利用可再生能源实现难减排部门脱碳 DECARBONISING HARD-TO-ABATE SECTORS WITH RENEWABLES

DECARBONISING

HARD-TO-ABATESECTORS

WITHRENEWABLES

PERSPECTIVESFORTHEG7

©IRENA2024

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ISBN:978-92-9260-601-5

Citation:IRENA(2024),Decarbonisinghard-to-abatesectorswithrenewables:PerspectivesfortheG7,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

AboutIRENA

TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)isanintergovernmentalorganisationthatsupportscountriesintheirtransitiontoasustainableenergyfuture,andservesastheprincipalplatformforinternationalco-operation,acentreofexcellence,andarepositoryofpolicy,technology,resourceandfinancialknowledgeonrenewableenergy.IRENApromotesthewidespreadadoptionandsustainableuseofallformsofrenewableenergy,includingbioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solarandwindenergyinthepursuitofsustainabledevelopment,energyaccess,energysecurityandlow-carboneconomicgrowthandprosperity.

Acknowledgements

ThisreportwasauthoredbyGayathriPrakash,CarlosRuiz,andLuisJaneiro,undertheguidanceofFranciscoBoshellandRolandRoesch(Director,IRENAInnovationandTechnologyCentre),withthesupportofthe2024ItalianG7Presidency,toinformdiscussionsduringmeetingsamongseniorofficialsaswelltheG7Ministers'MeetingonClimate,EnergyandEnvironmentinTorinoCityon29-30April2024.

ValuableinputwasalsoprovidedbyIRENAcolleagues:SimonBenmarraze,EmanueleBianco,YongChen,AbdullahFahad,JinleiFeng,RicardoGorini,NolwaziKhumalo,DanielRusso,ZafarSamadov,ArnovandenBos,KaranKochharandDeeptiSiddhanti.

Thedraftalsobenefittedfromtheinputsandcommentsofexternalexperts,includingPierpaoloCazzola(UniversityofCaliforniaDavisandColumbiaUniversity),DolfGielen(WorldBank),DegerSaygin(OECD),andAleksandraWaliszewska(E3G).Thereportwascopy-editedbyJonathanGorvettandatechnicalreviewwasprovidedbyPaulKomor.EditorialandcommunicationssupportwereprovidedbyFrancisField,StephanieClarkeandDariaGazzola.ThegraphicdesignwasprovidedbyNachoSanz.

IRENAisgratefulforthesupportreceivedfromtheGovernmentofItalytoproducethisreport.Thereportusesinformationcollectedinthecontextofthe“InnovationForRenewableEnergyTransitions”(IFRET)projectfundedbytheEuropeanUnion.

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FOREWORD

IRENA'sWorldEnergyTransitionsOutlookpresentsacomprehensiveandcost-effectivepathwaytolimitglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureriseto1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevelsby2050.Toachievethis,itisnecessarytodecarboniseallsectorsoftheeconomybyaroundmid-century.However,therearecurrentlysectorsthatarehardtodecarbonise-namelyheavy-dutytrucks,shipping,aviation,ironandsteel,andchemicalsandpetrochemicals.Thesesectorsalonerepresentaquarteroftheworld'senergyconsumptionandafifthoftotalCO2emissions.Thisislikelytoincreaseinthecomingdecadesiftheycontinuetorelyonfossilfuels.

Renewablescanplayacentralroleindecarbonisingthesehard-to-abatesectors,andsolutionsareincreasinglyavailabletoday;yetdespitepromisingprogressandincreasedattentionfrompolicymakers,noneofthehard-to-abatesectorsisontracktoreachnet-zeroemissionsbymid-century.

Theaccelerationofdecarbonisationinthesehard-to-abatesectorsrequiresdecisiveactionfromgovernmentsandtheprivatesector,withfar-reachingimplicationsfornationalandinternationalpolicy,technologyandinfrastructureplanning,globalcommoditymarkets,internationalsupplychains,andbusinessmodels.TheG7canplayaninfluentialroleinspearheadingdecarbonisationeffortsbyadoptingthe11recommendationspresentedinthisreport.TheGroupcanalsoworkalongsidenon-G7countriesbysharingbestpractices,removingtradebarriers,andestablishingcommonstandardsanddefinitionsforlow-carboncommodities.

Thisreport-preparedtoinformdiscussionsduringmeetingsamongG7seniorofficialsaswelltheG7Ministers'MeetingonClimate,EnergyandEnvironmentinTorinoCityon29-30April2024–istheresultofIRENA’scontinuedsupporttotheG7andourMembersindevelopingactionplansthatacceleratethedecarbonisationofhard-to-abatesectorsinordertoachievethe1.5°CtargetoftheParisAgreement.

FrancescoLaCamera

Director-General

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency

4

CONTENTS

Figures 5

Abbreviations 6

Executivesummary 8

1.Introduction 13

1.1Objectivesandstructureofthisreport 13

1.2Decarbonisinghard-to-abatesectors 14

2.Challenges,solutions,andprogresstowardsdecarbonisation

oftheselectedsectors 17

2.1Heavy-dutytrucks 17

2.2Shipping 24

2.3Aviation 32

2.4Ironandsteel 38

2.5Chemicalsandpetrochemicals 46

3.Acceleratingthetransformation 52

3.1Keyconsiderationsinthedecarbonisationofhard-to-abatesectors 52

3.2RecommendationsfortheG7 55

References 61

5

FIGURES

FigureS1EnergyconsumptionandCO2emissionsforselectedhard-to-abatesectors,2022 8

FigureS2Summaryofkeytechnologicalpathwaysandreadinessassessment

forselectedsectors 9

Figure1Energyconsumption,CO2emissions,activitymetricsforselected

hard-to-abatesectors,2022 15

Figure2Maintechnologypathwaysforthedecarbonisationofindustryandtransport 16

Figure3Evolutionandprojectionsto2030forbatterycellenergydensity(left)

andcosts(right) 19

Figure4Summaryofdecarbonisationpathwaysandinfrastructureneedsfor

heavy-dutytrucks 20

Figure5CO2emissionsbymainvesseltypes,2012-2023 25

Figure6Costcomparisonofrenewablemarinefuels 28

Figure7Summaryofdecarbonisationpathwaysandinfrastructureneedsforshipping 29

Figure8HistoricalandprojectedCO2emissionsoftheaviationsector,19902050 33

Figure9Productioncostcomparisonofsustainableaviationfuels 35

Figure10Summaryofdecarbonisationpathwaysandinfrastructureneedsforaviation 36

Figure11Traditionalpathwaysforsteelproduction 39

Figure12Shareofproductionroutesandtheirestimatedemissionsintensities 40

Figure13Globalsteeldemandandscrapavailability,2020-2050 41

Figure14Summaryofdecarbonisationpathwaysandinfrastructureneeds

forironandsteel 43

Figure15Overviewoffeedstocksandpetrochemicalproducts 47

Figure16Summaryofdecarbonisationpathwaysandinfrastructureneeds

forchemicalsandpetrochemicals 50

Figure17Summaryofkeytechnologicalpathwaysandreadinessassessment

ofselectedsectors 53

6

ABBREVIATIONS

AFIR

ATAG

BECCS

BECCU

BF

BOF

CBAM

CCfD

CCOD

CCUS

CO2

COP

CORSIA

CTE

DAC

DC

DRI

EJ

EAF

ECEG

EU

EUETS

EUR

EV

FAME

GHG

AlternativeFuelsInfrastructure

Regulation

AirTransportActionGroup

bioenergywithcarboncaptureandstorage

bioenergywithcarboncaptureandutilisation

blastfurnace

basicoxygenfurnace

CarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanismCarbonContractsforDifference

CarbonContractsforDifference

carboncapture,utilisationandstoragecarbondioxide

ConferenceoftheParties

CarbonOffsettingandReduction

SchemeforInternationalAviation

CommitteeonTradeandEnvironmentdirectaircapture

directcurrent

directreducediron

exajoules

electricarcfurnace

EuropeanChemicalEmployersGroup

EuropeanUnion

EuropeanUnionEmissionsTrading

System

euros

electricvehicle

fattyacidmethylester

greenhousegas

G7

gCO2eq

GDP

GPP

Gt

HEFA

HFO

HVCs

HVO

HYBRIT

ICAO

ICCA

ICCT

ICE

IDDI

Initiative

IEA

IGO

IMO

IRENA

ISO

km

kW

kWh

LNG

LPG

LTAG

MGO

Mt

GroupofSeven

grammesofCO2equivalent

grossdomesticproduct

greenpublicprocurement

gigatons

hydro-processedestersandfattyacids

heavyfueloil

high-valuechemicals

hydrotreatedvegetableoil

HydrogenBreakthroughIronmaking

Technology

InternationalCivilAviationOrganisation

InternationalCouncilofChemicals

Associations

InternationalCouncilonCleanTransport

internalcombustionengine

IndustrialDeepDecarbonisation

InternationalEnergyAgency

intergovernmentalorganisation

InternationalMaritimeOrganisation

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency

InternationalStandardOrganisation

kilometres

kilowatt

kilowatthour

liquefiednaturalgas

liquefiedpetroleumgas

long-termaspirationalgoal

marinegasoil

milliontonnes

7

MW

megawatt

TEN-T

Trans-EuropeanTransportNetwork

OECD

OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment

TESSD

TradeandEnvironmentalSustainabilityStructureDiscussions

PBtL

powerandbiomass-to-liquid

teu

twenty-footequivalentunit

pkm

passengerkilometre

TRL

technicalreadinesslevel

PV

photovoltaic

USD

UnitedStatesdollar

SAF

sustainableaviationfuel

VLSFO

verylow-sulphurfueloil

tkm

tonnekilometre

WETO

WorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook

TBT

technicalbarrierstotrade

Wh/kg

watthoursperkilogramme

3%

8

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

TheGroupofSeven(G7)hasechoedthecallfromtheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)toacceleratethepaceandscaleofrenewableenergydeployment,highlightingitsimportancenotonlyasaneffectivemeansofreducingemissionsandenhancingenergysecurity,butalsodrivingeconomicgrowthandcreatingjobs.

ThisreportaimstoprovideactionablerecommendationsthattheG7canfollowtoacceleratetheglobaleffortstodecarboniseselect“hard-to-abate”sectors,elaboratingonthetechnologicalpathwaysandenablingconditionsneededtoachievethisgoal.

Limitingtheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureriseto1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevelswillrequireallsectorsoftheeconomytodecarboniseby2050.Thisisagreatchallengethatwillrequiremassivenewinvestmentsandprofoundchangesinthewayenergysystemsoperate.

Forsomesectors,suchaspassengerroadtransport,thepathtonet-zeroemissionsisclear,asevidencedbytheexponentialriseinelectricvehiclesales.Thepaceoftransformationinsomeothersectors,however,ismuchslower.Someindustrialandtransportsub-sectorsaresubstantialgreenhousegas(GHG)emittersandarehardertodecarboniseduetotheirphysical,technologicalormarketparticularities.

Thisreportfocusesonfivehard-to-abatesectors:roadfreighttransport,shipping,aviation,ironandsteel,andchemicalsandpetrochemicals.Thesefivesectorsaccountforroughlyaquarteroftheworld’senergyconsumptionandareresponsibleforaroundafifthoftotalCO2emissions(FigureS1).

FigureS1EnergyconsumptionandCO2emissionsforselectedhard-to-abatesectors,2022

9%

4%

6%

411EJ

75%

3%3%

IronandsteelChemicalsHeavy-dutytrucks

7%4%

5%

2%

37GtCO2

80%

2%

ShippingAviationOthers

Source:(IEA,2023a).

Note:EJ=exajoules;Gt=gigatonnes;CO2=carbondioxide.

Renewablescanplayacentralroleinthedecarbonisationofallhardtoabatesectors.Thedrasticcostreductionsthatwehaveobservedinrecentyearsmakerenewablepowerthecheapestsourceofcarbon-neutralenergyworldwide.Furthermore,thereispotentialforfurthercostreductionsthroughtechnologicallearningandeconomiesofscale.

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-Readiness+

Heavy-dutytracks

Aviation

Shipping

Ironandsteel

ExEcutivESummary

Thefulldecarbonisationofthehard-to-abatesectorswillrequireacombinationofapproaches,giventhecharacteristicsofeachsector.However,mostemissionreductionswillhavetobeachievedthroughacombinationoffivemainpathwayswhichrelyprimarilyonrenewableenergyandenergyefficiencyasdescribedinFigureS2.

FigureS2Summaryofkeytechnologicalpathwaysandreadinessassessmentforselectedsectors

-Relevance+

Chemicals

and

petrochemicals

Reduceddemandandimprovedenergyemciency

Directuseofcleanelectricity.

Directuseofrenewableheatandbiomass

Indirectuseofcleanelectricityviasyntheticfuelsandfeedstocks

Useofcarbondioxidecapture,utilisation,andremovalmeasures

Note:Increasingcirclesizeindicateshigherrelevancetothedecarbonisationeffortsofeachsector,i.e.largercirclesindicate

higherrelevanceandsmallercircleslesserrelevance.Circlefillingindicatestechnologyreadiness,i.e.filledcirclesindicateatechnologyisreadyfordeployment,whileemptycirclesindicatealackofreadiness.Thedashesindicatenegligibleornorelevance.

DECARBONISINGHARD-TO-ABATESECTORSWITHRENEWABLES:PERSPECTIVESFORTHEG7

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Thetransitioninhard-to-abatesectorsrequiresfundamentalshifts,ratherthangradualsteps.

Thewindowofopportunityforactiontocountertheglobalclimatethreatandmeetthe1.5°CtargetoftheParisAgreemeisclosingfast.Meetingtheclimateagendarequiressolutionsbeyondpartialemissionreductions.Decisionmakersshouldprioritisesolutionsthatareconsistentwithnet-zeroemissions,avoiddelayingtheirdecarbonisationobjectivesandtheriskoffuturestrandedassets.Mostofthesesolutionsrelyonrenewableenergy.

Directelectrificationwillplayanincreasingrole,withimportantcontributionsinmultipleapplications.Someofthesesolutionsarealreadymature,orclosetotechnologicalmaturity.Theseinclude:theuseofelectricarcfurnacesforsteelmaking,whichwillbecomemoreimportantastheshareofrecycledsteelincreasesinthecomingdecades;batteryelectrictrucks,whichareatatechnologicalinflectionpointandbecomingincreasinglyavailable;heatpumpsforlowtomediumtemperatureheatinginindustry;andcoldironingatports.Someotherapplicationsofdirectelectrification,whilehavinggreatpotential,stillneedfurtherdevelopment.Theseinclude:electriccrackerstoproduceprimarychemicals;electrolysisofironores;andelectricorhybridaircraftandshipsforshortdistances.

Bioenergyandsyntheticfuelswillplayacritical,complementaryroletoelectrification.Scalingupsustainable,low-carbonbioenergysolutionsisnotonlykeytothedecarbonisationofshippingandaviation.Itisalsocriticalinprovidingfeedstocksforchemicalsandasapotentialcarbonsourceforsyntheticfuels.Indirectelectrification–i.e.viatheproductionofrenewablehydrogen–isalsosettoplayanimportantroleinachievingdeepemissionsreductionsinthesesectors.Itcandothisasareductantintheproductionofironinprimarysteelproduction,asaformofsyntheticfuelsforshippingandaviation,andasafeedstockforchemicalindustries.

Thesepathwayswillhavetobecomplementedbycontinuousenergyefficiencyimprovements,theapplicationoftheprinciplesofthecirculareconomy,andbehaviouralandprocesschangesthatreducedemand.Additionally,emissionscanbefurtherreducedthroughtheapplicationofCO2capture,utilisationand/orremovalmeasures,providedthatthesetechnologiesachievethenecessaryimprovementsinperformanceandeconomicstomakethemtechnicallyscalableandeconomicallyviable.

Whiletechnologyisincreasinglyavailable,intheabsenceofsufficientlyhighandwidespreadcarbonpricing,atimelytransitioninhard-to-abatesectorswillalmostcertainlyrequirepayingapremiumoverthecostoffossil-basedsystems.Costdifferentialsdifferwidelybysectorandapplication.Despitepromisingprogressandincreasedattentionfrompolicymakers,noneofthehard-to-abatesectorsisonatrajectorycompatiblewithreachingnet-zeroemissionsbymid-century.

Severalenablingconditionsneedtobeputinplacetoacceleratethedecarbonisationofhard-to-abatesectors.Thesewillrequiredecisiveactionbygovernments,aswellasbytheprivatesector.Theyalsohavefundamentalimplicationsintermsofnationalandinternationalpolicyandregulatoryenvironments,technologyandinfrastructureplanning,globalcommoditymarkets,internationalsupplychainsandbusinessmodels.

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ExEcutivESummary

Toachievethis,thisreportprovidesthefollowingrecommendationsfortheG7:

Oncreatinganenablingpolicyenvironment

1.Establishsector-specificdecarbonisationtargets:G7countriescansupportthetransitionbyestablishinglong-term,sector-specific,nationalobjectiveswithclearintermediatemilestones.Beyondnationalpolicies,G7memberscanworkwithothercountries,withinandbeyondtheG7,towardsfurtherinternationalconvergenceinthedecarbonisationobjectivesforkeytradedcommoditiessuchassteel,ammonia,andmethanol,aswellasaviationandshippingfuels.

2.Takefurtherstepstowardscreatingalevelplayingfieldforgreentechnologies.G7countriescanacceleratetheadoptionofgreentechnologiesinhard-to-abatesectorsbyimplementingnationalcarbonpricingpoliciesthatinternalisethefullvalueofthenegativeenvironmentalexternalitiesoffossilenergy.Aligningenergytaxeswithdecarbonisationobjectives–forexample,byreducingrelativetaxationofelectricityvisavisthatoffossilfuels–canalsoplayanimportantrolebydrivingtheelectrificationofheatandtransportapplications.Furthermore,G7countriescanworkwithothercountries,withinandbeyondtheG7,towardsfurtherconvergenceininternationalcarbonpricing–forexample,throughsector-specificinternationalagreements.

Onfast-trackinginfrastructuredeploymentandtechnologyadoption

3.AcceleratethedeploymentofrenewablepowersupplyinalignmentwithCOP28’spledge:

G7countriescansupportthetransitioninhard-to-abatesectorsbyscalingupdeploymentofrenewablepowersupplyinlinewiththeCOP28pledgeoftriplingrenewablecapacityby2030.Thiswillrequireadditionalefforts,includingasubstantialscalingupofinvestmentsandupdatingofpoliciesandregulations.Electrificationofhard-to-abate-sectorsmayalsoresultinopportunitiestooptimiseinvestmentsinpowersystems,aswellastheirdeployment,andoperation.Aholisticapproachtodefinethelocationofnewrenewablegenerationfacilitiescouldleadtoreducedcostsfortheenergytransitionbyminimisingstorageneedsandtheneedtotransportelectricityandotherenergycarriersproducedwithelectricity.

4.Scaleupsustainablebioenergyproductionandsustainablecarbonsourcing:G7countriescansupportthetransitioninhard-to-abatesectorsbyworkingwithinandbeyondtheG7toscaleupglobalsustainablebiomasssupplychains.Thiscanbeachievedwithpoliciesthatprovideincentivesfortheproductionand/oruseofbioenergy,coupledwithstrictsustainabilitygovernanceproceduresandregulations.

5.Kick-startdeploymentofproductioncapacityforgreenhydrogenderivatives:G7countriescanacceleratethetransitioninhard-to-abatesectorsbysupportingthefirstwaveofcommercial-scaleplantstoproducelowcarboncommoditiesusinggreenhydrogen–suchasammonia,methanolandiron.

DECARBONISINGHARD-TO-ABATESECTORSWITHRENEWABLES:PERSPECTIVESFORTHEG7

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6.Enhanceplanningtoacceleratethedeploymentofcriticalinfrastructure:G7countriescansupportthetransitioninhard-to-abatesectorsbystrengtheningcross-sectorplanningandinternationalco-ordinationinenergy,industry,trade,transport,andtheenvironment.Theycanalsosupportthetransitionbyacceleratingpermittinganddeploymentofcriticalenergyinfrastructure.Amongothers,thisincludespowergrids–pairedwithsmartelectrificationstrategies–bioenergyconversionplants,hydrogennetworks,andfuelterminalsinportsandairports.

7.Drivetheadoptionofinnovativetechnologiestoavoidlock-in:G7countriescanacceleratetheglobaltransitioninhard-to-abatesectorsbyprioritisingandpromotingthedeploymentoftechnologiesthatareconsistentwithnet-zeroemissions.G7memberscanalsoworkwithnon-G7countriestowardsthewidespreadadoptionofsuchnewsolutions,particularlyindevelopingnations.Thiscanbedonethroughinteraliatechnologyco-operationprogrammes,theexchangeofbestpractices,andmanyothermethodstoavoidlock-in.

Ondrivingmarketsandfinancialflows

8.Createinitialmarketsforlowcarboncommodities:G7countriescansupportthetransitioninhard-to-abatesectorsbyestablishinggreenpublicprocurementprogrammesormandatesforlowcarboncommodities.G7memberscanalsoworkwithinandoutsidetheG7toaccelerateinternationalconvergenceindefinitions,standards,thresholds,andcertificationprocedurestoenabletheinternationaltradeofsuchlowcarboncommodities.

9.Bridgethefinancegap:G7countriescandriveanincreaseinglobalinvestmentflowstowardshard-to-abatesectorsbyworkingtogetherwiththeprivatesectorandfinancialinstitutionsinde-riskingprojectswithinandoutsidetheG7.Governmentsupportforprojectbankabilitycanbeimplementedthroughseveralmechanisms,suchasviatheprovisionofguarantees,concessionalloans,andblendedfinance,amongotherinstruments.

Ondevelopingaskilledworkforce

10.Supportthedevelopmentofaskilledworkforce:G7countriescanplayasignificantroleindevelopingtheskillsneededforthetransitioninhard-to-abatesectors.Potentialmeasuresincludeexchanginginformationoninnovativetechnologiesandbestpracticesandprovidingfinancialsupporttospecialisededucationalprogramsandtrainings.

Onleveraginginternationalco-operation

11.Fosterinternationalco-operation:G7countriescanworktogetherwithdevelopingcountriestowardsmutuallybeneficialpartnershipstodecarbonisesupplychainsforindustrialcommodities.Thiscanbedonethroughco-operativelong-terminvestmentplanningthatresultsinalowercostofdecarbonisationforall.

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1.INTRODUCTION

1.1Objectivesandstructureofthisreport

TheGroupofSeven(G7)hasechoedthecallfromtheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)toacceleratethepaceandscaleofrenewableenergydeployment.1Thishighlightstheimportanceofrenewablesnotonlyaseffectivemeansofreducingemissionsandenhancingenergysecurity,butalsoofdrivingeconomicgrowthandcreatingjobs.

In2023,theG7statedthattheywould“acceleratethedeploymentofrenewableenergiessuchassolar,onshore/offshorewind,hydropower,geothermal,sustainablebiomass,biomethaneandtidalusingmoderntechnologies,aswellasinvestinthedevelopmentanddeploymentofnext-generationtechnologies,anddevelopsecure,sustainableandresilientsupplychains”(G7MinistersofClimate,EnergyandtheEnvironment,2023).

The2024G7PresidencyrequestedIRENA’sadviceonhowtheG7couldcontributetoacceleratingglobalenergytransitions.

Whiletheenergytransitionwillinvolvethedecarbonisationofthepower,transport,andheatingandcoolingsectors,thereareelementsoftheenergysystemthataremorecomplexandcostliertodecarbonise.Thisisduetotechnologicallimitations,economicandgeopoliticalconcernsandthesesectors’extensivedemandforenergy.Werefertothesesectorsas“hardtoabate”.Thisreportelaboratesonthetechnologicalpathwaysandsystemicinnovationsneededtodecarbonisefiveofthesesectors:heavy-dutytrucks,shipping,aviation,ironandsteel,andchemicalsandpetrochemicals.ThisreportaimstoprovideactionablerecommendationsthattheG7canfollowtoaccelerateglobaleffortstodecarbonisethesesectors.

Thisfirstchapterincludesashortintroductiontothedecarbonisationchallenge,particularlyinthecontextofthefivehard-to-abatesectorsaddressedinthisstudy,whilealsolookingatthefivedecarbonisationpathwaysthatcouldhelpreduceemissionstonet-zero.

Chapter2delvesdeeperintothestatus,challenges,andproposedsolutionsforthedecarbonisationofeachofthefivehard-to-abatesectorsmentionedabove.Chapter3.1drawsconclusionsprovidingamoregeneralperspectiveondecarbonisation,highlightingcross-cuttingissuesandcommonalitiesintermsofchallenges,enablingconditionsandsolutionsforthedifferentsectors.Finally,Chapter3.2makesrecommendationsabouthowtheG7cansupportthesuccessfuldecarbonisationofthesesectors.

1See:

/News/pressreleases/2023/Apr/G7-Communique-Echoes-IRENAs-Call-for-Rapid-Deployment-of-Renewables

DECARBONISINGHARD-TO-ABATESECTORSWITHRENEWABLES:PERSPECTIVESFORTHEG7

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Tocomplementthiswork,IRENApreparedtwootherstudiesforthe2024G7Presidency.ThefirstoftheseoutlinestheimplicationsfortheG7ofthepledgetotriplerenewablepowerby2030madeatCOP28.Thisstudythenoffersrecommendationsonhowtomaterialisethoseambitions.Thesecondstudyfocusesonenergytransitionsthatareinclusiveandmaximiselocalvaluein