotentialopportunities.●Toogreedyandtooambitious.●Overconfidentabouttheirrealcapacity.●Morechoices,betterchances.2.Inreality,whyarepeoplereluctanttoseetheiroptionsvanish?68/104●Moreoptions,lessfocusedconcentration.●Morechoices,worsequality.●Everythinghastwosides.●Toomuchgreedendsupwithnothing.3.HowdoyouunderstandtheEnglishsaying“Lessismore”?69/104

Q1:Whatshouldyoudowhenyouhavearrived“there”butstillfeeldissatisfied?Listentoaessayentitled“There”isnobetterthan“here”anddiscussonthefollowingquestions.TipsQ2:Whatmessagedoyougetfromthislistening?Tips70/104

Youshouldkeepaclearmindandlearntobethankfulforandappreciativeofwhatyouhaveandwhereyouareonyourpathrightnow.Bylearningthelessonsofgratitudeandabundance,youcanbringyourselfclosertotheenjoymentofyourliferightnow.Q1:Whatshouldyoudowhenyouhavearrived“there”butstillfeeldissatisfied?71/104

Weshouldhavetheconsciousnessofappreciatingforallthatwehaverightnow,sothatwemaylivemorejoyouslyinourpresentmoment.Q2:Whatmessagedoyougetfromthislistening?Trueabundancecomesnotfromamassing,butratherfromappreciating.Acontentedmindisthegreatestblessingamancanenjoyintheworld.72/104

Tellthestory“SmashingtheCauldronsandSinkingtheBoats”(破釜沉舟)toyourclassmatesanddiscussitsmessage.

InthelateyearsoftheQinDynasty(秦朝,221-206BC),XiangYu(项羽)launchedarebellion.

AftercrossingtheZhangRiver(漳河),XiangYuorderedhissoldierstosinkalltheboatsandbreaktheircookingpots,leavingonlyathree-daysupplyoffoodforeachsoldier.Hewarnedthemthattherewasnowaytoretreat;theonlythingtheycoulddotosurvivewastoadvanceandfight.XiangYu’sboatburningstrategygavehismennochoicebuttogoforwardtofightwithskillandpassion.Afterninefuriouswar,theQinarmywasfinallydefeated.73/104

Tellthestory“SmashingtheCauldronsandSinkingtheBoats”(破釜沉舟)toyourclassmatesanddiscussitsmessage.Inthedesperatecondition,XiangYugavehistroopsonlyoneoption:towinthebattleratherthandieinthebattle.Thehighlevelofintelligenceinhisstrongbeliefwouldprovetobecorrectonthebattlefieldaswellasinmodernsocialscienceresearch.Weshouldlearntothinklogicallyandmakerationaldecisionswhenfacingpainfulchoicesinourlife.74/1046UNITLanguageApplicationWritingDevicesEssayWritingParagraphTranslationDoorcloser,areyou?75/104Howtowriteacause-and-effectessay

Whenweanalyzecauses,weareattemptingtounderstandtherelationshipofeventsthatbroughtaboutanoutcome.Similarly,whenanalyzingeffects,weconsidertheresultsofsomething.Whenaproblemarises,westarttoexaminethecausesforit.Likewise,wetrytoanalyzeresultsoreffectscausedbysomething.tobecontinued76/104Whenanalyzingacause-and-effectsituation,studentsneedtoaskthefollowingquestions:tobecontinued1.Whatarethecauses?Whataretheeffects?2Whichshouldbeemphasized:thecausesortheeffects?3.Aretheremultiplecausesormultipleeffects?77/104Tipsforwritingacause-and-effectessayStatebrieflythecausesoreffectstobediscussedinthethesisstatement.

Forexample:

Causes:Lackofknowledge,over-confidence,andpoorjudgmentarethemainreasonswhypeopleoftenlosegoodopportunities.

Effects:Toavoidtheemotionoflosscouldresultintheselectionofwrongchoices,wasteoftime,andlossofopportunities.tobecontinued78/104Tipsforwritingacause-and-effectessay2.Plantouseoneparagraphtodescribeeachofthecausesoreffects.Eachparagraphwouldhavetoprovideanexplanationofthecauseofeffect.tobecontinued3.Usetheorderofimportancetoorganizeallthesupportingdetails.Tomakethemostimportantpoint(causeoreffect)standoutorimpressive,theessaymaystartwiththeleastimportantpointandendwiththemostimportantone.79/104Tipsforwritingacause-and-effectessay4.Introducecausesandeffectsusingappropriatetransitionstoachievecoherence.Thefollowingonesareverycommon:Causes:becauseof,asaresultof,causedby,resultfrom,thereasonisthat…,for,dueto,sinceEffects:cause,resultin,thus,therefore,consequently,asaresulttobecontinued80/104Tipsforwritingacause-and-effectessay5.Concludetheessaybysummarizingthecausesoreffects.Giveabriefsummaryofthecausesoreffectsinyourconclusion,followedbyyourfinalevaluationorcomments,whetherpositiveornegative.Theycanbeanopinion,aprediction,awarning,asuggestion,oranappeal.tobecontinued81/104Now,let’stakealookatsuchananalysisofParagraph7inTextA.82/104tobecontinuedWhileplayingthegame,studentsnoticedamodifiedvisualelement:Anydoorleftun-clickedforashortwhilewouldshrinkinsizeandvanish.Sincetheyalreadyunderstoodthegame,theyshouldhaveignoredthevanishingdoors,yettheyrushedtoclickonthelesserdoorsbeforetheyvanished,tryingtokeepthemopen.Asaresult,theylostmoneyintheend.causeAnalysisofthetextTheywouldprobablyprotestthattheywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfutureoptionsopen,but,accordingtoDr.Ariely,thatisn’tthetruefactor.(Para.7)comment83/104Readthesampleessayandseehowitdevelopsinthepatternofcause-and-effect.84/104Topic:Whypeoplemakepoordecisions

Introduction:Thesisstatement:Therearetwomajorreasonsformakingpoordecisions:tendtousebaddataandlackgoodinformation.tobecontinuedSampleAnalysis85/104Body:Cause1:TendtousebaddataCause2:LackgoodinformationtobecontinuedConclusion:Becauseofthesetworeasons,humansaresometimesirrationalwhentheymakedecisions.86/104Sample:

We’reconfrontedwithchoiceseveryday.Sometimeswegetthemwrong,andsometimesright.Whydowesometimesdecidepoorly?Therearetwomajorreasonsformakingpoordecisions:Wetendtousebaddataandlackgoodinformation.tobecontinued87/104Thefirstreasonforpoordecision-makingisthatpeopletendtousebaddata.Theyar