国际贸易实务双语教程(第四版)unit-01市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖

国际贸易实务双语教程

（第四版）(INTERNATIONALBusinessPractice)清华大学出版社1/48Chapter1

Abriefintroductionto

internationaltrade

2/48Internationaltrade,alsocalledworldtrade,foreigntradeoroverseastrade,isthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Definition(P1)3/48

SectionOneReasonsforinternationaltrade(从事国际贸易动机)

1ResourceAcquisition(寻求资源)2BenefitsAcquisition(追求利润)

3Diversification(各种经营)

4Expandsales（扩大销售）5.Internationalbalanceofpayments

(国际收支平衡)6.Otherreasons4/48ResourceAcquisition(寻求资源P2)Resourcedistributionaroundtheworldisuneven.Nonationhasalltheeconomicresourcesitneeds.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuythemfromothercountries.

5/48Naturalresources:mineral,water,weather,soil,forest,etc.Socialresources:laborforce,skillstechnology,equipmentsetc.Whatareresources?6/48

2.BenefitsAcquisition(追求利润P2)

Acountrycanbenefitsmorebyproducinggoodsitcanmakemostcheaplyandbuyingthosegoodsthatothercountriescanmakeatalowercost.Question:Whycantradecreatebenefits?7/48TheoryofComparativeAdvantage

比较优势理论Or:ComparativeCostTheory比较成本理论

（byAdamSmith,DavidRicardo,JohnStuartandothereconomistsinthe19thcentury）Question:Doyouthinkeverycountrycanproducethesametypeofproductatthesamecost?8/481.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingcloth?2.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwine?3.Whatshouldtheyspecializeinrespectively?HoursofLaborrequiredtoproduceCountryCloth(100bolts)Wine(100barrels)Scotland

30

120Portugal

100

20Example1

9/48Fact:Somecountrieshasnoabsoluteadvantageinproducinganyproducts.Question:Canthesecountriesmakeprofitsbydoingbusinesswiththosewhohasabsoluteadvantage?10/481)InwhichproductdoesU.S.Ahaveanabsoluteadvantage?2)InwhichproductdoesBrazilhaveacomparativeadvantage?3)Whatshouldthetwocountriesspecializein?unitsofPR(productiveresource)productU.S.ABrazil100cars

2

41000computers

3

4Example211/48Americanshaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingbothcarsandcomputers.UsingthreeunitsofPR(productiveresource)toproduce1,000computersintheUnitedStatesrequiressacrificingtheproductionof150cars.UsingfourunitsofPRtoproduce1,000computersinBrazilrequiressacrificingonly100cars.Conclusion:Brazilianshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingcomputers.12/48Conclusionforpoint2(P3)

Aslongasthereisminordifferencesintheefficiencyofproducingacommodity,eventhepoorcountrieshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingit.

Therefore,thecountrycanspecializeintheparticularproductsandmass-produce.13/483.Diversification多样经营(P3)4.SalesExpansion扩大销售(P4)

Salesarelimitedby1)thenumberofconsumers2)thecapacityofpurchaseofconsumer14/485.Internationalbalanceofpayments国际收支平衡(P4)

BOP---balanceofpaymentBOPaccount收支平衡账户BOPsheet收支平衡表15/48BalanceofpaymentTheinternationalbalanceofpaymentisthedifferencebetweenmoneycomingintoacountryandmoneygoingoutofthecountry.Afavorablebalanceofpayment(国际收支顺差)meansmoremoneyisflowingintoacountry.Anunfavorablebalanceofpayment（国际收支逆差）

meansmoremoneyisflowingoutofacountry.16/48BalanceoftradeAfavorablebalanceoftrade(贸易顺差)ortradesurplus(贸易出超)occurswhenthevalueofanation’sexportexceedsthatofitsimport.Whenthevalueofanation’simportexceedsthatofitsexport,anunfavorablebalanceoftrade

（贸易逆差）ortradedeficit(贸易入超)occurs.17/486.Otherreasons(P4)

1)Satisfyingalargedomesticdemand满足国内大量需求

2)Preferenceforinnovationandstyle对创新和款式追求

3)Forpoliticalreasons

政治原因18/48Termtranslation自给自足2.经济资源3.直接投资国际收支5.商品交换6.倾销7.贸易顺差8.贸易逆差9.欧盟10.国际收支顺差11.国际收支逆差12.有形贸易13.无形贸易14.货物贸易15.服务贸易Exercises19/48self-sufficient2.economicresources3.directinvestment4.Balanceofpayment5.Commodityexchange6.dumping7.favorablebalanceoftrade8.unfavorablebalanceoftradeKeys20/489.EuropeanUnion10.favorablebalanceofpayment11.unfavorablebalanceofpayment12.visible(tangible)trade13.invisible(intangible)trade14.tradeingoods15.tradeinserviceKeys21/48ProblemsCultureDifferences文化差异MonetaryConversion货币兑换TradeBarriers贸易壁垒SectionTwoProblems

Concerning

InternationalTrade22/481.Culturaldifferences

文化差异问题(P5)

Ininternationaltrade,businesspeoplemustpaycloseattentiontodifferentlocalcustomsandBusinessnorms

(商业准则).23/482.MoneyConversion

货币兑换问题

(fluctuationinexchangerate)French

francs(法郎)USdollars(美元)Britishpounds(英镑)DeutscheMark(马克)Japaneseyen(日元)Danishkrone(克朗)Euro(欧元)

24/483.TradeBarriers

（贸易壁垒P6）

Isthereacompletelyfreetradingsysteminanycountry?Tradepoliciescomeinmanyforms-----tariffsorsubsidies,quantitativerestrictionorencouragementsonimportedorexportedgoods,servicesandassets.25/48TradeBarriers

（贸易壁垒）1)Tocorrectabalance-of–paymentdeficit;2)Inviewofnationalsecurity;3)Toprotecttheirindustriesagainstthecompetitionofforeigngoods.ReasonsfortradebarriersP626/48TradeBarriers

（贸易壁垒）1）Tariffbarriers

关税壁垒2）Non-tariffBarriers

---NTBs

非关税壁垒27/481)Tariffbarriers

关税壁垒Tariffsorimporttariffs(进口关税)aretaxesleviedongoodsorservicesbeingimportedintothecountry.Thesetariffscanbeoftwotypes:1)ProtectiveTariff保护关税2)RevenueTariff财政关税

28/48Differentratesofcustomsdutiesareappliedtodifferentcategoriesofgoods.1)SpecificDuty

从量税2)AdvaloremDuty

从价税(P7)3)CompoundDuty

混合税29/482)Non-tariffbarriersAnon-tariffbarrierisanypolicyusedbythegovernmenttoreduceimports,ratherthanasimpletariff.NTBscantakemanyforms,includingimportquotas,productstandards,buy-at-homerulesforGovernmentpurchases,andsoon.30/482)Non-tariffbarriers

(1)Importquota

进口配额

Aquantitativerestriction

（数量限制）orupperlimitonthetotalquantityofimportofaproductallowedintoacountryduringaperiodoftime.

Aquantitativerestrictionisexpressedintermsofphysicalquantityorvalue.

Aquotarequireslowornodutiesbelowthelimitbuthighdutiesorpenaltyabovethelimit.31/48(2)VoluntaryExportRestraints

（VER）自愿出口约束/限制VERenablesonecountrytoforceontoanothercountryalowrateofincreaseinexportvolumethroughbilateralagreement---voluntaryrestraintagreement（VRA,自愿约束协定）出口国在进口国同意不诉诸配额、关税或其他进口管制条件下，同意降低或限制出口双边协定。

It’sameasuretoavoidpunitive

[pju:nətiv]actions(反对行动)takenbytheimportingcountry.32/48(3)ImportLicense进口许可证

(4)Productstandard产品标准TBT---TechnicalBarrierstoTrade贸易技术壁垒exhaustemissionstandardsHealthstandardsSafetystandardssanitary

standardsnationalsecuritystandards33/48(5)GovernmentProcurementPolicy

政府采购政策Example

BuyAmericanAct(购置美国产品法案1933)stipulatesthattheUSgovernmentmustbuyAmericanproductsunlessthedomesticpriceisonaverage25%higherthanforeignprices.34/481.按商品移动方向

1）Export2)ImportSectionThreeFormsofInternational

Trade(国际贸易形式)35/482.按商品形态

1)Tangible(visible)trade

MerchandiseExportsandImports(商品进出口)2)Intangible(invisible)trade

service,knowledgeandskills,invisibleassets,suchaspatent,trademark,copyrightetc.36/483.按贸易内容可分为:1)Generaltrade普通贸易

2)Processingtrade加工贸易

3)Compensationtrade赔偿贸易

37/48三来一补Processingwithsuppliedmaterials来料加工Processingaccordingtosuppliedsamples来样加工Assemblingwithsuppliedparts来件装配Compensationtrade赔偿贸易38/481.产品返销回购贸易或返销

在赔偿贸易中,用进口设备或其它物资生产产品,通称为直接产品,用直接产品支付,叫产品返销。普通适合用于设备和技术贸易,在国际上称为“工业赔偿”。在我国,普通称为“直接赔偿”。补充知识：

Compensationtrade赔偿贸易39/482.商品换购买方不用生产出来产品进行还款，而是用双方约定其它产品或劳务来偿付货款，统称互购。首次进口一方用于支付进口货款商品,不是由进口物质直接生产出来产品,而是双方约定其它商品,即间接产品。因为这种贸易有时候并不直接与其它生产相联络,故在发达资本主义国家有些人称之为“商业性”赔偿贸易。因为这种赔偿贸易用间接产品偿还,在我国普通称之为间接赔偿贸易。3.多边赔偿或叫转手赔偿

这种形式赔偿贸易形式比较复杂。由第三国替换首次进口一方负担或提供赔偿产品义务。

40/484.按交易双方关系1)Licensing(许可证贸易)

2)Franchising(特许经营)3)JointVentures(合资企业)4)Soledistribution(独家代理)

Soleagent5)Consignment(寄售)41/48

在进出口业务中，采取独家代理方式时，作为委托人出口商即给予国外代理人在要求地域和期限内推销指定商品专营权。按照通例，委托人在代理区域内达成交易，凡属独家代理人专营商品，不论其是否经过该独家代理人，委托人都要向他支付约定百分比佣金。

补充知识：

Soleagent(独家代理)

42/48Termtranslation关税壁垒2.非关税壁垒3.从量税4.配额5.保护性关税6.幼稚产业7.许可证制度8.财政关税9.政府采购10.贸易保护主义11.从价税12.出口补助13.寄售Exercises43/481.Tariffbarriers2.non-tariffbarriers3.Specificduties4.quota5.Protectivetariff6.infantindustry7.Licensingsystem8.Revenuetariff9.governmentprocurement10.Tradeprotectionism11.AdvaloremDuties12.Exportsubsidies13.ConsignmentKeys44/48Foreignexchangecontrolisatariffbarrierthatcanrestri