中国文化概论(英语专业)

中国文化概论(英语专业)ChapteroneChineseHistory--Highlights:ThesocialprogressofancientChina:TheWarringStatesperiod,QinDynasty,HanDynasty,TangDynasty,SongDynasty,MingDynasty,andQingDynasty.--Nuts:ThehistoricprogressintheWarringStates,thekeymeasuresundertakenbytheFirstEmperorofQinanditssignificance,theshapingofChinesenationanditsterritoryinHanperiod,theunderlyingreasonsofTang’sprosperity,thedecayingQing,thefoundingofthePeople’sRepublic;andtheeconomicprogressintheWuregion(theYangtzeDelta).ChineseHistory

Chinesehistorycanbedividedintothreeperiods:thelegendaryperiod,theancientperiod(2100B.C—A.D1840),themodernperiod(1840-present).TheThreeAugustOnesandFiveEmperors(三皇五帝)30thcenturyB.C.---21thcenturyB.C.XiaDynasty(夏朝)2070B.C.---1600B.C.ShangDynasty（商朝）1600B.C.---1046B.C.WesternZhouDynasty（西周）1046B.C.---771B.C.EasternZhouDynasty（东周）770B.C.---256B.C.WarringStates(战国)WesternHan（西汉）Wei(魏),ShuHan（蜀汉）,Wu（吴）222---280WesternJinDynasty（西晋）265---317EasternJinDynasty（东晋）317---420SpringandAutumnPeriod（春秋）ZhouDynasty（周朝）770B.C.---476B.C.476B.C.---221B.C.QinDynasty(秦)221B.C.---206B.C.HanDynasty(汉)EsternHan（东汉）206B.C.---24A.D.25---220ThreeKingdoms(三国)Song（宋）420---479Qi（齐）479---502Liang（梁）502---557Chen（陈）557---589NorthernWei（北魏）386---534EasternWei（东魏）534---550NorthernQi（北齐）550---577WesternWei（西魏）535---556NorthernZhou（北周）557---581581---618618---907LaterLiang（后梁）907---923LaterTang（后唐）923---936LaterJin（后晋）951---960FiveDynasty(五代)LaterHan（后汉）LaterZhou（后周）SouthernDynasty（南朝）NorthernDynasty（北朝）SuiDynasty（隋朝）TangDynasty（唐朝）936---946947---950SongDynasty（宋朝）NorthernSongDynasty（北宋）960---1127SouthernSongDynasty（南宋）1127---1279LiaoDynasty（辽）916---1125JinDynasty（金）1115---1234YuanDynasty（元朝）1271---1368MingDynasty（明朝）1368---1644QingDynasty（清朝）1644---1911RepublicofChina（中华民国）1912---1949People'sRepublicofChina（中华人民共和国）1949---LegendaryperiodTheCreationoftheWorld(开天辟地)－－PanGu

HistoryoftheThree

EmperorsandTheirFiveSuccessorswrittenbyXuZhengrecordedthelegendofPangu.盘古LegendaboutPanGuBeforetheCreation,heavenandearthwereinchaos(浑沌).PanGu,theCreatorwasborninit.Afterabouteighteenthousandyears,theheavenbegantobeseparatedfromtheearth.Thelight,clearandshiningmattersroseupandformedtheheaven,whereastheheavyanddarkmatterssankdownandformedtheearth.PanGuwasinbetween.Withhisheadtouchingtheheavenandhisfeetstandingontheearth,hechangedhimselfninetimesoneday,holierthanboththeheavenandtheearth.Everydaytheheavenrosemorethanthreemetershigher,theearthalsothickeneditselfoverthreemetersthicker,whilePanGualsogrewoverthreemeterstaller.Thiswentonforeighteenthousandsofyearsandtheheavenroseextremelyhigh,theearthbecameextremelythick,andPanGualsoextremelytallandbig.Thentherewerebornthethreeaugust(令人敬畏的)figures:Shennong,FuxiandHuangdi.FuXi（伏羲）Fuxiwasconsideredthefirstrealruler.Hetaughtpeoplehowtodevisetools,kindle(点燃)fireandcookfood,howtodomesticate(驯养)animalsandtendflocks(禽群).HealsodevisedthemysteriousEightTrigrams(八卦)whichwereusedfordivination（占卜）.伏羲氏是上古的一位睿智的首领，也是上古的“三皇”之一，他在我国古代医疗的发展过程中起着重要的作用。伏羲氏，姓风氏，传说中，他为人民作了许多有意义的事情。他指导臣民制造工具，结网打鱼，投矛狩猎，也开创了人类历史上通过劳动主动获取食物的新纪元。YandiShennong炎帝神农Hewasthegodwhoinventedfarmingandwasthefirsttouseherbs（药草）formedicaluse.Accordingtothelegends,YandiShennonghadawonderfulwhip.Bylashingvariouskindsofherbs,itcoulddistinguishwhethertheywerepoisonousornot,andwhateffecttheymightproduce.Withthiswhip,hecureddiseaseswithherbsasmedicine.YandiShennong炎帝神农Itissaid,onceYandidividedhistribeintoseveralgroupsandledthemtomigrateeastwardandfightagainstHuangdi,buthewasdefeated.ThenheturnedtoHuangdiandformedaunionwithhim.AftertheydefeatedChiyou,thelegendarychiefofatribe,theylivedandmultipliedinthemiddleandlowervalleysoftheYellowRiverformanyyears.TheunitedtribebyYandiandHuangdi,thetwoaugustfiguresoftheearliesthistoryofChina,formedthemaintrunkoftheHuaxianationality（华夏民族）

whichchangeditselfinto

Hannationalityinthelatertimes,sothelatergenerationofChinesenationalityiscalledthe“descendantsofYandiandHuangdi.”(炎黄子孙)Huangdi黄帝Huangdi,whosefamilynamebeingJi,literarynameXuanYuan,thefamouschiefofaunitedtribelivinginthemiddleandlowervalleyoftheYellowRiverabout4000yearsago,hasbeenworshippedasthecommonancestorofChinesenationalities.Heinventedthewheelandcartsdrawnbyoxenanddiscoveredtheartofmakingpottery.Heimprovedcommunicationbybuildingroads,bridgesandships.Underhisadministration,preciousstones,goldandcopperwereintroducedtoserveasmoney.FiveAugustEmperors

FiveAugustEmperorsinthelegendary

period

are：

Huangdi(黄帝)，Zhuanxu（颛顼），

Ku（帝喾），Yao（尧），Shun（舜）------（《史记·五帝本纪》、《礼记》和《春秋国语》说法）

AncientPeriod

AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D1840

1.XiaDynasty夏朝(2100-1600B.C)(1)TheXiaDynastyisthefirstdynastytobedescribedinChinesehistoricalrecords.Traditionally,itissupposedtohavebegunwiththereignofYu(禹),andendedwiththefallofJie(桀)(2)TheXiaDynastymarkedanevolutionarystagebetweenthelateNeolithic（新石器时代）

culturesandthetypicalChineseurbancivilizationoftheShangDynasty.(3)Anditwasinthisperiodthattheinstitutionofslaverybegandeveloping.HowYu,theGreat,ConqueredtheFlood

DigditchesinsteadofbuildingdamsThricehehadgonepasthisownhousewithoutevenlookingin.大禹治水AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D18402．ShangDynasty商朝(1600-1100B.C)(1)ShangDynastyfoundedbyShangTang,lastedover500years.(2)Shang’scivilizationwasbasedonagriculture,huntingandanimalhusbandry(饲养).(3)DuringtheShangDynasty,thetechnologyofsmeltingbronze(青铜)wasinventedandsomeirontoolswereknowntobeinusealready.(4)TheShangDynastyhastheearliestrecordedwrittenhistory,becauseawritingsystemwasdeveloped,asrevealedontortoiseshellsandflatcattlebones.ThecurrentChineselanguagehasdevelopedfromtheinscriptionsontheoraclebones.(甲骨文)AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D18403．

ZhouDynasty周朝(1046-256B.C.)(1)TheZhouDynastylastedforover800years,includingWesternZhou,EasternZhou.EasternZhouwasdividedintoSpringandAutumn(770B.C-476B.C.)andWarringStatesPeriods.春秋战国(2)InwesternZhou,theslaverysocietywasinitsprime,andthesystemculture,materialcultureandspiritualculturehighlydeveloped.Isthereanybodywhoknowsanystoryinthisperiod?Forexample,howShangcametoitsendorhowZhouestablisheditssovereignty?StudentsActivitySpringandAutumn770B.C-476B.C.TheSpringandAutumnPeriodisnamedafter“TheSpringandAutumnAnnals(记录)”---ThehistoryofLurevisedbyConfucius.TheSpringandAutumnPeriodisaperiodwhentheslavesocietyintheChinesehistorycametocollapse.WhileintheperiodoftheWarringStatesPeriod,thefeudalsystem(封建制)wasestablished,anditmarkedthefeudalprivateownershipoflandsandbythesystemofcentralization.Thisperiodwasfilledwithbattlesandannexation(合并)ofsome170smallerstates.WarringStatesPeriod475B.C.-221B.C.“SevenGreatPowers”(战国七雄)

theQi,theChu,theYan,theHan,theZhao,theWeiandtheQin.（齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦）BigeventsinWarringStatesPeriod

LiBingandhissonsledtheconstructionofthefamousDujiangyanDam,awaterconservancy(保存)project.LordShangYang(商鞅)introducedtwopoliticalreformstotheStateofQin,whichlaidthefoundationsfortheQintobecomestrongandeventuallyunifyChinaforthefirsttimeinhistory.DifferentphilosophiesdevelopedintotheHundredSchoolsofThought(百家争鸣),includingConfucianism,Taoism,LegalismandMoism.(儒教、道教、法家思想、墨家思想)4.TheQinDynasty221B.C-206B.C.(1)YinZheng(赢政)annexedtheothersixstatesandestablishedthefirstunited,power-centralizedmonarchandcalledhimselfas“ShihHuang-ti”or“FirstEmperor”(始皇帝).(2)BigeventsinQinDynastyanditssignificanceincluded:①Thecountrywasdividedintoprovincesanddistricts,allplacedunderthecontrolofthecentralgovernment(郡县制)；②Thewrittenlanguagewassimplifiedandmadeuniform,andtheweights,measuresandcoinagewerestandardized(统一文字，货币和度量衡).AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D1840③ConstructingtheillustriousGreatWallandbuildupforhimselfgrand-scalepalaces,mausoleums.④Over400scholarswereburiedaliveandallbookswereburnt,exceptthoseontechnology,divination,medicineandagriculture.(3)Thefirstpeasantuprisinginchina’shistory,ledbyChenSheng(陈胜)andWuGuang(吴广)brokeoutandtheQinEmpirewasoverthrown.AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D1840AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D18405.TheHanDynasty汉朝(206B.C.-220A.D.)TowardthedeclineoftheQinDynasty,LiuBangandXiangYu,thetwogeneralsbornofcivilianandnoblebackgroundrespectively,overthrewjointlythereignofQinandthencontendedforhegemony(霸权).Acoupleofyearslater,LiuBangtriumphedoverXiangYu,andthereforefoundedthemightyHanDynasty,duringwhichagriculture,handicraftsandcommercewereimmenselydeveloped.LiuChe(刘彻),KingWuofHan(汉武帝，140B.C.—87B.C.)reignedthroughthemostpowerfulandprosperousperiod.HemobilizedexpeditionaryforcestodefeatanddriveoutHuns(匈奴)补加汉朝疆域图和汉朝征战图形象化汉朝版图andhecommissionedZhangQian(张骞)ashisenvoytovisittheWestTerritoryinconsequencethattheroutewhichstartedfromChang’an(Xi’aninmodernShanxiProvince)viaXinjiangandthemid-AsiatotheeasterncoastoftheMediterraneanwasopenedtotraffic,whichwaswelcomedastheSilkRoute(丝绸之路)andbywhichChinesegorgeousfinesilkproductswereincessantlytransportedwestward.Inter-communicationwithotherlandswasthusenhanced.SimaQian’sTheRecordsoftheHistorians(史记)(104B.C.—91B.C.)ThepapermakingtechnologyimprovedbyCaiLun（105A.D.）andtheinventionofseismograph(地动仪)byZhangHeng(132A.D.).TheThreeKimdomsPeriod(220-280A.D.)TheHanDynastysurvivedfor426years.By220A.D.ChinaevolvedintotheThreeKingdomintripartitebalance(三足鼎立)ofWeiKingdom(魏220-265),ShuKingdom（蜀221-263）andWuKingdom（吴222-280).ThereemergedthreemostprominentwizardsCaoCao,ZhugeLiangandSunQuan.①CaoCao(曹操)wasthefounderofWeikingdomandbroughtitonintosupremacyoverothertwobyextensivelysoliciting(招募)talents,promotingcapableanddiligentministers,stationingtroopsinfrontiers.②ZhugeLiang(诸葛亮)servedastheprimeministerofShuKingdomandhaslongbeenesteemedasthesymbolofancientChinesewisdomwithsuchanoblemoralcharacterinspiringChinesedescendentsoverthepasthundredsofyearsthat“Sparenoeffortintheperformanceofone’sdutytilltheendofone’sdays.”（鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已，《后出师表》）③SunQuan(孙权)wasknownastheoriginatorofWuKingdom.InitiallyhealliedwithLiuBei,DukeofShuKingdom,defeatingCaoCaoatRedCliff(赤壁);laterinturnheconqueredLiuBeiinthebattleatYiling(彝陵).Heappointedofficialsresponsibleforfarmingandstationedtroopstocultivatevirginland,thusspurringthedevelopmentofthemiddleandlowerreachesintheYangtzeRiverValley.ThefamousnovelRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(《三国演义》)byLuoGuanzhong(罗贯中)wasbasedonthehistoricalfactsofthisperiod.6.FromtheThreeKingdomstotheSouthernandNorthernDynasties(222-581A.D.)(1)AttheendoftheThreeKingdoms,ChinawasbrieflyunitedduringtheJinDynasty(晋朝,265-420A.D.)butthiswasfollowedbyaperiodofdivisionduringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties(420-589A.D.)(2)Someliteraryandscientificfigures:

ZuChongzhi(祖冲之):thecalculationoftherelationofthecircle’scircumferencetoitsdiameter(圆周率)

WangXizhi(王羲之):oneofthegreatestcalligraphers,honoredas“thecalligraphicsage”createdthefamouscalligraphywork---theOrchidPavilionCollection(《兰亭序》)

GuKaizhi(顾恺之):famouspainting---AdmonitionsoftheInstructresstotheCourtLadies(《女史箴图》)7.TheSuiDynasty(581-618A.D.)EmperorWenofSuiDynasty,namedYangJian(杨坚),proclaimedhimselfEmperorinthenorth,withChang’anasitscapital.

Taxationandconscriptionwerereduced.Themostoutstandingachievementswere:

theGrandCanal(大运河)&ZhaozhouBridge(赵州桥)8.TheTangDynasty(618-907A.D.)By618A.D.,theTangDynastywassetupbyageneralnamedLiYuan.（1）LiShiming,EmperorTaiofTang,wasacclaimedasoneoftheforemostdistinguishedemperorsinChinesehistory，hisreigncalled“PeacefulOrderinZhenguanPeriod”(贞观之治),duringwhichhepromulgated(公布)aseriesofpolicesforsocialrecuperation(恢复)andnationalconsolidation,pushingitontothepinnacle(高峰)oftheprosperityofChinesefeudalstage.（2）Thebrilliantdynastysawfurtheradvancementinasmanyfieldsasfarming,handicrafts,commerce,textile,dyeing,ceramics(制陶业)andchinaware,metallurgy(冶金学)andshipbuildingwhileacrisscrossnetworkofhighwaysandwaterwaysemergedthroughouttheempire,andextensivesocialandculturalrelationswereestablishedwithmanycountriessuchasJapan,Korea,India,PersiaandArabia.（3）TheTangdynastywastherenaissanceofclassicalliterature(TextBook,p12)

①XuanZang(玄奘)andhispilgrimagetotheWesternRegion(Chan’an---India)(627A.D.-)

Translationof75Buddistscripturesintochinese;RecordsoftheWesternTravels(《大唐西域记》)JourneytotheWest(《西游记》);②JianZhen(鉴真)andhissailingeastwardtoJapanHebecamethefounderoftheRitsugkuSect(律宗)inJapan。(TextBook,p13)（4）Buddhistsinthisperiod9.SongDynasty(960-1270)andYuanDynasty(1271-1368)（宋朝&元朝）（1）FollowingtheTangDynastysteppedupthePeriodoftheFiveDynastiesandtheTenKingdoms.In960A.D.ZhaoKuangyin(赵匡胤),aseniorgeneraloftheLaterZhou(后周)Dynasty,launchedarebellionandascendedthethroneoftheSongDynastyinhisyellowimperialgown.(TextBook,p13-14)

①Thecustomoffoot-binding;②Thecreationofanewformofpoetry---Ci(词)（2）In1206,GenghisKhan(成吉思汗)foundedtheMongolEmpireuponhisunificationofscatteredMongoltribes.Kublai(忽必烈),agrandsonofGenghisKhan,sweptsouthwardacrosstheCentralChinain1271，beinginaccessiontotheYuanDynastywithDadu(Beijing)assignedasthecapital.ThegreatestachievementintheliteratureofYuanDynasty---Zaju(杂剧)：①Snow

inMidsummer(《窦娥冤》)byGuanHanqing(关汉卿)；②TheWesternChamber(《西厢记》)

byWangShifu

（3）

DuringthecourseofSongandYuan,industry,commerceandforeigntradewerecolossally(巨大地)advanced,thereforeamagnitudeofforeignmerchantsandtouristsarrivedinChinainstreams.MarcoPolo(马可波罗),aVenicemerchant,evertraveledextensivelyinChina,inwhosetravelnotesheportrayedthethrivingindustryandcommerceaswellasthefortunesexistinginChina.Papermaking,printing,compassandgunpowderfallwithinthe“FourGreatInventions”ofancientChinesescienceandtechnology.TillSongandYuan,furthernewprogresswasachieved,thusextendinghugecontributionstotheglobalcivilization.宋辽金元是中华民族大融合的一个重要时期。10.MingDynasty(1368-1644)（明朝）In1368，theMingDynastywasinstitutedbyZhuYuanzhang(朱元璋),theHighestEmperorofMing.Uponbeingcrowned,ZhuDi(朱棣),thefourthsonoftheHighestEmperor,embarked(着手进行)uponalarge-scaleprojectofthecitywallsandmoats,palacesandtemplesinBeijing,andlateronofficiallytransferredthecapitalfromNanjingnorthwardtoBeijing.TheMingDynastysoughttorestoreChinesetraditionandlearning,thusthecreationofavastencyclopedia---YongleDadian(《永乐大典》);meanwhilefrequentfriendlycontactswiththecountriesinAsiaandAfricawerefulfilled.OverthelaterperiodofMingsprangoutanewmilitaryforce---ManchuNationalitybetweentheBaishanMountainandtheHeishuiRiver.LedbyNu’erhachi,theirchieftain,thoseManchutribesmenonhorsebacksstruggledforthreegenerationswithinandbeyondtheGreatWall,finallycapturingthethroneoftheQingDynastyin1644.OfallQingemperorswereratedthemostrenownedtwo,EmperorKangXi(1661-1722)andEmperorQianLong(1735-1796),whosereignwasrecognizedas“HeydayinKang-QianPeriod”(康乾盛世).InQingDynasty,thefeudalperiodinChinagraduallydrewtoaclose.11.QingDynasty(1368-1644)（清朝）

①literature----FictionThefourgreatworksappearedinMingandQingDynasties:

OutlawsoftheMarshbyShiNaian;

RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsbyLuoGuanzhong

JourneytotheWest(《西游记》);

ADreamofRedMansionsbyCaoXueqin

ModernPeriodTheOpiumWar(鸦片战争)occurringin1840markedaturningpointinChinesehistory.Towardthedawnof19thcenturyBritaindumpeditsopiuminmammoth(巨大的)quantitiesintoChina,havingresultedinanunfavorableflowofsilvertoBritainaswellasinflationandfinancialausterity(财政紧缩)withinChina.In1839,LinZexu（林则徐）

asaspecialenvoy(特使)oftheimperialcourtwascommissionedtobestationedinCantonofGuangzhou,responsibleforprohibitionoftheopiumproducts.Forprotectionofitsopiumdumping,BritainwagedaninvasionwaronChinain1840.AttheoutsettheChinesepatriots,ledbyLinandsomegenerals,launchedagallant(英勇的)resistanceagainsttheinvaders.Owingtotheconcessions(让步)offeredbythecorruptedandincompetentQingimperialcourt,theNanjingTreaty(南京条约),anunfairdocumentthatsurrenderedChina’ssovereigntyunderhumiliatingterms,wassignedintheend.Fromthedateonwards,Chinagraduallysankintoasemi-feudalandsemi-colonialmess.AttheendoftheOpiumWarsuchimperialistpowersasBritain,theUnitedStates,France,Russia,JapanandsooncoercedunceasinglytheQingcourttosignvariedunfairtreaties,furthermoreseizing“concessions”andplanning“spheresofinfluence”inChina,atideofcarvingupQingEmpireinsurge.Inordertoresistthefeudaloppressionandalieninvasion,Chinesepeoplesparednoeffortstofightagainsttheenemiesunyieldinglywithahostofheroesandheroinesoutstanding.In1851,HongXiuquantookaleadoftheRevoltofTaiPingTianGuo(HeavenlyEmpire),thelargestpeasantrevolutionarycampaign---AbourgeoisdemocraticoneledbySunZhongshan(SunYat-sen)---overthrewtheruleoftheQingDynastyterminatingtheover-two-millennium-oldfeudalmonarchy,thetemporarygovernmentofRepublicofChinabeingconstituted.However,thetriumphantfruitwasusurped(篡夺)byYuanShikai,amilitarylordinthenorth,onaccountoftheyieldingnessofChinesebourgeoisiewhilethepopulacewasstilllingeringinanabyssofextremesuffering.InfluencebytheOctoberRevolutioninRussia,theMay4thMovement(五四运动)

，ananti-imperialismandanti-feudalismdrivetriggeredbythepatrioticstudents,brokeoutin1919,theproletariats(无产阶级，工人阶级)asasocialclassascendingthepoliticalstage.ThiscampaignwasrecognizedamilestoneofthemodernChinesehistoryfromtheolddemocraticrevolutiontothenewone,bringingaboutthewide-spreadMarxism-LenninismuponcoordinationwiththerevolutionarypracticeinChinaandarrangingideologicallyandorganizationallyfortheadventoftheCommunistPartyofChina.In1921,MaoZedong,DongBiwu,ChenTanqiu,HeShuheng,WangJingmei,DengEnming,LiDaetc.,onbehalfofthecommunistgroupsclusteredindifferentcities,heldthefirstnationalassemblyinShanghai.TheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)cameintobeing.In1924,apositivecooperationoccurredbetweenSunYat-sen,thepioneerofChinesedemocraticrevolutionandthefounderofChinaN