英语国家概况(汉英对照)

英语国家概况ABRIEFINTRODUCTIONENGLISH—SPEAKINGCOUNTRIESPartOneUnitedKingdomofBritainandNorthern第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter1LandPeopleⅠ英国的不同名称及其区域1。DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称：称一样吗?还是有所区别？WhenpeoplerefertoBritain，theyoftenusenamessuchBritain,GreatBritain，England，theBritishIsles,theUnitedKingdomortheU.K。Dotheythething？Oraretheydifferent?诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国.因此,联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠,联合王国或简单地说UK。这是不列颠岛上的一个国家,首都是伦敦.另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。它占据了爱1949Strictlyspeaking，theBritishIsles，GreatBritainandEnglandareallgeographicalnames。TheyarenottheoftheTheBritishIslesareofislandsandhundredsofsmallones.ThetwoislandsareGreatBritainandIreland。GreatBritainistheofthesetwoIttheUnitedKingdomwithNorthernIreland—thenorthernpartofIreland.SotheofficialoftheUnitedKingdomistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.ButitismuchofamouthfultosaysuchalongforasopeoplejustsayBritain，theUnitedKingdomorsimplyU.K。ThisisonecountryontheBritishIslesanditscapitalisLondon。ThereisanothercountrycalledtheRepublicofIrelandorEiretheBritishIsles。IttakestheremainderofIreland—thesouthernpartofIreland。Ithasbeenindependentrepublicsince1949anditscapitalisDublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：裕。因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是英格兰人，他们有自己的文化,甚至有自己的语言。TherearethreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain：England，ScotlandandEnglandthelargest,populousandgenerallyspeakingtherichestsection.Sopeopletendtouse‘England’and‘English’whentheymean‘Britain’and‘British’.ThissometimesannoystheScotsorthewhodonotregardthemselvesasEnglishandwhohaveacultureandevenalanguageoftheirown。这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口,四分之一的面积。它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失,1931年由英联邦所取代。Britainhasbeenoneofimportantcountriestheworld。Aboutahundredyearsago,asaresultofitsimperialistexpansion,Britainruledanempirethathadonefourthofthepeopleandonefourthofthelandarea.hadcoloniesnotonlyNorthAmerica，butalsoAsia,AfricaandAustralia.thetwoworldwarsgreatlyweakenedBritain。TheBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedandwasreplacedbyBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNationsin1931.有一定的贸易协议。英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.目前（1991年)，英联邦有个成员国。Thecommonwealth（ofNations)isafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain。Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements。Thecommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.Thedecisionbecomeaofthecommonwealthislefteachnation。Atpresentthereare50membercountrieswithintheCommonwealth(1991).1Ⅱ英国的地理特征GeographicalFeatures英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。1985年，英法两国政府决定在多佛尔海峡底修建一个隧道，把两个国家连接起来.经过八年的奋斗，这条名为查诺尔的海底隧道于1994年52441000公里，东西最宽阔的地方约为500拥有优良的深水港。BritainisislandItissurroundedbythesea。ItliesinthenorthAtlanticOceanthenorthcoastofEurope。ItisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast。TheEnglishChannelbetweenEnglandandFranceisquitenarrowandthenarrowestpartiscalledtheofwhichisonly33kmacross。In1985theBritishgovernmentandtheFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnelundertheofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.Aftereightyearsofhardworkthischanneltunnelwhichiscalled’’Chunnel'’wasopentotrafficMay1994。Britaincoversareaof244,100squarekrn。Itruns1，000kmfromnorthsouthandextends,atthewidestpart,aboutkilometers。SonopartofBritainisveryfarfromthecoastandprovidesavaluableresource。TheBritishcoastislongandhasgood,providesavaluableresource。TheBritishcoastlongandgood,providingcheaptransportation。是山地。这种上升在苏格兰西部形成了突起的海滩――山的平地。这种海滩提供了主要的农田、定居点、工业区及通道。东部及东南部主要是低地，是"欧洲大平原"的一部分，有着平坦的土地及肥沃的土壤。尤其是南部及英格兰东海岸有许多良田.Britainhas,forcenturies，beenslowlytiltingwiththeslowlyrisingandtheSouth—Eastslowlysinking。ThenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands。westernpartsofScotlandthisriseinthelandhasresultedintheformationofraisedbeaches-flatareasoflandinotherwisemountainousarea，whichprovidethemainfarming,settlements,andindustrialareasaswellasrouteways。Theeastandsouth—eastaremostlylowlands.TheyarepartoftheGreatEuropeanPlain，withitslevellandandfertilesoil.ThereismuchgoodfarmlandespeciallyinthesouthandalongeastcoastofEngland。在冰川时代，英国覆盖着大冰块,导致英国壮观的山景，尤其是斯诺多尼亚、湖泊区及苏格兰山地，DuringtheIceAgegreaticecoveredGreatBritain。IcehasbeenresponsibleforofBritain’sspectacularmountainsceneryespeciallySnowdonia，theLakeDistrict,andtheScottishHighlands。ItleftGreatBritainwithmountainswithflattops,hangingvalleyswithwaterfalls,ribbonlakes，flatvalleyfloors,steepvalleysides，boulderclayandfertilesoil.1.英格兰1。England130000平方公里，占整个岛的60％。除了塞汶河谷及柴郡――兰开郡平原（中心为利物浦）外,其西南部和西部主要是高原，也有起伏的平原、丘陵地及少数沼泽地，但主要是高原。从北中部延伸至苏格兰边境的奔宁山脉是主要山脉。但英格兰的最高峰斯加非尔峰（978米）却位于西北部的湖泊区。英格兰东部主要是开阔的可耕种平原，此平原的海岸沼泽地和奔宁山脉之间变成一条狭窄的走廊（约克谷），在诺桑伯兰郡则变成很窄的海岸带。Englandoccupiesthelargest，southernpartofGreatBritainwithitswestandScotlandtoitsnorth.Ithasanareaofmorethan130,000squarekilometerswhichtakesupnearly60％ofthewholeisland，thenorth—westandwestexceptfortheSevernvalleyandtheCheshire-Lancashireplain（roundLiverpool)areaplateau,withrollingplains,downsandoccasionalmoors.ThePennines，arangeofhillsrunningfromNorthMidlandstheScottisharetheprincipalmountainchain。ButthehighestpeakofEngland，Scafell(978m）,isintheLakeDistrictnorth—westEngland。TheeastofEnglandismainlyanopencultivatedplain，narrowingNorthtoapassageofbetweencoastalmoorsandthePennines,andinNorthumberlandtoacoastalstrip.2.苏格兰2。Scotland2苏格兰面积为78760然区:（300――200多米的海岸线,西面尤其如此。本奈维斯山海拔1，343米，英国的最高峰就在此地。山地西部及赫布里底群岛风景迷人.狭长的海湾与荒山交错，一些内海上的农场只有坐小船才能到达。中部低地，主要由福斯和克莱德谷、煤矿和铁矿区及奶牛牧场组成。中部是苏格兰主要的工业区，人口最为稠密，是苏格兰最重（多在240-600米之间800座岛屿,包括奥克尼群岛，设德兰群岛及赫布里底群岛，此外还有几百个湖泊。爱丁堡是苏格兰的首府。Scotlandhasanareaof78，760squarekilometers.ItisinthenorthGreatBritainwithmountains,lakesandislands.Therearethreenaturalzones:theHighlandsthenorth,thecentralLowlands,andthesouthernUplands。TheHighlands（300—over1,200m)areawild，mountainousplateauwithacoastlinedeeplyindented,especiallythewest.BenNevis，thehighestmountainBritain(1，343m）islocatedhere.ThewesternpartofHighlandsandtheislandsofHebridesareaverybeautifulregion。Greatsea—lochs,orfiords,alternatewithwildandemptyhills，andonofthelochstherearefarmswhichcanonlybereachedbyboat。TheLowlandsinthecentercomprisemostlytheForthandClydevalleys,coalandironfieldsanddairypasture。ThisistheimportantinScotlandwhichcontainsoftheindustryandpopulation。ThesouthernUplands,arollingmoorland(mainly240—600m),arecutbysmallfertilerivervalleys.Scotlandhasabout800islandsincludingOrkneys。ShetlandsandHebridesandhundredsoflakes。EdinburghisthecapitalofScotland.3。威尔士3。威尔士位于大不列颠岛的西部，面积为20，761平方公里，占整个岛的近9%。威尔士大部分地区是山。山脉沿海陡峭耸起，而山顶却相当平坦。威尔士6％为森林覆盖，大部分乡村是草原牧场――养牛养12%山地高度在180600米之间，北面多岩石，南面有煤。西北部的斯诺多尼亚山(1085米)是威尔士的最高点。威尔士首府是加的夫。isthewestofGreatBritain.Ithasanareaof20,761squarekilometerswhichtakeslessthanofthewholeisland。Mostofismountainous:thehillsrisesteeplyfromtheseaandareratherflatontop。6%ofiscoveredwithforestandmuchofthecountryispasture—landforsheepandcattle.Only12%ofthelandisarable。amassifwithalowlandfringewidestalongtheEnglishborderandsouthcoast.Themassifislargelybetween180androckyinthenorthandcoalbearinginthesouth。Snowdonia（1，085m）inthenorthwestisthehighestmountainThecapitalofisCardiff。4.北爱尔兰4。Northern北爱尔兰是联合王国的第四个所属区域。它占据爱尔兰北部五分之一的面积――14，147平方公里。北爱尔兰北部海岸线荒芜多石,并有几处深陷的回地。东北部地区的安特里尔郡多高地，而向东南部逐渐NorthernIrelandisafourthregionoftheUnitedKingdom.IttakesthenorthernfifthofIrelandandhasareaof14，147squarekilometers.Ithasarockyandwildnortherncoastline，withseveraldeepindentations.thenorth—eastgraduallygivewaycentrallowlandsoftheLoughNeaghbasin.BelfastisthecapitalofNorthernIreland.Ⅲ.河流和湖泊III.RiversandLakes的北海各港口，距离富饶的渔区也很近。而西海岸的克莱德河、默西河和塞汶河把原材料运到繁忙的内陆338流经英格兰中西部，注入布里斯托尔海峡。第二大河，也是英国最重要的河是泰晤士河，全长336发源于英格兰西南部的科茨沃耳德山，流经英格兰中部到达伦敦，注入北海。泰晤士河流速相当慢，这对水路运输极为有利。海轮可以沿着此河远至伦敦，而小船则可再上溯138莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。它发源于邓弗里斯山，全长171公里，流经格拉斯哥，注入克莱德河湾，是重要的商业水路航道.RiversinBritaindonotfreezeTheyplayaveryimportantroletheThegreatportsofLondon，LiverpoolandGlasgowareallconnectedtoseabyrivers。3Besides，thethetheandtheThamesriversoneastcoastfaceNorthportsontheEuropeancontinent.Theyalsoclosetorichfishinggrounds。OnthewestcoasttheClyde,theandtheSevernriverscarryrawmaterialstobusymanufacturingcitiesinland。TheriversBritainnotveryThelongestriveristheSevernRiverwhichisonly338kilometerslong。ItrisesincentralandflowsasemicirclethroughCentralEnglandtotheBristolChannel。ThesecondlargestandmostimportantriverBritainistheThamesItis336kilometerslong。ItrisesintheCotswoldssouthwestEnglandandflowsthroughtheMidlandsofEnglandtoLondonandoutintotheNorthSea.TheThamesflowsratherwhichisveryfavorableforwatertransportation。Ocean-goingshipscansailitasfarasLondonandsmallshipscansailupitforafurther138kilometers.OxfordisalsoontheThames。RiverClydetheimportantriverScotland.risesDumfriesandruns171kilometers，passingthroughandenterstheFirthofClyde.isanimportantcommercial大的湖是北爱尔兰的洛尼格湖，面积为396和美丽的景色及15个湖而名扬天下。其中较大的湖有汶德密湖、鄂思水湖、德文水湖和柯尼斯顿水湖.湖区也是湖畔诗人的家。例如世纪的威廉。华兹华斯,塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治和罗伯特.骚塞。TherearemanylakesinBritainespeciallyinnorthernScotland,theLakeDistrictinnorth—westEnglandandNorththelakeBritainistheLoughNeaghinNorthernIrelandwhichcoversareaof396squarekilometers。TheLakedistrictisoneofthepopulartouristattractionsinBritain。Itwellknownforitswildandbeautifulsceneryand15lakes.TheonesareDerwentwaterandConistonItwasalsothehomeoftheLakepoetsSamuelColeridgeandRobertSoutheyof19thcenturyBritain.Ⅳ.气候Climate1。海洋性气候Amaritimetypeofclimate况。尽管英国人似乎总在抱怨天气下雨、变化无常、不可预测，但实际上英国的气候相当宜人,是海洋性气候――冬季温和不冷、夏季凉爽不热，全年有稳定的降雨量。气温变化小,北方冬季平均气温是摄氏4－612-17Whenwesayclimatewemeantheaverageweatherconditionsatacertainplaceoveraperiodofyears.meantheday-to-dayweatherconditionsacertainplace.ThoughseemsthatpeoplearealwayscomplainingabouttheweatherinBritainbecauseisrainyandchangeableandunpredictable,theclimateBritainisinfactafavorableone.Ithasafavorablemaritimeclimate.aremild，nottoocoldandsummersarecool，nottoohot，andhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeIthasasmallrangeoftemperature.averagetemperaturewinterinthenorthis4—6degreesC。andininthesouthis12—17degreesC.Soevenwinteronecanstillseestretchesofgreengrassintheopentheparksandroundthehouses。2。影响英国气候的因素2.FactorswhichinfluencetheclimateinBritain英国是个位于北纬50—60度之间的岛国,甚至比中国的黑龙江的最北端还要靠北。与同一纬度的其他Britainanislandcountrywhichliesbetweenlatitude5060degreesnorth。ItliesfarthernorththaneventhenorthernmostpartofHeilongjiangProvinceChina。Comparedwithothercountriesofthelatitudesithasamoremoderateclimate,whichisinfluencedmainlybythreefactors:（1)季带来暖气，夏季带来凉气。(1）ThesurroundingwaterstendtobalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitinAstheseaheatsupandcoolsrelativelyslowlyitbringswarmairwinterandcoolair（2)(2)Theprevailingsouth-westwindsortheblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundbringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthe4temperaturesmoderate.（3）北大西洋暖流流经大不列颠群岛西海岸并使其温和。(3)TheNorthAtlanticDrift,whichisawarmcurrent，passesthewesterncoastoftheBritishIslesandwarmsthem.预测。有时甚至同一个人在同一天可以经历四季。早上是天气晴朗的春天，一两个小时后,乌云不知从哪里跑出来,大雨倾盆而下。到了中午,气温下降约8照，天黑前的一两个小时里又是夏天.据说天气的不确定对英国人的性格有很大影响，例如使他们谨慎行事。当你看到一个英国人在阳光灿烂的早上穿着雨衣拿着雨伞出门时,你可能会笑话他。但是更经常的是一会儿就下起了毛毛细雨，当然你未必需要雨伞。Sinceclimateisofthemaritimetype,characterizedbycooltemperature,frequentcloudyandrainstorms。Itchangesfromdaytoandthismakesitdifficultforecast.Itischangeablethatoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasinglebreakasafinespringmorning；hourorsolaterblackcloudshaveappearedfromnowhereandrainbepouringdown。Atmiddayconditionsreallywinterywiththetemperaturestoabout8degreesC.Thenthelaterafternoontheskywillbethesunwillbeginshineagain，andforhourortwobeforedarknessfalls,willbeIthasbeensaidthattheuncertaintyabouttheweatherhashadadefiniteeffectuponIttendshimcautious,forexample.laughwhenyouanEnglishmangoingoutabrilliantlysunnymorningwearingaraincoatandcarryinganumbrella.frequentlyitindrizzlesandyounecessarilyneedumbrella。3。降雨量3。Rainfall1000750－1250毫米，只有东南部的少数地区降雨量不足750毫米。在西部，降雨量可达1250—2000毫米,西北部一些地区则超过2000毫米。从大西洋吹来的暖流给整个英国一年四季带来暖湿空气。在西部，暖流遇到高地就上升变冷，导致了大量的降雨。而东部降雨不多是因为西来的空气爬过高地后，就变暖变干，雨水就不多了。BritainhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughouttheTheaverageannualrainfallBritainisover1，000Ithas750mm—1250ofrainfallalongthecoasttheeastandsouthexceptasmallar