IAIS 盘点保险业的多样性、公平性和包容性

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Stocktakeondiversity,equityandinclusionintheinsurancesector

December2022

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AbouttheIAIS

TheInternationalAssociationofInsuranceSupervisors(IAIS)isavoluntarymembershiporganisationofinsurancesupervisorsandregulatorsfrommorethan200jurisdictions.ThemissionoftheIAISistopromoteeffectiveandgloballyconsistentsupervisionoftheinsuranceindustryinordertodevelopandmaintainfair,safe,andstableinsurancemarketsforthebenefitandprotectionofpolicyholdersandtocontributetoglobalfinancialstability.

Establishedin1994,theIAISistheinternationalstandard-settingbodyresponsiblefordevelopingprinciples,standards,andothersupportingmaterialforthesupervisionoftheinsurancesectorandassistingintheirimplementation.TheIAISalsoprovidesaforumformemberstosharetheirexperiencesandunderstandingofinsurancesupervisionandinsurancemarkets.

TheIAIScoordinatesitsworkwithotherinternationalfinancialpolicymakersandassociationsofsupervisorsorregulators,andassistsinshapingfinancialsystemsglobally.Inparticular,theIAISisamemberoftheFinancialStabilityBoard(FSB),amemberoftheStandardsAdvisoryCounciloftheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB),andapartnerintheAccesstoInsuranceInitiative(A2ii).Inrecognitionofitscollectiveexpertise,theIAISalsoisroutinelycalleduponbytheG20leadersandotherinternationalstandard-settingbodiesforinputoninsuranceissuesaswellasonissuesrelatedtotheregulationandsupervisionoftheglobalfinancialsector.

Formoreinformation,pleasevisit

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IAIS-International

AssociationofInsuranceSupervisors.

InternationalAssociationofInsuranceSupervisorsc/oBankforInternationalSettlements

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Tel:+41612808090

ThisdocumentwaspreparedbytheGovernanceWorkingGroupandtheMarketConductWorkingGroupinconsultationwithIAISmembers.

ThisdocumentisavailableontheIAISwebsite

()

.©InternationalAssociationofInsuranceSupervisors(IAIS),2022.

Allrightsreserved.Briefexcerptsmaybereproducedortranslatedprovidedthesourceisstated.

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ContentOverview

ContentOverview 3

ExecutiveSummary 4

Anoteonterminology 6

1Introduction 7

1.1TheIAIS’interestinDEI 7

1.2Overviewofthisstocktake 8

2Insurancesupervisors’perspectivesandactivities 10

2.1Perspectivesonpriorityandmandate 10

2.2Challenges 10

2.3Supervisoryactivities 12

2.3.1Governanceandriskmanagementfocus 12

2.3.2Marketconductfocus 18

3InsuranceindustryactiononDEI 21

3.1Asobservedbyinsurancesupervisors 21

3.2Asexplainedbytheindustrythroughstakeholderengagement 22

3.2.1WhyDEIisrelevantandimportanttoinsurers 23

3.2.2ThechallengesfacedinembeddingDEI 23

3.2.3Theroleforsupervisors 24

4Theinternational-levellandscapeandhowIAISactivityfits 25

4.1Acrosskeyinternationalorganisations 25

4.1.1Overview 25

4.1.2CommitmentstotheirownDEI 25

4.1.3RecognitionofthelinkbetweenDEIandgoodgovernanceandriskmanagement 25

4.1.4GlobalcoordinationandknowledgesharingamongfinancialsupervisorsonDEI 26

4.1.5Internationalorganisationssupportingsupervisorstoenhancegenderinclusion 27

4.2AttheIAIS 28

4.2.1IAISworktodate 28

4.2.22023andbeyond 29

5Conclusion 30

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ExecutiveSummary

TheIAISrecognisestheimportanceofdiversity,equity,andinclusion(DEI)considerationstotheobjectivesofinsurancesupervisionandconsequentlytotheIAIS'mission.DEIisparticularlyrelevanttogovernance,cultureandconduct,butalsotofinancialinclusionandsustainableeconomicdevelopmentaswellasinnovationandsocialresponsibility.

TheIAIShascommittedtodeepeningandstrengtheningitsworkonDEIinanumberofways.Theyincludeexploringtheinsurancesector'seffortsandstepstakenbysupervisorsinsupportofDEI,incorporatingrelevantDEIaspectsintoongoingIAISprojectsandactivities,andconsideringopportunitiesforcooperationonDEIwithotherinternationalorganisationsandpartners,suchastheAccesstoInsuranceInitiative(A2ii).

Thisreportrepresentsthefirststepinthiswork.ItaimstotakestockofworkonDEIalreadybeingundertakenbyinsurancesupervisors,relevantinternationalorganisationsandtheinsuranceindustry,withaviewtoidentifyingareaswheretheIAIScoulddofurtherworkinthisarea,insupportofitsmissionandstrategicplan.ThereportisnotintendedtomakerecommendationsorsetoutanIAISpositiononbestpracticesinsupervision.

InformationinthisreportontheperspectivesandactivitiesofinsurancesupervisorsisdrawnfromanIAISmembersurveyconductedinMarch/April2022.Thesurveyattracted39responsesfromjurisdictionsaroundtheworld,withthelargestproportionofresponsescomingfromWesternEuropeanjurisdictions,followedbyNorthAmericanandAsianjurisdictions.ThesurveyaskedsupervisorsabouttheirapproachestoDEI,theapproachestheyobservebeingtakenwithintheinsuranceindustryintheirjurisdictions,andtheirideasaboutfurtherworkthattheIAIScouldundertakeinthisarea.ItincludedquestionsabouttheirperceptionoftheirsupervisorymandateforDEI,theprioritytheyattributetoit,andtheactivitiestheyareundertaking,aswellastheirthoughtsonthechallengesandopportunitiesthatarise.

Keyfindingsinclude:

•JustoverhalfofthesupervisorsthatrespondedtothesurveyattributeamediumorhighprioritytotakingsupervisoryactiontopromoteDEIwithininsurers,withtheremainderviewingitasalowpriority.Thosethatnotedahighprioritygenerallymadeitoneoftheirstrategicpriorities,oftenwithafocusoncorporategovernanceandBoarddiversity.SomesupervisorsthatattributedDEIamediumpriorityindicatedthattheirjurisdictionalreadyhadsomepoliciesinplace,whilemanyofthosethatattributedalowpriorityconsidereditlessrelevantfortheirjurisdiction,outsideoftheirremit,orthattheyhadalreadymadesufficientprogress.

•Themajorityofrespondentsthoughttheyhadasupervisorymandatetoact,whileaminoritybelievedtheydidnot,orthattheyfaceotherlegalconstraints.Therewasbroadagreementthatakeychallengeistheabsenceofanagreedstandard,bestpracticeguidance,orregulatoryframeworkforapproachingDEI-relatedsupervisoryactivities.

•Anumberofjurisdictionsseeinsurers'governanceasakeyareaforsupervisoryactivityonDEI,inlinewithInsuranceCorePrinciple(ICP)7onCorporateGovernance.Thiscouldbesupportedbyacombinationofformalrequirementsandindustrycommunications.ThereportoutlinesstepsthatanumberofjurisdictionsaretakingonDEIinthecorporategovernanceofinsurers.

•Intheareaofmarketconduct,thereislesssupervisoryfocusspecificallyontheconceptofDEI,althoughthemajorityofsupervisorsdoreporthavingconveyedtosomeextenttheirsupervisoryexpectationsthatinsurersconducttheirbusinessinawaythat,ineffect,promotescustomerDEI.Thisisbecausemostsupervisorsreporthavinglaws,regulationsand/orguidelinesthatprohibit

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discriminatorypracticesininsurance,andsupervisorsareexpectedtohaveframeworksinplacerequiringthefairtreatmentofcustomersinlinewithICP19onConductofBusiness.

•AthirdofsurveyrespondentshaveconductedanalysisofthestateofDEIintheinsuranceindustryintheirjurisdiction.Supervisorshaveobservedthatactionisbeingundertakennotonlybyindividualinsurers,butalsobyindustryassociationsatvariouslevels.Industryinitiativestendtorelateeithertofinancialinclusion/accesstoinsurance,ortothepursuitofmorediversityinthepeopleworkingintheinsuranceindustry.Thereportoutlinessomeexamplesandkeythemesofindustryinitiativesinseveraljurisdictions.

TheIAISalsoengagedwithasmallsampleofstakeholdersintheinsuranceindustrywhowereaskedwhytheysawDEIasimportanttoinsurers,thebiggestchallengestheyfaceinembeddingDEI,andwhattheythinksupervisorscando.StakeholdersgenerallyagreedthatDEIcanleadtobetteroutcomesforinsurergovernanceandcustomers,listinganumberofspecificbenefits.Fromtheperspectiveofthestakeholdersinvolved,oneofthekeychallengeswasthecurrentvoluntarynatureofmuchDEIactivity:moreactionandformalstructurecouldhelpdriveprogress.TheybelievethatsupervisorsshouldsendaclearmessagetoinsurersabouttheimportanceofDEI,butavoidbeingoverlyprescriptive.

ResearchintotheworkofinternationalorganisationsrevealedgrowinginterestinDEIfromanumberofinfluentialorganisations,withafewexamplesoutlinedinthisreport,butdirectactionisstilllargelyatanearlystage.Theinternational-levellandscapesuggeststhatfurtherworkonDEIbytheIAIScouldmakeauniqueandvalue-addingcontribution.

Arisingfromtheoutcomeofthisstocktake,theIAISplanstoinitiateworkaimedathelpingsupervisorstofurtherunderstandthebenefitsofDEI,theconnectionbetweenpromotingDEIandtheirsupervisorymandates,andtherangeofavailablesupervisorypracticestopromoteDEI.Thisworkwillhavetwomainfocuses.OnewillbetoexaminethelinkbetweenDEIwithininsurers’institutionsandgovernance,riskmanagementandcorporateculture.TheotherwillbetoexaminehowDEIconsiderationsininsurers’conductofbusiness,andtheirsupervision,mayresultinfairertreatmentofconsumerswhoarevulnerable,under-servedorhavedifferentneedsincomparisonwithanormativeormajorityconsumerprofile.

TheIAISconsidersthatDEIisrelevantto,andanticipatesinterlinkageswith,otherIAISprioritywork,particularlyonthetopicsoffinancialinclusion,fintech,climateriskandprotectiongaps.DEIwillcontinuetobeastrategicthemeacrosstheIAIS’workprogramme.

TheIAISwillcontinuedrawingattentiontotheimportanceofDEIfortheachievementofbetterprudentialandconsumeroutcomesandgreaterinclusion,andencouragesthesupervisorycommunityandindustrytocontinueprogressingactivityonDEI.

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Anoteonterminology

Thesurveyofsupervisorsconfirmedthatmostjurisdictionsusesomeoralloftheterms“diversity”,“equity”,and“inclusion”.Manyhaveadoptedtheterm“diversityandinclusion”,andafewuseadditionalordifferentterms,suchas“collectivity”.

Although75%ofrespondentsreportednothavinganapplicableofficialdefinitionofDEI(oralternativerelevantterminology),manyreportedhavingrulesand/orregulationsinplacethatcovertheconcept,andthatitsmeaningcanadapttotheuniquecurrentandhistoricalcontextofthejurisdiction.Oneexampleofjurisdiction-specificterminologyisSouthAfricawheretheterms“transformationoftheinsurancesector”and“broad-basedblackeconomicempowerment”aredefinedinlegislation.1

Inharmonywithvariousdefinitionsandinterpretationsreportedbysupervisors,thisreportusesthefollowinginterpretationsoftheterms‘diversity’,‘equity’,and‘inclusion’:

•Diversity:Areflectionofthedifferencesbetweenpeoplewithinanorganisationorwidersociety.

Thisincludesdifferentperspectives,abilities,knowledge,attitudes,skills,experienceanddemographiccharacteristics.Demographiccharacteristicsareoftenconsideredakeyfactorindiversity,andmayinclude,butarenotlimitedto,characteristicssuchasage,disability,ethnicity,gender,nationalorigin,religion,sexualorientation,aswellascultural,educationaland/orsocio-economicbackground.Thenotionthatthedifferencesbetweenpeoplecanleadthemtothinkdifferentlyfromoneanotherandthereforehavevaryingperspectivestocontributetoanorganisationissometimescalled‘diversityofthought’or‘cognitivediversity’.

•Equity:Seekingtoachievefairnessandequaloutcomesforallthroughallocatingresourcesandopportunitiesinawaythatrecognisesthedifferentcircumstancesandneedsofdifferentgroupsofpeople,particularlywherethereisevidenceofdisadvantageamongcertaingroups.

Equityisdifferentfromequality:equalityoffersthesameresourcesandopportunitiestoeveryone,whileequityhelpsremovethebarriersthatsomepeoplemayfaceinaccessingresourcesandopportunities.

•Inclusion:Whenallpeopleinanorganisation,regardlessoftheirdifferences,feelasenseofbelongingwhichenablesthemtofullyparticipateinandcontributetotheorganisation.

Thisincludesacultureinwhichamixofpeople,atalllevelsofseniority,feelempoweredtospeakupandexpresstheirviews.Employeesataninclusiveorganisationfeelconfidentthattheirviewswillbeheardandthattherewillneverbenegativerepercussionsforchallengingtheprevailingviews.

•Financialinclusion:Whenindividualsandbusinesseshaveaccesstosuitablefinancialproductsthatmeettheirdifferingneeds.

1InSouthAfrica,“transformationoftheinsurancesector”isdefinedwithintheInsuranceAct,2017(ActNo18of2017)tomeantransformationasenvisagedbytheFinancialSectorCodeforBroad-BasedBlackEconomicEmpowermentissuedintermsofsection9(1)oftheBroad-BasedBlackEconomicEmpowermentAct,2003(ActNo.53of2003).“Broad-basedlackeconomicempowerment”isdefinedastheeconomicempowermentofallblackpeople,inparticularwomen,workers,youth,peoplewithdisabilitiesandpeoplelivinginruralareasthroughanassortmentofdiversebutintegratedsocio-economicstrategies…,”andthenthedefinitionproceedstoexplainwhattheseintegratedsocio-economicstrategieswillinclude.

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1Introduction

1.1TheIAIS’interestinDEI

In2021,theIAISadopteddiversity,equity,andinclusion(DEI)asoneofitskeystrategicthemes,andpublisheda

statementr

ecognisingtheimportanceofDEIininsurancesupervision.TheIAISjoinswithothersinthegrowingacknowledgmentthatadvancingDEIwithininsurers’organisationsandintheirapproachtodoingbusinesssupportsbetterprudentialandconsumeroutcomes.

Inthiscurrentwork,theIAISisinterestedinpromotingDEIatinsurersinbothaninternal/institutionalsense(ietheinsurers’workforce,leadership,culture,decision-making,andriskmanagement)andinacustomer-facingsense(ieequitableandinclusivetreatmentofcustomersthatrecognisesdiversityinthecustomerbase).Collectively,thiscoversICP7(CorporateGovernance),8(RiskManagementandInternalControls)and19(ConductofBusiness).

AdoptingagreaterregardforDEIinthecustomer-facingsensemaybringadifferentwayofthinkingaboutfairtreatmentofcustomersbyrequiringmoreconsiderationofconsumerswhoarenotinthemajority.Vulnerableconsumersareonesuchminoritycohort,andsomesupervisorshavealreadyestablisheddifferentexpectationsfortheirfairtreatment.2

Inits

IssuesPaperonInsurerCulture

(2021),theIAISnotedtheimportanceofembeddinganorganisationalculturethatconsistentlypromotessoundprudentialandconductoutcomes.TheIssuesPaperobservedthatthecollectivesetofnorms,practices,decision-makingandbehaviouralelementsthatmakeupaninsurer’sculturedirectlyinfluencehowitmanagesprudentialandconductrisks.Italsorecognisedthataninsurer’sapproachtoDEIissuesisoneelementlikelytoinfluenceitsoverallculture,andviceversa.

TheIAISconsidersthatafocusonimprovingandsustainingDEIwillhelpinsurersbuildculturesthatbettersupportsoundprudentialandconsumeroutcomesinanumberofways:

•Diversityembeddedwithinanorganisationandreinforcedbyacultureofequityandinclusionpositivelyimpactsinsurers'corporategovernanceandriskmanagementbyimprovingdecision-makingandreducingtheriskofgroupthink.3Diversitybringstogetherindividualswithdifferentbackgrounds,whichmeansthatbroaderperspectivescanbeshared,leadingtoawiderviewofpotentialrisksandopportunities.Peoplewithdifferentbackgroundsandexperiencemaynoticedifferentthings,andarethereforemorelikelytopinpointrisksthatmaybeoverlookedbyagroupofpeoplewhoallhavesimilarbackgroundsandexperiences.Equitycanenablediversitybyremovingbarrierstotherecruitment,retentionandpromotionofindividualswithawiderrangeofdifferentbackgroundsandperspectives.Inclusioncanalsohelpwithretention,andensurethat

2TheFinancialConductAuthority(UK)providesadefinitionof“vulnerableconsumer”:“someonewho,duetotheirpersonalcircumstances,isespeciallysusceptibletoharm-particularlywhenafirmisnotactingwithappropriatelevelsofcare[..]These[characteristics]couldbepoorhealth,suchascognitiveimpairment,lifeeventssuchasnewcaringresponsibilities,lowresiliencetocopewithfinancialoremotionalshocksandlowcapability,suchaspoorliteracyornumeracyskills..”Source:

Guidancefor

firmsonthefairtreatmentofvulnerablecustomers.

AdefinitionfromQuébecof“personinavulnerablesituation”is“apersonoffullagewhoseabilitytorequestorobtainassistanceistemporarilyorpermanentlylimitedbecauseoffactorssuchasarestraint,limitation,illness,disease,injury,impairmentorhandicap,whichmaybephysical,cognitiveorpsychologicalinnature,suchasaphysicalorintellectualdisabilityoranautismspectrumdisorder”.Source:

ActtoCombatMaltreatmentofSeniorsandOtherPersonsofFullAgeinVulnerableSituations.

3OxfordReferenceoffersthisdefinitionofgroupthink:Ingroupdecisionmaking,thetendencytodriftintoill-conceivedpoliciesordecisionswithoutadequatedebate.Thiscanbearesultofvariouspressures,includingtheillusionofingroupsuperiorityandthewishtoachieveconsensusandavoidpainfuldisagreements.

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individualscanfullyparticipateintheorganisationbysharingtheirdifferentviewsandprovidingrobustandconstructivechallenge.Inclusionhelpsensurethatpeoplewillspeakupandsharetheirdifferingviews,andthattherestofthegroupwilllisten,bothofwhichareimportantforeffectiveriskmanagement.Throughoutthispaper,wherewerefertotheimportanceofDEIforimprovinggovernance,wearereferringtohowDEIbringswiderperspectivestothetableandcaninspiremorerobustdecision-makingandriskmanagement.

•DEImayreducemisconductbycreatingastrongerculturewhereemployeesfeeltheyarevaluedandtheybelong.Inclusioninparticularsupportsanatmospherewhereindividualsaremorelikelytobecomfortablevoicingconcerns,whileequityhelpsawiderrangeofindividualshaveanopportunitytobepartoftheconversation.Diversityofthoughtmayalsomitigatetherationalisationofpoorconduct,whichotherwisecanallowmisconducttobecomesystemicorremainundetectedforalongtime.

•InsurersincorporatingDEIconsiderationsintothewaythattheyoperatetheirbusiness(includingallaspectsofmanagingtheproductlife-cycleandinteractingwithcustomers)canfacilitategreaterinnovationandleadtobetterconsumeroutcomes.Forexample,itmaypreventpotentiallydiscriminatorypracticesandleadtothedesign,distributionandservicingofinsuranceproductsthatarebettertailoredtodifferingconsumerneeds.TheIAISalsoconsidersthatDEIwithinaninsurerwillhelpitattractadiverserangeofconsumerstoitscustomerbase,andthentreatthosecustomersinamoreequitableandinclusivemanner,becausediversityacrosstheinsurer’sleadershipandworkforcebringsabroadercomprehensionofthedifferentsituationsandneedsinaconsumerpopulation.

Throughoutthispaper,whereimprovingDEIisdiscussed,itisinreferencetoachievingtheoutcomeslistedabove.

TheIAISaimstocontributeto,andaccelerate,themomentumofactionbybothinsurancesupervisorsandtheindustryitselftoadvanceDEIintheinsurancesector.

1.2Overviewofthisstocktake

In2022,theIAIS’GovernanceWorkingGroupandMarketConductWorkingGroupundertookasurvey,andotherstakeholderengagement,toexaminewhatactionsIAISmembersupervisors,otherinternationalorganisationsandtheinsuranceindustryitselfaretakingtoadvanceDEIintheinsurancesector.TheIAIShadnotpreviouslyundertakendedicatedworkspecificallyonthetopicofDEIininsurance,butvariousIAISsupportingmaterialhasaddressedinterlinkedissues(seesection

4.2.1)

.

ThisstocktakewasintendedasafirststeptoinformpossiblefurtherIAISworktopromoteDEIininsurers’governanceandconductofbusiness.Thekeyfindingsaresharedinthisreport,withaparticularfocusonprovidinginsightsintoinsurancesupervisors’activitysofartopromoteDEIininsurers.

Inputstothestocktakewere:

•asurveyofIAISmembersupervisorsconductedinMarch/April2022;

•researchofpubliclyavailableinformationsupplementedbydirectcommunicationwithrelevantinternationalorganisations;and

•engagementwithasampleofindustrystakeholders.Thesurveyaskedinsurancesupervisorsabout:

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•thestateofDEIintheinsurancesectorintheirjurisdiction;

•theirobservationsofindustryaction(s)toembedDEI;

•theirperceptionoftheirsupervisorymandate/roleforpromotingDEI,andtheprioritytheyattributetothis;

•thesupervisoryactivity(ifany)theyaretakinginconnectionwithpromotingDEIininsurers’governanceandconductofbusiness;

•challengestheyfaceintheirabilityasasupervisortopromoteDEIininsurers;and

•whatfutureIAISworktheyconsiderwouldmeaningfullysupportprogressonDEIintheinsuranceindustry.

Thirty-ninesurveyresponseswerereceivedfromjurisdictionsaroundtheworld,asshowninFigure1.

Thirty-sixpercentofrespondentswerefromWesternEurope,16%fromNorthAmerica,15%fromAsia,8%fromSubSaharaAfricaandtheremaining25%wereequallyspreadacrosstheotherIAISMemberRegions.TheamountofresponsesrepresentsroughlyaquarterofIAISmembers,andislikelytoreflectthosememberswiththemostinterestinthetopic.Nevertheless,webelievetheresponsesdemonstrateagrowinglevelofinterestinDEIinternationally.ThesesurveyresultsprovideausefulsamplethatcanhelpinformfurtherIAISworkinthisarea.

Figure1:

RespondentjurisdictionsbyIAISMemberRegion

5%

5%

5%

5%

5%

8%

15%

16%

36%

uWesternEuropeNorthAmerica

UAsia

uSubSaharaAfrica

uCentral,EasternEuropeandTranscaucasia

uOffshoreandCaribbeanLatinAmerica

Oceania

MiddleEastandNorthAfrica

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2Insurancesupervisors’perspectivesandactivities

AkeypartofthisstocktakehasbeengatheringinformationfromIAISmembersontheirapproachtoDEIasasupervisorytopic.ThisincludestheirviewsonthepriorityofDEIsupervisoryactivitywithinthecontextoftheirjurisdiction,andthekeychallengesencounteredinengaginginsupervisoryactivityinthisarea.WeconsiderthatvarianceinthecurrentpriorityandpracticeonthistopicistobeexpectedgiventhediversebackgroundsoftheIAISmembership(eghistorical,cultural,legal,political).HavingabetterunderstandingofthebreadthofapproachesamongasampleofIAISmemberswillhelpformabasisforfurtherdevelopmentoftheIAIS’approachtodeepeningandstrengtheningitsworkonDEI.Inparticular,understandingwherethechallengesliecanhelpgenerateideasonhowtheIAIScanbestsupportitsmembers.

2.1Perspectivesonpriorityandmandate

JustoverhalfofrespondentsattributedamediumorhighprioritytotakingsupervisoryactiontopromoteDEIintheirjurisdiction’sinsuranceindustry.

SupervisorsthatconsiderDEItobeahighprioritygenerallyhavemadeitoneoftheirstrategicsupervisoryprioritiesorindicateitsprioritythroughothercommunicationswiththeinsurerstheysuperviseandotherrelevantstakeholders.ManyofthesesupervisorshaveaparticularfocusoncorporategovernanceandBoarddiversity.SomesupervisorsalsonotedthatDEIissuesareamatterofbroadersocialresponsibility,ratherthanjustamatterofcompliance.

SupervisorsthatattributeamediumprioritytopromotingDEIexplainedthattheirjurisdictionalreadyhadsomeDEIstrategiesandpoliciesinplace.ThesejurisdictionsalreadyrecognisedDEI’simportancean