国国家人工智能安全委员会-人工智能技术在流行病应对和防范中的作用

TheRoleofAITechnologyinPandemicResponseand

Preparedness:RecommendedInvestmentsandInitiatives

WhitePaperSeriesonPandemicResponseand

Preparedness,No.3

Disclaimer:ThiswhitepaperonlyreflectstheviewsofthecontributingCommissionerandstaffanddoesnotreflectofficialviewsorrecommendationsofthefullCommission.

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Contents

LetterfromtheExecutiveDirector

Introduction

PartI.PromisingUsesofAIforPandemicResponse-NowandintheFuture

A.SituationalAwarenessandDiseaseSurveillance

B.Diagnostics

C.ProductionofVaccines,Therapeutics,andMedicalEquipment

D.OngoingHealthcare-ProtectingtheHealthyandTreatingtheSick

PartII.RecommendedAI-FocusedInvestmentsandInitiatives

A.LeverageAItoAdvancetheScience

1.IncreaseFederalFundingforAIResearchandDevelopmenttoAccelerateAdvancementofAITechnology.

2.CreateanNSF-ledAIInstituteforHealthandBiomedicine.

3.LaunchaprizechallengeadministeredbyNSFtoadvancenextgenerationtechnicalsolutionsfordataintegrationandmodeling.

4.ContinuetheDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency’s(DARPA)worktocreatetheinfrastructureandprotocolsfordatasharingandcollaborationatthepointofexperimentationfordrugdiscoveryandmirroreffortsatNIH.

5.MaketheCOVID-19HighPerformanceComputingConsortiumpermanent.

B.BuildanAI-EnabledFoundationforSmartResponse

1.Identifycriticalquestionsandcreateafederal“PandemicPreparednessDataset.”

2.Investinthedigitalmodernizationofstateandlocalhealthinfrastructurerequiredforeffectivediseasesurveillance.

3.BolsterU.S.nationalsyndromicsurveillancecapabilities.

4.Enhanceglobalcooperationonsmartdiseasesurveillanceandinternationalhealthdatanormsandstandards.

5.InvestinAI-drivencapabilitiestomaintainmilitaryreadiness.

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LetterfromtheExecutiveDirector

TheCOVID-19pandemicstandsasavividreminderthathealthsecurityisnational

security.ThevirusthreatenstheU.S.economy,thehealthofourcitizens,thereadinessofourarmedforces,andAmerica’sroleintheworld.Ittakesnoleapofimaginationtoenvisionasimilar,orevenmorecatastrophicbiothreatemergingfromapathogen

engineeredforlethalityanddeployedasaweapon.WhileAmericanshavelong

understoodthatconfrontingbiothreats—-includingpandemics—areimportantto

nationalsecurity,anyfuturestrategiesmustintegratebiohealthandpandemicplanningandpreparationsevenmoredeeply.

IbelievetheNationalSecurityCommissiononArtificialIntelligence(NSCAI)hasa

responsibilitytoofferrecommendationsthatwillleavethenationinahealthierpositionafterthiscrisisandprepareitforthenextgenerationofnationalsecuritythreats.A

successfulstrategyforconfrontingthecurrentpandemicdependsinlargepartonharnessingandapplyingnewtechnologies—manyofwhichareunderpinnedby

artificialintelligence(AI).TheCommissionmandateistoconsiderhowthe

UnitedStatesshouldadvancethedevelopmentofartificialintelligence,machine

learning,andassociatedtechnologiestocomprehensivelyaddressitsnationalsecurityanddefenseneeds.HarnessingAIandassociatedtechnologiesnowtoconfrontthepandemicwillhelptoprotectournation’shealthandpreserveourgloballeadershipgoingforward.

TheCommissionhasinitiatedtemporaryspecialprojectstoissuewhitepapersthat

addressAI-relatedaspectsofpandemicresponseandimplicationsofthecrisisfor

America’ssecurityandstrategiccompetitiveness.Eachpaperisacollaborationof

participatingCommissionersandselectstaff,andonlyreflectstheviewsofthe

Commissionersandstaffwhohavecontributedtothespecialproject.Itdoesnot

reflectofficialaction,deliberation,ordecisionbytheNSCAI,all15Commissioners,a

majorityofCommissioners,oranyCommissionerwhowasnotpartofthespecial

projectthatproducedthepaper.ThesespecialprojectsareseparateanddistinctfromtheCommission’scurrentlinesofeffort.

Thefirstwhitepaper,PrivacyandEthicsRecommendationsforComputing"

ApplicationsDevelopedtoMitigateCOVID-19

,"analyzedhowcomputingapplicationscansupplementtheUnitedStates’manualcontacttracingeffortsandrecommends

privacyandethicsconsiderationsindevelopingandfieldingtheseapplications.The

secondwhitepaper,“MitigatingEconomicImpactsoftheCOVID-19Pandemicand

PreservingU.S.StrategicCompetitivenessinAI

,”offeredrecommendationsforusing

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AItomitigatetheeconomicimpactofCOVID-19,andprotectingAIandotheremergingtechnologiesasstrategicassetsandsourcesofU.S.andalliedeconomicstrength.

Thiswhitepaper,“TheRoleofAITechnologyinPandemicResponseand

Preparedness,”outlinesaseriesofinvestmentsandinitiativesthattheUnitedStatesmustundertaketorealizethefullpotentialofAItosecureournationagainst

pandemics.

Asalways,wewelcomeyourcommentsandfeedbacksubmittedvia

congress@.

YllBajraktari

ExecutiveDirector

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TheRoleofAITechnologyinPandemicResponseand

Preparedness:RecommendedInvestmentsandInitiatives

1

NationalSecurityCommissiononArtificialIntelligenceCommissionerJasonMathenyandDirectorsof

Research&AnalysisOliviaZetter,TessdeBlanc-Knowles,andMichaelGarris

2

TheCOVID-19pandemicconfirmsthathealthsecurityisnationalsecurity.NofacetofAmericanlifehasbeenspared.Thenation’seconomicprosperity,thewell-beingofits

citizens,thereadinessofitsarmedforces,anditsroleintheworldareallthreatenedbythevirus.UnitedStatesstrategyandplanninghaslongrecognizedthepotentialdanger

thatbiothreatsposetonationalsecurity,betheynaturalormanmade.3

Undoubtedly,

futureconceptionsofnationalsecuritywillhavetointegratepandemicsandbroaderbiothreatsintonationalsecurityevenmoretightly,elevatingthethreatandexpanding

1

ThiswhitepaperreflectstheviewsofthecommissionerandstaffwhohaveparticipatedinthisspecialprojectontheroleofAIandtechnologyinpandemicresponseandpreparedness.Itdoesnotreflect

officialaction,deliberation,ordecisionbytheNSCAI,all15commissioners,amajorityof

commissioners,oranycommissionerwhowasnotpartofthisspecialproject.

2

NSCAIstaffRainaDavisprovidedkeycontributionstothiswhitepaper.

3

TheU.S.activelyengagedinbiodefenseprogramsduringWWIIandtheColdWar.Inmorerecent

decades,protectingagainstnaturalandmanmadebiologicalthreatshavebeenincludedinU.S.NationalSecurityStrategiessince1995,andnationalbiodefensepresidentialdirectivesandstrategieshavebeenreleasedbyeveryadministrationsincetheClintonAdministration.SeeNationalSecurityStrategyofthe

UnitedStatesofAmerica,TheWhiteHouseat9(Dec.2017),

/wp-content/

uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf

.Foradditionalhistory,seeANationalBlueprintfor

Biodefense:LeadershipandMajorReformNeededtoOptimizeEfforts,BipartisanCommissiononBiodefense

(Oct.2015),

/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/

NationalBluePrintNov2018-03.pdf

;NationalSecurityStrategy,HistoricalOffice,OfficeoftheSecretaryof

Defense,DepartmentofDefense(lastvisitedJune16,2020),

/Historical

-

Sources/National-Security-Strategy/

;EvolutionofU.S.BiodefensePolicy,BiodefenseSummitTranscript,U.S.DepartmentofHealth&HumanServices(lastreviewedJune21,2019),

/

Preparedness/biodefense-strategy/Pages/kadlec-transcript.aspx

.

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thewaysandmeansforrespondingtopandemicstoprotecttheAmericanpeopleandUnitedStatesinterests.

Theearlymonthsofthepandemicresponsesuggestthattechnology—someofit

underpinnedbyartificialintelligence—offerspowerfulpotentialfordetectingand

containingthevirus,drivingbiomedicalinnovation—includingforvaccinesand

therapeutics—andimprovingresponseandrecovery.4

Whileit'sunclearwhetherAIwillsignificantlyaffectthecourseoftheCOVID-19pandemic,theseinitialinvestigations

illustratehowAIcouldbeusedtoenhancepandemicpreparednessandresponseinthefuture.Withtherightinvestments,overthenextdecadeAIcouldrevolutionizehow

scientistsunderstanddata,carryoutresearch,anddesignnewpharmaceuticals;how

doctorsdiagnosecertaindiseasesandinteractwiththeirpatients;andhowpublichealth

officialsmanageinformationandmakedecisions.5

WerecognizethatAIisnotapanaceaandsomeofthetechnologicalpromiseis,today,

moretheoreticalthanpractical.6

Algorithmscanperformdifferentlyinthefieldthantheydointhelab.Biascancreepintounderlyingdataandmodeldesign.Many

applicationsremainbrittle,withlittletransferabilityorefficacyoutsidetheirnarrowanddiscreteusecases.Andittakeseducationandtrainingtoteachdoctorsandscientiststousenewtoolsandintegratethemintotheirworkflow.Caremustbetakentoensurethat

appliedsystemsandtoolsaresafe,trustworthy,unbiased,andunderstoodbyusers.7

Yet,thepromiseofAI-enabledtechnologyisrealandbuildsonthelong-standingstrengthsoftheAmericantechnologyecosystem.TheCommission’sinterimreporthighlightedtheenduringpoweroftheUnitedStatesinnovationmodel.The

4

PromisingeffortscurrentlyunderwaydetailedinPartIofthispaper.

5

ClaudiaWallis,HowArtificialIntelligenceWillChangeMedicine,nature(Dec.18,2019),

https://

/articles/d41586-019-03845-1

.

6

ThefollowingresourcesoutlinethetypesofconcernsthatmustbetakenintoconsiderationinordertosafelyandeffectivelyapplyAIsolutions.AlexEngler,AGuidetoHealthySkepticismofArtificialIntelligence

andCoronavirus,Brookings(Apr.2,2020),

/research/a-guide-to-healthy-

skepticism-of-artificial-intelligence-and-coronavirus/;MyuraNagendran,etalArtificialIntelligenceV.,

ersusClinicians:SystematicReviewofDesign,ReportingStandards,andClaimsofDeepLearningStudies,BMJ(Mar.25,

2020),

/content/368/bmj.m689

;WillDouglasHeaven,Google’sMedicalAIwasSuperAccurateinaLab.RealLifewasaDifferentStory.,MITTechnologyReview(Apr.27,2020),

https://

/2020/04/27/1000658/google-medical-ai-accurate-lab-real-life-clinic-covid-

diabetes-retina-disease/

;

/story/artificial-intelligence-wont-save-us-from-

coronavirus/

.

7

ChristineM.Cutillo,etal.,MachineIntelligenceinHealthcare—PerspectivesonTrustworthiness,Explainability,Usability,andTransparency,npjDigitalMedicine(Mar.26,2020),

/articles/

s41746-020-0254-2

.

7

UnitedStatesGovernment,universities,andprivatecompanieshavelongservedasthe

reinforcingpillarsofourtechnologicalleadershipandeconomy.8

Theyhavetackled

America’stoughestsocietalandnationalsecuritychallengestogether.Onceagainthis“triangularalliance”ismobilizingforactiontoresearch,develop,andfieldnew

technologiestoprotecttheAmericanpeopleandleadtheworldinnext-generationsolutionstobiologicalthreats,whethernaturalorengineered.

PartIofthisWhitePaperidentifieswaysthatAIisshowingpromisenowandcouldhelpinthefuture.PartIIoutlinesaseriesofinvestmentsandinitiativesthatthe

UnitedStatesmustundertaketorealizethefullpotentialofAItosecureournationagainstpandemics.

PartI.PromisingUsesofAIforPandemicResponse—NowandintheFuture

BelowwesummarizeseveralwaysinwhichAIcanbeappliedtoadvance

healthcare,biomedicine,andbiosecurity.Thesearebrokendownacrossfour

primaryareas:1)situationalawarenessanddiseasesurveillance;2)diagnostics;

3)productionofvaccines,therapeutics,andmedicalequipment;and,

4)ongoinghealthcare-protectingthehealthyandtreatingthesick.AIis

continuallyevolving.Investingintheseareaswillimproveexistingapplications,leadtonovelusecases,andofferevengreateropportunitiestokeepourcitizenssafe.Whileit'sunclearwhetherAIwillsignificantlyaffectthecourseofCOVID-19,theseinitial

investigationssuggesthowAIcanbeusedtoenhancepandemicpreparednessandresponseinthefuture.

A.SituationalAwarenessandDiseaseSurveillance

Understandthethreatthroughdiseasemodeling.AIisbeingemployedtobetterunderstandhowdiseases,includingCOVID-19,spreadandwaystofightthem.AI

modelsarepredictingthestructureofproteinsassociatedwiththevirus9

andmapping

8

InterimReport,NationalSecurityCommissiononArtificialIntelligenceat24(Nov.2019),

https://

/reports/

.

9

ComputationalPredictionsofProteinStructuresAssociatedwithCOVID-19,DeepMind(Apr.8,2020),

https://

/research/open-source/computational-predictions-of-protein-structures-associated-with-

COVID-19

;

/news?year=2020&article=5e3c4bcba5007a04a313edcc

.

8

thespreadofinfection,10

enablingresearcherstodeterminethemechanismsthevirus

employstoinfecthumansandhowtheycanbeinhibited.11

NaturalLanguage

ProcessinghelpsresearchersgainfasterunderstandingofCOVID-19bycombing

throughvastamountsofmedicalresearchliteraturetofindanswersandbuildonthe

workofotherexperts.12

Inthefuture,theapplicationofAItovirologycould

dramaticallyexpediteourabilitytounderstandandcombatemergingviralthreats.

Enableearlyoutbreakdetectionandreal-timediseasesurveillance.AIiscurrentlybeingusedtoingestandfusenearreal-timedatafromvariedsources––includingnews

feeds,socialmedia,publichealthdata,clinicalhealthdata,anddigitalhealthtools––to

monitorforoutbreaks,gaugenewhotspots,andmeasuretheprogressandseverityof

thevirus.13

CanadiancompanyBlueDotusedanAI-driventooltodetecttheCOVID-19outbreakinWuhan,China,doingsobeforewidespreadrecognitionofthe

disease’semergence.14

Boston-basedenterpriseAIproviderDataRobothasbuilt

10

Forexample,scientistsatLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryareapplying“machine-learning

methodsto...healthandenvironmentaldatasets,combinedwithhigh-resolutionclimatemodelsand

seasonalforecasts,”todeterminetheenvironmentalfactorsinfluencingtransmission.EmilyHenderson,ScientistsUseMachineLearningMethodstoEstimateCOVID-19’sSeasonalCycle,News-Medical.Net(May20,2020),

/news/20200520/Scientists-use-machine-learning-methods-to-

estimate-COVID-19s-seasonal-cycle.aspx

.

11

KarinaMazhukhina,HowAIisHelpingScientistsintheFightAgainstCOVID-19,fromRobotstoPredictingtheFuture,GeekWire(Apr.8,2020),

/2020/ai-helping-scientists-fight-covid-19-

robots-predicting-future/

.

12

AllenInstituteforAI,COVID-19OpenResearchDatasetChallenge,kaggle(updatedJune9,2020),

/allen-institute-for-ai/CORD-19-research-challenge

.Forexample,ateamat

NorthwesternUniversityhasdevelopedatooltoratethepromiseofscientificpapersonCOVID-19

vaccinesandtreatmentsbyestimatingreproducibility,aimingtohelpresearchersfocusoneffortswithahigherchanceoftangibleresults.VinodSreeharsha,NorthwesternUniversityTeamDevelopsTooltoRate

COVID-19Research,WallStreetJournal(May12,2020),

/articles/northwestern-

university-team-develops-tool-to-rate-covid-19-research-11589275800

;AnotherteamattheAllen

InstituteforAIdevelopedasystemtofactcheckscientificclaimsaroundCOVID-19.KarenHao,AI

CouldHelpScientistsFact-checkCOVIDClaimsAmidaDelugeofResearch,MITTechnologyReview(May29,2020),

/2020/05/29/1002349/ai-coronavirus-scientific-fact-

checking/.

13

Forexample,thelong-standingdiseasesurveillanceprogram,HealthMap,usesmachinelearningtoscan

opensourceinformationinrealtimeandvisuallymapdiseaseoutbreakandspread.HealthMap,

https://

/en/

;JohnMcCormick,OnlineMapTracksCoronavirusOutbreakinRealTime,Wall

StreetJournal(Mar.5,2020),

/articles/online-map-tracks-coronavirus-outbreak-in-

real-time-11583354911

.TheArmyhasaugmenteditsAI-poweredJointAnalyticReal-timeVirtual

InformationSharingSystem(JARVISS)totrackthepandemicandprovideaCOVID-19specificdashboardtocommanders.JacksonBarnett,NewJobforJARVISS:CoronavirusTrackingfortheArmy,FedScoop(Apr.28,2020),

/coronavirus-tracking-army-jarviss/

.

14

BillWhitaker,TheComputerAlgorithmthatwasAmongtheFirsttoDetecttheCoronavirusOutbreak,CBS60Minutes(Apr.27,2020),

/news/coronavirus-outbreak-computer-algorithm-

artificial-intelligence/

.

9

AI-basedmodelsthatpredictCOVID-19spreaddowntothecountylevel,creatinga

toolthatcanhelpinformlocalpolicydecisions.15

AI-drivenplatformswillbe

increasinglycapableofuniversaldataingestionofunstructuredmulti-domaindatasources.Theseplatformswillprovideleadersandpublichealthofficialswithtailoredalertsandreal-timesituationalawarenessofemergingthreats.

Monitorandpreventzoonoticspillovers.AI-enabledpredictivetoolscanhelp

monitorforzoonoticspillovers,16

identifyat-riskenvironmentalareasandinformwhere,when,andwhatdatatocollect;therebycontributingtobothresearchandcriticalearly

warningsystems.17

AIhasbeenusedtoidentifynewspeciesofvirus,aswellasanimal

speciesthatmaycarrypathogensthatcouldjumptohumans.18

Today’sAIcapabilitiescanalreadybeusedtosiftthroughmolecular,epidemiological,ecological,andclimate

datatoidentifyvulnerabilitiesforsuchzoonoticspillovers.19

Asmoredataisgeneratedthroughthisworkandasthetechnologyprogressesformergingmulti-sourcedataandmodels,zoonoticwarningsystemscouldcombinewiththeoutbreakdetectionplatformsdescribedaboveforearlierandmoreaccuratediseasedetection.

15

SergeyYurgenson,etal.,PredictingCOVID-19ontheU.S.CountyLevel,DataRobot(Mar.17,2020),

/blog/predicting-the-covid-19-on-the-u-s-county-level/

.

16

Zoonoticspilloveris“pathogentransmissionfromavertebrateanimaltoahuman.”AlfonsoJ.

Rodriguez-Morales,etal.,HistoryisRepeatingItself:ProbablyZoonoticSpilloverastheCauseofthe2019NovelCoronavirusEpidemic,InfezMed(Mar.1,2020),

/32009128/

.

17

AmyMaxmen,MachineLearningSpotsTreasureTroveofElusiveViruses,nature(Mar.19,2020),

https://

/articles/d41586-018-03358-3

.TheGlobalPublicHealthIntelligenceNetwork

(GPHIN)isanAI-enabledmonitoringsystemforongoinginfectiousdiseasesurveillanceanddetection.

RunbyHealthCanadaandWHO,GPHINprovidedearlyalertsofSARSandMERS-CoVandplayeda

significantroleinthemonitoringoftheEbolaoutbreakinWestAfrica.M.Dion,etal.,BigDataandthe

GlobalPublicHealthIntelligenceNetwork,CCDR(Sept.3,2015),

https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-

aspc/migration/phac-aspc/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/15vol41/dr-rm41-09/assets/pdf/ccdrv41i09a02-eng.pdf.

18

AmyMaxmen,MachineLearningSpotsTreasureTroveofElusiveViruses,nature(Mar.19,2020),

https://

/articles/d41586-018-03358-3

;BoerDeng,ArtificialIntelligenceJoinsHuntforHuman-

AnimalDiseases,Nature(May18,2015),

/news/artificial-intelligence-joins-hunt-

for-human-animal-diseases-1.17568

.

19

MichaelC.Lu,FuturePandemicscanbePrevented,butThat’llRelyonUnprecedentedGlobalCooperation,

WashingtonPost(Apr.17,2020),

/health/future-pandemics-can-be-

prevented-but-thatll-rely-on-unprecedented-global-cooperation/

2020/04/16/0caca7b8-7e6d-11ea-8013-1b6da0e4a2b7_story.html

;UNEPFrontiers2016Report:EmergingIssuesofEnvironmentalConcern,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2016),

https://

/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7664/Frontiers_2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

;TophAllen,etal.,GlobalHotspotsandCorrelatesofEmergingZoonoticDiseases,NatureCommunications(Oct.24,2017),

/articles/s41467-017-00923-8

.

10

Advancebioforensicsforthreatanalysis.Whenanoutbreakoccurs,bioforensic

analysisplaysakeyroleindeterminingthecauseasnatural,intentional,oraccidental.20

COVID-19hashighlightedtheinherentcomplexityinidentifyingtheoriginofadiseaseoutbreak.Bioforensiccapabilitiesseektodetecthigh-consequencebiothreatsandprofile

pathogensamplesduringanincidentforuniquesignaturesthatcanaidattribution.21

AIisenablingadvancesinkeysciencesfornextgenerationbioforensics—including

genomics,proteomics,andmetabolomics22

—thatseektoanswerbothagent-specific

andthreat-agnosticquestions.23

AIwillfurtherprogressbioforensicsbyenabling

inferentialandpredictivemethodsforinterpretingdataandidentifyingkeyindicators.24

Detectpathogenswithadvancedsensing.Newintelligentsensortechnologiescouldcompiledataonnewpathogens(includinginstancesofweaponizedpathogens),trace

exhaleddropletsdispersedthroughtheairanddepositedonsurfaces,25

detectearly

onsetofinfectionthroughwearablesensors,26

andencouragesocialdistancingthroughmobileproximitydetection.Goingforward,AIwilllikelyplayanincreasingrolein

identifyingnovelsensingmaterialsandwaystobuildnewcapabilities,aswellasserveafunctionalrolewithincertainsensors.

20

Thefieldofmicrobialandbioforensicsevolvedfollowingthe2001anthraxattacksintheUnitedStatesandsubsequentU.S.governmentinvestmentinbiothreatdetectioncapabilities.AliS.Khan,etal.,

MicrobialForensics:Chapter8-ForensicPublicHealth:EpidemiologicalandMicrobiologicalInvestigationsforBiosecurity,ScienceDirect(2020),

/science/article/pii/B9780128153796000088

;

/about-us-2/history/

.

21

JamesBurans,etal.,TheNationalBioforensicAnalysisCenter,ElsevierPublicHealthEmergencyCollection(Dec.6,2019),

/pmc/articles/PMC7153312/

.

22

DavideChicco,etal.,Editorial:ArtificialIntelligenceBioinformatics:DevelopmentandApplicationofToolsforOmicsandInter-OmicsStudies,Frontiers(Apr.9,2020),

/articles/10.3389/

fgene.2020.00309/full

;NikolaosPerakakis,etal.,Omics,BigDataandMachineLearningasToolstoPropelUnderstandingofBiologicalMechanismsandtoDiscoverNovelDiagnosticsandTherapeutics,Metabolism(Aug.8,2018),

/article/S0026-0495(18)30170-7/fulltext#%20

.

23

JamesBurans,etal.,TheNationalBioforensicAnalysisCenter,ElsevierPublicHealthEmergencyCollection(Dec.6,2019),

/pmc/articles/PMC7153312/

.

24

Id.

25

ClaudiaIbacache-Quiroga,etal.,DetectionandControlofIndoorAirbornePathogenicBacteriabyBiosensors

BasedonQuorumSensingChemicalLanguage,IntechOpen(Dec.22,2017),

/

books/biosensing-technologies-for-the-detection-of-pathogens-a-prospective-way-for-rapid-analysis/

detection-and-control-of-indoor-airborne-pathogenic-bacteria-by-biosensors-based-on-quorum-sensing-c

;

DinnerPlateDetectives:AISensorswillDetectFoodbornePathogensatHome,IBMResearch(lastvisitedJune16,

2020),

/5-in-5/plate/

.

26

MattHamblen,NorthwesternCreatesWearableSensorforDetectingCOVID-19Symptoms,FierceElectronics

(May21,2020),

/electronics/northwestern-creates-wearable-sensor-

for-detecting-covid-19-symptoms

.

11

B.Diagnostics

Diagnosepatientsandtriagecare.AIishelpingscientistsdevelopmoreeffective

testsforCOVID-19byallowingthemtomorerapidlyandcomprehensivelyinfer

biologicalinsightsthatcontributetotestdesign,27

aswellasmodelanddesignthe

antibodiesandenzymesthatarethecomponentsofimmunoassaydiagnostictests.28

AI-enabledtoolsarealsobeingdirectlyusedindiagnosticstoassistandinformexpertassessments.Toolsthatanalyzechestscanshaveassistedradiologistsindetecting

diseaseslikebreastcancerandtuberculosis.29

Somehospitalshaveappliedsimilar

technologytodetectCOVID-19andtoassessdiseaseseverityandcareneeds.30

OthershavebuiltnovelAI-basedtoolsthataiddiagnosisbasedonclinicalsymptomsand

routinelaboratorytests.31

However,thesuccessofthesetoolsishighlydependentonlargeamountsofdisease-specifictrainingdata,makingitdifficulttorapidlytransitionAItoolsdesignedforotherdiseasestohelphealthcareprofessionalsdetectandassess

27

DARPA’sEpigeneticCharacterizationObservation(ECHO)program’snovelCOVID-19diagnostictestusedAItoolstorapidlydevelopthetest.Inparticular,theprogramreliedonIcahnSchoolof

Medicine'spathway-levelinformationextractor(PLIER)toautomaticallyidentifyspecificpathwaysthatregulategeneexpression.MelissaHarris,DARPA’sCOVID-19TestDetectsVirusBeforePeopleBecome

Infectious,GovernmentCIO(May6,2020),

/darpas-covid-19-test-

detects-virus-people-become-infectious

;WeiguangMao,etal.,Pathway-levelInformationExtractor(PLIER)

forGeneExpressionData,NatureMethods(June27,2019),

/articles/

s41592-019-0456-1

.

28

CormacSheridan,Fast,PortableTestsComeOnlinetoCurbCoronavirusPandemic,NatureBiotechnology(June3,2020),

/articles/d41587-020-00010-2

.

29

MarlaPaul,ArtificialIntelligenceImprovesBreastCancerDetectiononMammogramsinEarlyResearch,

NorthwesternUniversity(Jan.1,2020),

/stories/2020/01/ai-breast

-

cancer/

;SagarKulkarni&SaurabhJha,ArtificialIntelligence,Radiology,andTuberculosis:AReview,

PubM(Jan.2020),

/31759796/

.

30

XueyanMei,etal.,ArtificialIntelligence-EnabledRapidDiagnosisofPatientswithCOVID-19,NatMed(May19,2020),

/the-human-os/biomedical/imaging/hospitals-deploy-ai-tools

-

detect-covid19-chest-scans/32427924/.Forexample,theMayoc;

linicistrialingAIsoftwaretoanalyzeechocardiogramstopredictifaCovid-19patientisathighriskof

sufferingacardiacarrestordevelopingotherheartproblemsaswellasanAIalgorithmtoanalyzean

EKGtoassesstheriskthataCovid-19patienthasaweakenedheartpump.BrianGormley,StartupsSeektoUnravelCardiovascular-DiseaseMysteriesinCOVID-19,WallStreetJournal(May27,2020),

https://

/articles/startups-seek-to-unravel-cardiovascular-disease-mysteries-in

-

covid-19-11590571800

.

31

CongFeng,etal.,ANovelTriageToolofArtificialIntelligenceAssistedDiagnosisAidSystemforSuspec