《信息科学类专业英语》课件第18章

Lesson18HowCloseareArtificialNosestoDevelopmentandWhatarethePotentialUses?(第十八课人工嗅觉的发展及其应用)

Vocabulary(词汇)ImportantSentences(重点句)QuestionsandAnswers(问答)Problems(问题)

StevenSunshineisvicepresidentofresearchandbusinessdevelopmentatCyranoSciences,Inc.,astartupcompanydevelopinga“nosechip”.Heoffersthefollowinganswer.Universitiesandcompaniesareputtingconsiderableeffortintoimprovingtheunderstandingofhowthehumannoseworksandonsimulatingolfactionelectronically.Becausethefivesensesaresoimportanttoourinterpretationoftheworldaroundus,wecanexpecttoseecontinuedprogressoverthenextdecadeinenhancingandextendingoursensorycapabilitiesthroughnewchemicalandelectronictechnologies.[1]

Thehumannoseusesacomplexsystemofinterconnectedreceptorsandneurons,whichconductsignalstothebrainforinterpretation.Thesignalsfromthesenervestraveldirectlytothelimbicsysteminthebrain.Whenanaromaissensed,themoleculesfromthevaporinteractwithnumerousreceptors,causingthemtosendasignaltothebrain.Thepatternofsignalsisrecognizedandinterpretedbythebrainbasedonpriortraining.

Anelectronicnoseworksinasimilarfashion.Anarrayofchemicalsensorsisusedtomimictherangeofproteinreceptorsinthehumannose.Eachofthesesensorsismadetoresponddifferentlytodifferentodors.Thesignalsfromthesesensorsareconnectedviaelectronicstoamicroprocessororcomputer.Theelectronicsreplacestheneuronsintheolfactorylimbicsystemandthecomputerormicroprocessoractsasthebrain.Thesignalsthatgetsenttothecomputercanbeinterpretedusingspecialpatternrecognitionsoftware.

Forexample,wedonothaveaspecificSwissCheesereceptorinournosebutwhenwesmellSwissCheese,numerousreceptorsinthenosearestimulated.Thisinturncausesnumerouslimbicsystemolfactoryneuronstofire,sendingacomplexpatternorelectricalsignaturetothebrain.[2]IfwehavesmelledSwissCheesepreviouslyandstoreditsspecificelectricalsignature,werecognizethearomathatournosehassensedasSwissCheese.Thefirsttimeweencounterasmell,wemustbetaughtwhatthis“fingerprint”issothatwecanrecognizeitinthefuture.Thehumannoseisclearlymoresensitivetosomesmellsthantoothers.Whilethismayinpartbeevolutionaryinnature,itisalsopossibletolearntosmellcertainsubstances.

AtCyranoSciences,Inc.wearecommercializinganelectronicnosetechnologyinventedattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Thistechnologyinvolvesanarrayofsensorscomposedofpolymersthatarefilledwithconductiveparticles.Whenthesesensorscomeincontactwithavapor,thepolymerexpandschangingtheresistanceofthecomposite.Thischangeinresistanceistransmittedtoacomputerandthepatternderivedfromthesensorarrayisusedtodeterminethetype,quantityorqualityoftheodorthatwassensed.Thistypeofinformationisusefulinawiderangeofindustriesincludingthechemical,automotive,medical,petroleum,food,andfragrances.

Onespecificapplicationofinterestisnon-invasivemedicaldiagnostics.Priortotheinventionofsophisticatedmedicalequipment,smellwasacommondiagnostictool(e.g.DiabetesMellitusliterallymeans“sweeturine”).Whilesmellisstillusedasasecondarydiagnostictoolinsomeillnesses,thelackofareliableandobjectiveanalyticaltoolhaspreventeditswidespreadusageinmodernmedicine.[3]Adependableelectronicnosemayallowforaresurgenceintheuseofsmellinthenon-invasivediagnosisofdisease.

Anotherpossibleapplicationoftheelectronicnoseisinareaswherehumansordogsarecurrentlyusedtoidentifysmells.Dogsarecommonlyusedtodetectexplosivesorcontrabandagriculturalgoodsinairports.CyranoSciencesandtheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyarejointlyinvestigatingtheuseoftheelectronicnoseforlandminedetection.Othersareworkingonsimilarsystems.

Deodorants,soaps,perfumesandwinesareallconsumerproductsdevelopedwiththehelpofhumansensorypanels.Replacingoraugmentingthehumanapproachwithanobjectiveelectronicnoseiscurrentlyunderinvestigation.Thistoolwouldnotonlybeusefulinthedevelopmentofnewproductsbutalsoforqualitycontrolinthemanufacturingenvironment.Manymanufacturingfloorsareequippedwithautomatedvisualinspection.

Aninexpensiveandreliablenose-on-a-chipmayallowforautomatedaromainspectionduringthemanufactureofmanyproducts.Indeed,theymaydoforsmellwhattheclosedcircuittelevisioncamerahasdoneforvision.Ifinterestcontinuesatitscurrentrate,smellingdeviceswillsoonbecomeubiquitousinoursociety.1. olfactionn.嗅觉。

2. sensoryadj.感觉的,感官的。

3. neuronn.[解]神经细胞,神经元。

4. limbicadj.边的,缘的，分支，主干的。

5. aroman.芳香,香气,香味。

6. moleculen.[化]分子,些许。Vocabulary

7. vaporn.水汽,水蒸气,无实质之物vi.蒸发,自夸vt.使蒸发n.自夸者。

8. proteinn.[生化]蛋白质adj.蛋白质的。

9. odorn.气味,名声。

10. evolutionaryadj.进化的。

11. polymern.聚合体。

12. compositeadj.合成的,复合的n.合成物。

13. petroleumn.石油。

14. fragrancen.芬芳,香气,香味。

15. non-invasiveadj.非入侵的。

16. diagnosticsn.诊断学。

17. DiabetesMellitusn.[医]糖尿病。

18. resurgencen.苏醒。

19. contrabandn.违法交易,违禁品,走私adj.禁运的,非法买卖的。

20. deodorantn.除臭剂adj.除臭的。

21. ubiquitousadj.到处存在的,(同时)普遍存在的。

[1]Becausethefivesensesaresoimportanttoourinterpretationoftheworldaroundus,wecanexpecttoseecontinuedprogressoverthenextdecadeinenhancingandextendingoursensorycapabilitiesthroughnewchemicalandelectronictechnologies.

因为五官感觉对于理解我们周围的世界是如此的重要，可以期待，通过新的化学和电子技术，在十年后我们可以看到在加强和扩展我们的感觉能力方面会有持续的进步。句中because引导原因状语从句。ImportantSentences

[2]Thisinturncausesnumerouslimbicsystemolfactoryneuronstofire,sendingacomplexpatternorelectricalsignaturetothebrain.

这又引起无数的边缘系统嗅觉神经元开始工作，发送复杂模式或电子信号到大脑。句中sending分词短语作句子的状语。

[3]Whilesmellisstillusedasasecondarydiagnostictoolinsomeillnesses,thelackofareliableandobjectiveanalyticaltoolhaspreventeditswidespreadusageinmodernmedicine.

尽管嗅觉在一些疾病中仍然被用做辅助的诊断手段，然而缺乏可靠和客观的分析工具阻碍了它在现代医学中的广泛应用。secondary，辅助的。

(1) Inthesecondparagraph,thehumannoseisacomplexsystemwhichconsistsof().

A. interconnectedreceptorsandneurons

B. signalstothebrainforinterpretation

C. thelimbicsysteminthebrain

D. BandC.QuestionsandAnswers

(2) Inthethirdparagraph,anelectronicnoseworksinthefashionof().

A. differentsensorsaremadetorespondtosameodors

B. allthesensorsaremadetorespondtosameodor

C. eachofthesesensorsismadetoresponddifferentlytodifferentodors

D. noneabove

(3) Inthefourthparagraph,“tolearntosmellcertainsubstances”isbasedon().

A. thefirsttimeweencounterasmell,wedonotneedtomemorizeit

B. thefirsttimeweencounterasmell,wemustbetaughtwhatthiswhatthis“fingerprint”is

C. thehumannoseisclearlymoresensitivetosomesmellsthantoothers

D. whenwesmellsomething;numerousreceptorsinthenosearestimulated

(4) Thepossib