文库发布：wto概览

1.作为协议的WTOTheUruguayRoundagreementsbacktotopThe“FinalAct”signedinMarrakeshin1994islikeacovernote.Everythingelseisattachedtothis.ForemostistheAgreementEstablishingtheWTO(ortheWTOAgreement),whichservesasanumbrellaagreement.Annexedaretheagreementsongoods,servicesandintellectualproperty,disputesettlement,tradepolicyreviewmechanismandtheplurilateralagreements.TheschedulesofcommitmentsalsoformpartoftheUruguayRoundagreements.

FinalActembodyingtheresultsoftheUruguayRoundofMultilateralTradeNegotiationsMarrakeshAgreementEstablishingtheWorldTradeOrganizationAnnex1Annex1AMultilateralAgreementsonTradeinGoodsAnnex1BGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS)Annex1CTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS)Annex2DisputeSettlementUnderstandingAnnex3TradePolicyReviewMechanismAnnex4PlurilateralTradeAgreements2.作为国际组织的WTO部长会议：世贸组织的最高权力机构。由所有成员主管外经贸的部长、副部长级官员或其全权代表组成，部长会议至少每两年举行一次，部长会议具有广泛的权力，主要有：立法权；准司法权；豁免某个成员在特定情况下的义务；批准非世贸组织成员国所提出的取得世贸组织观察员资格申请的请示。总理事会：在部长会议休会期间，由全体成员代表组成的总理事会代行部长会议职能。总理事会可视情况需要随时开会，自行拟订议事规则及议程。随时召开会议以履行其解决贸易争端和审议各成员贸易政策的职责。总理事会下设货物贸易理事会；服务贸易理事会；知识产权理事会。这些理事会可视情况自行拟订议事规则，经总理事会批准后执行。所有成员均可参加各理事会。贸易政策评审机构（TPRB）：贸易政策审议的重点是成员国内的贸易政策和实践。这一工作有助于督促成员政府遵守WTO纪律和履行自己的承诺。贸易政策审议所产生的实际效果是：（1）增强外界对有关成员贸易政策与环境的了解；（2）获得对自己在世界贸易体制下行为实绩的信息反馈。争端解决机构（DSB）：专家组、上诉机构各专门委员会：部长会议下设立专门委员会，以处理特定的贸易及其他有关事宜。已设立贸易与发展委员会；国际收支限制委员会；预算、财务与行政委员会；贸易与环境委员会等10多个专门委员会。秘书处与总干事：世贸组织成立由一位总干事领导的世界贸易组织秘书处(下称秘书处)。世贸组织秘书处设在瑞士日内瓦，大约有500人。秘书处工作人员由总干事指派，并按部长会议通过的规则决定他们的职责和服务条件。3.WTO的职能(thefunctionofWTO)1).管理职能：世界贸易组织负责对各成员国的贸易政策和法规进行监督和管理，定期评审，以保证其合法性。(Itoverseestheimplementation,administrationandoperationofthecoveredagreements)2).谈判职能：Itprovidesaforumfornegotiationsandforsettlingdisputes.3).裁判职能：Itprovidesaforumforsettlingdisputes.4.WTO的基本原则为实现自由贸易，WTO确定了一下一些原则：1).非歧视原则（Non-Discrimination）：包括最惠国待遇和国民待遇。Ithastwomajorcomponents:themostfavorednation(MFN)rule,andthenationaltreatmentpolicy.2).互惠性原则（Reciprocity）：互惠制原则亦称对等原则，是指两个成员方在国际贸易中相互给予对方在贸易上的优惠待遇。3).透明度原则(Transparency):也称公开性原则，是指成员方所实施与国际贸易有关的法令、条例、司法判决、行政决定等都必须予以公布4).义务的约束性和可执行性（Bindingandenforceablecommitments）5).例外原则(Safetyvalves).Inspecificcircumstances,governmentsareabletorestricttrade.Therearethreetypesofprovisionsinthisdirection:articlesallowingfortheuseoftrademeasurestoattainnoneconomicobjectives;articlesaimedatensuring"faircompetition";andprovisionspermittinginterventionintradeforeconomicreasons.ExceptionstotheMFNprinciplealsoallowforpreferentialtreatmentofdevelopedcountries,regionalfreetradeareasandcustomsunions5.WTO的贡献1).维护世界和平.Thesystemhelpstokeepthepeace.Peaceispartlyanoutcomeoftwoofthemostfundamentalprinciplesofthetradingsystem:helpingtradetoflowsmoothly,andprovidingcountrieswithaconstructiveandfairoutletfordealingwithdisputesovertradeissues.Itisalsoanoutcomeoftheinternationalconfidenceandcooperationthatthesystemcreatesandreinforces.2).争端的和平解决.Thesystemallowsdisputestobehandledconstructively.Astradeexpandsinvolume,inthenumberofproductstraded,andinthenumbersofcountriesandcompaniestrading,thereisagreaterchancethatdisputeswillarise.TheWTOsystemhelpsresolvethesedisputespeacefullyandconstructively.3).规则取向代替权力取向.Asystembasedonrulesratherthanpowermakeslifeeasierforall.TheWTOcannotclaimtomakeallcountriesequal.Butitdoesreducesomeinequalities,givingsmallercountriesmorevoice,andatthesametimefreeingthemajorpowersfromthecomplexityofhavingtonegotiatetradeagreementswitheachoftheirnumeroustradingpartners.

4).生活成本的下降。Freertradecutsthecostofliving.Weareallconsumers.Thepriceswepayforourfoodandclothing,ournecessitiesandluxuries,andeverythingelseinbetween,areaffectedbytradepolicies.5).增加了消费选择。Itgivesconsumersmorechoice,andabroaderrangeofqualitiestochoosefrom.Thinkofallthethingswecannowhavebecausewecanimportthem:fruitsandvegetablesoutofseason,foods,clothingandotherproductsthatusedtobeconsideredexotic,cutflowersfromanypartoftheworld,allsortsofhouseholdgoods,books,music,movies,andsoon.6).提高收入。Traderaisesincomes.Loweringtradebarriersallowstradetoincrease,whichaddstoincomes—nationalincomesandpersonalincomes.TheWTO’sownestimatesfortheimpactofthe1994UruguayRoundtradedealwerebetween$109billionand$510billionaddedtoworldincome(dependingontheassumptionsofthecalculationsandallowingformarginsoferror).7).促进就业。Tradestimulateseconomicgrowth,andthatcanbegoodnewsforemployment.Tradeclearlyhasthepotentialtocreatejobs.Inpracticethereisoftenfactualevidencethatlowertradebarriershavebeengoodforemployment.Butthepictureiscomplicatedbyanumberoffactors.Nevertheless,thealternative—protectionism—isnotthewaytotackleemploymentproblems.8).改善政府的治理，消除腐败。ThesystemencouragesgoodgovernmentUnderWTOrules,o