高三英语阅读培优训练：落在愤怒的上帝手中

高三英语阅读培优训练落在愤怒的上帝手中【原文】Ⅰ①Manypeoplethinkthatreligiousbeliefisinherenttohumanpsychology.②Thisdoesnotmeanthatspecificbeliefsarewired,butthatthebrainispredisposedtobelieveinsupernaturalagents.③Someproponentsofthisideaarguethatsupernaturalbeliefshavehijackedinnocentorotherwiseusefulfeaturesofthemind.④ButDominicJohnsonarguesin“GodIsWatchingYou”,beliefinGod—specifically,insupernaturalforcesthatcanpunish—isausefulevolutionaryadaptation.

Ⅱ①MrJohnsonarguesthatthereislittleharmifyouoverreacttosomethingthatturnsoutnottoexist.②Butunderestimatingarustlingintheundergrowth,whichmightconcealapredator,couldbefatal,leadingtoevolutionaryselectionofatendencytoseeagentseverywhere.③Theinstinctiseasilytriggered,eveninatheists.④Evenpicturescansetitoff:inoneexperiment,anofficehonour-systemtopayforsharedcoffeegotmorecontributionswhensomeonetapedapictureofapairofeyesonthecollectingtin.

Ⅲ①Thereisalsoatendencyinmostpeopletoputgreateremphasisonpunishmentthanonreward:losing$100isfarmorepainfulthanwinningthesameamountispleasing.②Whywouldbeliefinanangrygodbeanyuse?③Whenhumansdevelopedlanguage,theycouldspreadwordofcheating,freeridingandthelike.④Rapingyourneighbour’smatemightoncehavemadeevolutionarysense—spreadingyourowngenesatlittlecost—but“inacleverandgossipingspecies,knowledgeofselfishactionscouldspreadandcomebacktohauntus”intheformofafurioushusbandoravillagemob.⑤Sincecheatingisnowcostlier,beliefinaninvisiblemonitorhelpspeopleavoidthosecosts,andsosurvivewiththeirreputationsintact,andpassontheirgenes.

Ⅳ①MrJohnsonnotedthatsocietieswhichpunishcheatersaremorelikelytosurviveandgrow.②HequotesJohnLocke,a17thcenturyEnglishphilosopher:“ThosewhodenytheexistenceoftheDeityarenottobetoleratedatall.③Promises,covenantsandoaths,whicharethebondsofhumansociety,canhavenoholduponorsanctityforanatheist.”④Thosebondsandcovenantsallowsocietiestoco-ordinateactionandplanforthefuture.⑤MrJohnson’sownresearchinto186preindustrialculturesfoundthatmoralisingreligiousbeliefsweremoreprevalentinlargerandmorecomplexsocieties.⑥Thefactthatmoralisingreligiousbeliefsaremoreprevalentinmorecomplexsocietiesdoesnotprovethatonecausedtheother.⑦ButthestrikingnumberandvarietyofexamplesaddcredencetoMrJohnson’stheory.

Ⅴ①Thereligiousinstinctistoodeep-seated,hethinks.②Instead,criticsofsuperstitionarebestadvisedtoworkwiththegrainofhumanpsychologyratherthanagainstit,findingmorebenevolentwaystosatisfyhumanyearningforsomething“outthere”.③Whatformsuchanatheistreligionshouldtake,though,Godonlyknows.

【词汇短语】1.wire[ˈwaɪəd]v.接通电源2.*predisposed[pri:dɪs'pəʊzd]adj.倾向于3.*proponent[prəˈpəʊnənt]n.支持者4.*rustling[ˈrʌslɪŋ]n.沙沙声5.honour-system无看守监禁制6.furious[ˈfjʊəriəs]adj.

狂怒的7.*covenant[ˈkʌvənənt]n.协议8.holdupon控制力9.*sanctity[ˈsæŋktəti]n.神圣10.credence[ˈkri:dns]n.相信11.grain[greɪn]n.细粒12.*benevolent[bəˈnevələnt]adj.慈善的13.*yearning[ˈjɜ:nɪŋ]n.渴望（注：标*的为超纲词）【翻译点评】Ⅰ①Manypeoplethinkthatreligiousbeliefisinherenttohumanpsychology.②Thisdoesnotmeanthatspecificbeliefsarewired,butthatthebrainispredisposedtobelieveinsupernaturalagents.③Someproponentsofthisideaarguethatsupernaturalbeliefshavehijackedinnocentorotherwiseusefulfeaturesofthemind.④ButDominicJohnsonarguesin“GodIsWatchingYou”,beliefinGod—specifically,insupernaturalforcesthatcanpunish—isausefulevolutionaryadaptation.

翻译：很多人认为，宗教信仰是人类心理固有的。这并非意味着已经接通了特定的信仰，而是大脑倾向于相信超自然动因的存在。一些支持这种观点的人说，超自然信仰劫持了大脑的纯洁或者其他有用的功能。但是多米尼克·约翰逊在《上帝正在看着你》中认为，相信上帝的存在——特别是相信能够惩罚你的超自然力量的存在——是一种有用的进化性适应。Ⅱ①MrJohnsonarguesthatthereislittleharmifyouoverreacttosomethingthatturnsoutnottoexist.②Butunderestimatingarustlingintheundergrowth,whichmightconcealapredator,couldbefatal,leadingtoevolutionaryselectionofatendencytoseeagentseverywhere.③Theinstinctiseasilytriggered,eveninatheists.④Evenpicturescansetitoff:inoneexperiment,anofficehonour-systemtopayforsharedcoffeegotmorecontributionswhensomeonetapedapictureofapairofeyesonthecollectingtin.

翻译：约翰逊先生说，如果你对某种最后发现并不存在的事物反应过度，这没有什么危害。但是低估藏着捕食者的灌木丛中的窸窣声可能是致命的，因此导致一种进化选择趋势，认为监视的眼睛无处不在。这种本能很容易被触发，甚至是无神论者。即使是图片也能触发这种本能：在某项实验中，办公室提供完全依靠自觉付款的咖啡，当有人在钱盒上贴上一双眼睛的图片，钱盒子收到了更多的钱。Ⅲ①Thereisalsoatendencyinmostpeopletoputgreateremphasisonpunishmentthanonreward:losing$100isfarmorepainfulthanwinningthesameamountispleasing.②Whywouldbeliefinanangrygodbeanyuse?③Whenhumansdevelopedlanguage,theycouldspreadwordofcheating,freeridingandthelike.④Rapingyourneighbour’smatemightoncehavemadeevolutionarysense—spreadingyourowngenesatlittlecost—but“inacleverandgossipingspecies,knowledgeofselfishactionscouldspreadandcomebacktohauntus”intheformofafurioushusbandoravillagemob.⑤Sincecheatingisnowcostlier,beliefinaninvisiblemonitorhelpspeopleavoidthosecosts,andsosurvivewiththeirreputationsintact,andpassontheirgenes.

翻译：并且大部分人具有相比奖赏，更看重惩罚的倾向：失去100美元的痛苦远远超过获得100美元的快乐。为什么相信愤怒上帝有什么作用呢？当人类有了语言，他们可以谈论欺骗，搭便车或者类似的行为。强奸邻居的妻子也许马上能够获得进化意义——用很少的成本就传播了自己的基因——但是“在聪明而且八卦的种族中，自私行为的消息会传播出去，并且返回来困扰你”，会有暴怒的丈夫或者村民暴徒找上门来。现在因为欺骗的代价更高了，相信隐形监视器的存在帮助人们避免这种代价，可以保住小命和名誉，从而可以把他们的基因传递下去。Ⅳ①MrJohnsonnotedthatsocietieswhichpunishcheatersaremorelikelytosurviveandgrow.②HequotesJohnLocke,a17thcenturyEnglishphilosopher:“ThosewhodenytheexistenceoftheDeityarenottobetoleratedatall.③Promises,covenantsandoaths,whicharethebondsofhumansociety,canhavenoholduponorsanctityforanatheist.”④Thosebondsandcovenantsallowsocietiestoco-ordinateactionandplanforthefuture.⑤MrJohnson’sownresearchinto186preindustrialculturesfoundthatmoralisingreligiousbeliefsweremoreprevalentinlargerandmorecomplexsocieties.⑥Thefactthatmoralisingreligiousbeliefsaremoreprevalentinmorecomplexsocietiesdoesnotprovethatonecausedtheother.⑦Butthestrikingnumberandvarietyofexam