《电子信息类专业英语 》课件-第16章

Unit16InternetofThingsPassageABasicsaboutInternetofThingsPassageBIoTElementsPassageCRFID

PassageABasicsaboutInternetofThings

Thenextwaveintheeraofcomputingwillbeoutsidetherealmofthetraditionaldesktop.IntheInternetofThings(IoT)paradigm,manyoftheobjectsthatsurrounduswillbeonthenetworkinoneformoranother.RadioFrequencyIDentification(RFID)andsensornetworktechnologieswillrisetomeetthisnewchallenge,inwhichinformationandcommunicationsystemsareinvisiblyembeddedintheenvironmentaroundus.Thisresultintheenerationofenormousamountsofdatawhichhavetobestored,

processedandpresentedinaseamless,efficient,andeasilyinterpretableform.Thismodelwillconsistofservicesthatarecommoditiesanddeliveredinamannersimilartotraditionalcommodities.Cloudcomputingcanprovidethevirtualinfrastructureforsuchutilitycomputingwhichintegratesmonitoringdevices,storagedevices,analyticstools,visualizationplatformsandclientdelivery.ThecostbasedmodelthatCloudcomputingofferswillenableend-to-endserviceprovisioningforbusinessesanduserstoaccessapplicationsondemandfromanywhere.

Smartconnectivitywithexistingnetworksandcontext-awarecomputationusingnetworkresourcesisanindispensablepartofIoT.[2]WiththegrowingpresenceofWiFiand4G-LTEwirelessInternetaccess,theevolutiontowardsubiquitousinformationandcommunicationnetworksisalreadyevident.However,fortheInternetofThingsvisiontosuccessfullyemerge,thecomputingparadigmwillneedtogobeyondtraditionalmobilecomputingscenariosthatusesmartphonesandportables,andevolveintoconnectingeverydayexistingobjectsandembeddingintelligenceintoourenvironment.

Fortechnologytodisappearfromtheconsciousnessoftheuser,theInternetofThingsdemands:thefirstasharedunderstandingofthesituationofitsusersandtheirappliances,theseconda

softwarearchitectureandpervasivecommunicationnetworkstoprocessandconveythecontextualinformationtowhereitisrelevant,andthethirdtheanalyticstoolsintheInternetofThingsthataimforautonomousandsmartbehavior.Withthesethreefundamentalgroundsinplace,smartconnectivityandcontext-awarecomputationcanbeaccomplished.

ThetermInternetofThingswasfirstcoinedbyKevinAshtonin1999inthecontextofsupplychainmanagement.However,inthepastdecade,thedefinitionhasbeenmoreinclusivecoveringwiderangeofapplicationslikehealthcare,utilities,transport,etc.

Althoughthedefinitionof‘Things’haschangedastechnologyevolved,themaingoalofmakingacomputersenseinformationwithouttheaidofhumaninterventionremainsthesame.

AradicalevolutionofthecurrentInternetintoaNetworkofinterconnectedobjectsthatnotonlyharvestsinformationfromtheenvironment(sensing)andinteractswiththephysicalworld(actuation/command/control),.

butalsousesexistingInternetstandardstoprovideservicesforinformationtransfer,analytics,applications,andcommunicationsFueledbytheprevalenceofdevicesenabledbyopenwirelesstechnologysuchasBluetooth,radiofrequencyidentification(RFID),Wi-Fi,andtelephonicdataservicesaswellasembeddedsensorandactuatornodes,IoThassteppedoutofitsinfancyandisonthevergeoftransformingthecurrentstaticInternetintoafullyintegratedFutureInternet.[3]TheInternetrevolutionledtotheinterconnectionbetweenpeopleatanunprecedentedscaleandpace.Thenextrevolutionwillbetheinterconnectionbetweenobjectstocreateasmartenvironment.

Onlyin2011didthenumberofinterconnecteddevicesontheplanetovertaketheactualnumberofpeople.[4]Currentlythereare9billioninterconnecteddevicesanditisexpectedtoreach24billiondevicesby2020.AccordingtotheGSMA,thisamountsto$1.3trillionrevenueopportunitiesformobilenetworkoperatorsalonespanningverticalsegmentssuchashealth,automotive,utilitiesandconsumerelectronics.AschematicoftheinterconnectionofobjectsisdepictedinFig.16.1,wheretheapplicationdomainsarechosenbasedonthescaleoftheimpactofthedatagenerated.Theusersspanfromindividualtonationallevelorganizationsaddressingwiderangingissues.Figure16.1InternetofThingsschematicshowingtheendusersandApplicationareasbasedondata

Ashavingbeenidentified,InternetofThingscanberealizedinthreeparadigms-nternet-oriented(middleware),things-oriented(sensors)andsemantic-oriented(knowledge).Althoughthistypeofdelineationisrequiredduetotheinterdisciplinarynatureofthesubject,theusefulnessofIoTcanbeunleashedonlyinanapplicationdomainwherethethreeparadigmsintersect.

TheRFIDgroupdefinestheInternetofThingsas

·Theworldwidenetworkofinterconnectedobjectsuniquelyaddressablebasedonstandardcommunicationprotocols.

·‘Things’areactiveparticipantsinbusiness,informationandsocialprocesseswheretheyareenabledtointeractandcommunicateamongthemselvesandwiththeenvironmentbyexchangingdataandinformationsensedabouttheenvironment,whilereactingautonomouslytothereal/physicalworldeventsandinfluencingitbyrunningprocessesthattriggeractionsand

createserviceswithorwithoutdirecthumanintervention.

·Usesnformationandcommunicationsechnologiesttomaketheritical

nfrastructurecomponentsandservicesofacity’sadministration,education,healthcare,publicsafety,real

estate,ransportationandutilitiesmoreaware,interactiveandefficient.

Inourdefinition,wemakethedefinitionmoreusercentricanddonotrestrictittoanystandardcommunicationprotocol.

Thiswillallowlong-lastingapplicationstobedevelopedanddeployedusingtheavailablestate-of-the-artprotocolsatanygivenpointintime.OurdefinitionoftheInternetofThingsforsmartenvironmentsisInterconnectionofsensingandactuatingdevicesprovidingtheabilitytoshareinformationcrossplatformsthroughaunifiedframework,developingacommonoperatingpictureforenablingInnovativeapplications.Thisisachievedbyseamlessubiquitoussensing,dataanalyticsandnformationrepresentationwithCloudcomputingastheunifyingframework.

InternetofThingshasbeenidentifiedasoneoftheemergingtechnologiesinITasnotedinGartner'sITHypeCycle.AHypeCycleisawaytorepresenttheemergence,adoption,maturity,andimpactonapplicationsofspecifictechnologies.IthasbeenforecastedthatIoTwilltake5-10yearsformarketadoption.

Thepopularityofdifferentparadigmsvarieswithtime.AsitcanbeseenfromGooglesearch,sinceIoThascomeintoexistence,searchvolumeisconsistentlyincreasingwiththefallingtrendforWirelessSensorNetworks.AsperGoogle’ssearchforecast,thistrendislikelytocontinueasotherenablingtechnologiesconvergetoformagenuineInternetofThings.

Notes

[1]ThecostbasedmodelthatCloudcomputingofferswillenableend-to-endserviceprovisioningforbusinessesanduserstoaccessapplicationsondemandfromanywhere.

采用云计算模型的价值在于可以为商务活动和各种用户提供端对端的业务,以随时随地接入按需应用。

·Cloudcomputing的意思是“云计算”。

·end-to-endservice的意思是“端对端”。

[2]Smartconnectivitywithexistingnetworksandcontext-awarecomputationusingnetworkresourcesisanindispensablepartofIoT.

针对既有网络的智能化互联,以及基于网络资源的情景化感知计算构成了物联网不可或缺的部分。

·context-aware的意思是“情景化感知”。

[3]FueledbytheprevalenceofdevicesenabledbyopenwirelesstechnologysuchasBluetooth,radiofrequencyidentification(RFID),Wi-Fi,andtelephonicdataservicesas

wellasembeddedsensorandactuatornodes,IoThassteppedoutofitsinfancyandisonthevergeoftransformingthecurrentstaticInternetintoafullyintegratedFutureInternet.

借助于常用的开放式的无线技术,例如蓝牙、射频识别、Wi-Fi、电话数据业务以及嵌入式传感器和执行器节点,物联网已经步出了其初长期,处在将目前处于静止状态的互联网转变到全集成化的未来一代互联网的起始点。

·fueledby的意思是“源泉、借助”。

[4]Onlyin2011didthenumberofinterconnecteddevicesontheplanetovertaketheactualnumberofpeople.

仅仅在2011年,地球上相互连接设备的数量就超过了实际的人数。

·interconnecteddevices的意思是“相互连接的设备”。

[5]Inourdefinition,wemakethedefinitionmoreusercentricanddonotrestrictittoanystandardcommunicationprotocol.

在定义中,我们往往让其定义是以用户为中心,而非限定在任何一种标准的通信协议。

Exercises

1.Fillintheblanks.

(1)Radiofrequencyidentification(RFID)andsensornetworktechnologieswill

tomeetthisnewchallenge,inwhichinformationandcommunicationsystemsareinvisibly

intheenvironmentaroundus.

(2)Thisresultinthegenerationofenormousamountsofdatawhichhavetobestored,processedandpresentedina

,efficient,andeasily

form.

(3)FortheInternetofThings

tosuccessfullyemerge,thecomputing

willneedtogobeyondtraditionalmobilecomputing

thatusesmartphonesandportables,and

intoconnectingeverydayexistingobjectsandembeddingintelligenceintoourenvironment.

(4)Althoughthedefinitionof‘Things’haschangedastechnologyevolved,themaingoalofmakingacomputer

informationwithouttheaidofhuman

remainsthesame.

(5)TheInternetrevolutionledtotheinterconnectionbetweenpeopleatan

scaleandpace.

(6)

in2011

thenumberofinterconnecteddevicesontheplanetovertaketheactualnumberofpeople.

(7)Theusers

fromindividualtonationallevelorganizationswideranging.

(8)Althoughthistypeof

isrequiredduetothe

natureofthesubject,theusefulnessofIoTcanbe

onlyinanapplicationdomainwherethethreeparadigms

.

(9)Usesinformationandcommunicationstechnologiestomakethecritical

componentsandservicesofacity’s,education,healthcare,publicsafety,realestate,transportationandutilitiesmoreaware,interactiveandefficient.

(10)OurdefinitionoftheInternetofThingsforsmartenvironmentsisInterconnectionof

and

devicesprovidingtheabilitytoshareinformationacrossplatformsthroughaunified

,developingacommonoperatingpictureforenablinginnovativeapplications.

2.Fillintheblankswiththebestchoice.

(1)WiththegrowingpresenceofWiFiand4G-LTEwirelessInternetaccess,the

towardsubiquitousinformationandcommunicationnetworksisalreadyevident.

a.routineb.evolution

c.roadmapspect

(2)Fortechnologytodisappearfromthe

oftheuser,theInternetofThingsdemands:thefirstasharedunderstandingofthesituationofitsusersandtheirappliances.

a.understandingb.rendering

c.perceptiond.consciousness

(3)AradicalevolutionofthecurrentInternetintoaNetworkofinterconnectedobjectsthatnotonly

informationfromtheenvironment(sensing)andinteractswiththephysicalworld(actuation/command/control),butalsousesexistingInternetstandardstoprovideservicesforinformationtransfer,analytics,applications,andcommunications.

a.harvest

b.capture

c.get

d.render

(4)AccordingtotheGSMA,thisamountsto$1.3trillionrevenueopportunitiesformobilenetworkoperatorsalonespanningvertical

suchashealth,automotive,

utilitiesandconsumerelectronics.

a.domains

b.segments

c.division

d.terrestrials

(5)A

oftheinterconnectionofobjectsisdepictedinFig.1,wheretheapplicationdomainsarechosenbasedonthescaleoftheimpactofthedatagenerated.

a.blueprint

b.illustration

c.schematic

d.envision

(6)Ashavingbeen

,InternetofThingscanberealizedinthreeparadigms-internet-oriented(middleware),thingsriented(sensors)andsemantic-oriented(knowledge).

a.identified

b.recognized

c.scrutinized

d.nurtured

(7)Theworldwidenetworkofinterconnectedobjectsuniquelyaddressablebasedonstandardcommunication

.

a.formats

b.formula

c.specifications

tocols

(8)Thisisachievedbyseamless

sensing,dataanalyticsandinformationrepresentationwithCloudcomputingastheunifyingframework.

a.throughout

b.universal

c.ubiquitous

plete

3.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

Itispredictablethat,withinthenextdecade,theInternetofthingswillexistasaseamlessfabricofclassicnetworksandnetworkedobjects.Contentandserviceswillbeallaroundus,alwaysavailable,pavingthewaytonewapplications,enablingnewwaysofworking;newwaysofinteracting;newwaysofentertainment;newwaysofliving.Insuchaperspective,theconventionalconceptoftheInternetofthingsasaninfrastructurenetworkreachingouttoend-users’terminalswillfade,

leavingspacetoanotionofinterconnected“smart”objectsformingpervasivecomputingenvironments.TheInternet

infrastructurewillnotdisappear.Onthecontrary,itwillretainitsvitalroleasglobalbackboneforworldwideinformationandobjectssharinganddiffusion,interconnecting

physicalobjectswithcomputing/communicationcapabilitiesacrossawiderangeofservicesandtechnologies.

PassageBIoTElements

WepresentataxonomythatwillaidindefiningthecomponentsrequiredfortheInternetofThingsfromahighlevelperspective.Specifictaxonomiesofeachcomponentcanbefoundelsewhere.TherearethreeIoTcomponentswhichenablesseamlessubicomp:

(a)Hardware-madeupofsensors,actuatorsandembeddedcommunicationhardware,

(b)Middleware-ondemandstorageandcomputingtoolsfordataanalytics,and(c)Presentation-noveleasytounderstandvisualizationandinterpretationtoolswhichcanbe

widelyaccessedondifferentplatformsandwhichcanbedesignedfordifferentapplications.

RFIDtechnologyisamajorbreakthroughintheembeddedcommunicationparadigmwhichenablesdesignofmicrochipsforwirelessdatacommunication.Theyhelpintheautomaticidentificationofanythingtheyareattachedtoactingasanelectronicbarcode.ThepassiveRFIDtagsarenotbatterypoweredandtheyusethepowerofthereader'snterrogationsignaltocommunicatetheIDtotheRFIDreader.Thishasresultedinmanyapplicationsparticularlyinretailandsupplychainmanagement.Theapplicationscanbefoundintransportation(replacementoftickets,registrationstickers)andaccesscontrolapplicationsaswell.

Thepassivetagsarecurrentlybeingusedinmanybankcards

androadtolltagswhichareamongthefirstglobaldeployments.ActiveRFIDreadershavetheirownbatterysupplyandcaninstantiatethecommunication.Oftheseveralapplications,themainapplicationofactiveRFIDtagsisinportcontainersformonitoringcargo.

Recenttechnologicaladvancesinlowpowerintegratedcircuitsandwirelesscommunicationshavemadeavailableefficient,lowcost,lowpowerminiaturedevicesforuseinremotesensingapplications.Thecombinationofthesefactorshasimprovedtheviabilityofutilizingasensornetworkconsistingofalargenumberofintelligentsensors,enablingthecollection,processing,analysisanddisseminationofvaluableinformation,gatheredinavarietyofenvironments.ActiveRFIDisnearlythesameasthelowerendWSNnodeswithlimitedprocessingcapabilityandstorage.

ThescientificchallengesthatmustbeovercomeinordertorealizetheenormouspotentialofWSNsaresubstantialandmultidisciplinaryinnature.Sensordataaresharedamongsensornodesandsenttoadistributedorcentralizedsystemforanalytics.ThecomponentsthatmakeuptheWSN

monitoringnetworkinclude.

(a)WSNhardware-Typicallyanode(WSNcorehardware)containssensorinterfaces,processingunits,transceiverunitsandpowersupply.Almostalways,they

compriseofmultipleA/Dconvertersforsensorinterfacingandmoremodernsensornodeshavetheabilitytocommunicateusingonefrequencybandmakingthemmoreversatile.

(b)WSNcommunicationstack-Thenodesareexpectedtobedeployedinanad-hocmannerformostapplications.Designinganappropriatetopology,routingandMAClayer

iscriticalforthescalabilityandlongevityofthedeployednetwork.NodesinaWSNneedtocommunicateamongthemselvestotransmitdatainsingleormulti-hoptoabasestation.Nodedropouts,andconsequentdegradednetworklifetimes,arefrequent.ThecommunicationstackatthesinknodeshouldbeabletointeractwiththeoutsideworldthroughtheInternettoactasagatewaytotheWSNsubnetandtheInternet.

(c)WSNMiddleware-AmechanismtocombinecyberinfrastructurewithaServiceOrientedArchitecture(SOA)andsensornetworkstoprovideaccesstoheterogeneoussensorresourcesinadeploymentindependentmanner.Thisisbasedontheideaofisolatingresourcesthatcanbeusedbyseveralapplications.Aplatform-independentmiddlewarefordevelopingsensorapplicationsisrequired,suchasanOpenSensorWebArchitecture(OSWA).OSWAisbuiltuponauniformsetofoperationsandstandarddatarepresentationsasdefinedintheSensorWebEnablementMethod(SWE)bytheOpen

GeospatialConsortium(OGC)

(d)SecureDataaggregation-Anefficientandsecuredataaggregationmethodisrequiredforextendingthelifetimeofthenetworkaswellasensuringreliabledatacollectedfromsensors.NodefailuresareacommoncharacteristicofWSNs,thenetworktopologyshouldhavethecapabilitytohealitself.Ensuringsecurityiscriticalasthesystemisautomaticallylinkedtoactuatorsandprotectingthesystemsfromintrudersbecomesveryimportant.

Notes

[1]ThepassiveRFIDtagsarenotbatterypoweredandtheyusethepowerofthereader‘sinterrogationsignaltocommunicatetheIDtotheRFIDreader.

无源射频识别标签不是电池供电,它们使用阅读器的询问信号能量来与射频识别器进行通信。

·interconnecteddevices的意思是“访问信号”。

[2]ActiveRFIDisnearlythesameasthelowerendWSNnodeswithlimitedprocessingcapabilityandstorage.ThescientificchallengesthatmustbeovercomeinordertorealizetheenormouspotentialofWSNsaresubstantialandmultidisciplinaryinnature.

有源射频识别技术与有限处理能力和存储的无线传感器网络节点基本相同。为了实现无线传感器网络的巨大潜力,必须克服的科学挑战是实质性的和多学科的本质。

·activeRFID的意思是“有源射频”。

·multidisciplinary的意思是“有关各种学问的”。

[3]NodefailuresareacommoncharacteristicofWSNs,thenetworktopologyshouldhavethecapabilitytohealitself.Ensuringsecurityiscriticalasthesystemisautomatically

linkedtoactuatorsandprotectingthesystemsfromintrudersbecomesveryimportant.

节点故障是一种常见的无线传感器网络的特点,网络拓扑结构应具备自我恢复的能力。因为系统自动连接到执行器且保护系统免受入侵,因此确保安全性就显得非常重要。

·hecapabilityto的意思是“有……的能力”。

·nodefailures的意思是“节点故障”。

Exercises

1.Fillintheblanks.

(1)We

present

a

thatwillaidindefiningthecomponentsrequiredfortheInternetofThingsfromahighlevel.

(2)RFIDtechnologyisamajor

intheembeddedcommunication

whichenablesdesignofmicrochipsforwirelessdatacommunication.

(3)The

tagsarecurrentlybeingusedinmanybankcardsandroadtolltagswhichareamongthefirstglobal

.

RFIDreadershavethirownbatterysupplyandcan

thecommunication.

(4)

theseveralapplications,themainapplicationofactiveRFIDtagsisinportcontainersformonitoringcargo.

(5)NodesinaWSNneedtocommunicateamongthemselvestotransmitdatainsingleor

toabasestation.Nodedropouts,andconsequent

networklifetimes,arefrequent.

(6)WSNMiddleware-A

tocombinecyberinfrastructurewithaServiceOrientedArchitecture(SOA)andsensornetworkstoprovide

toheterogeneoussensorresourcesinadeploymentindependentmanner.

2.Translate

thefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.

射频识别系统与IC卡有着密切的关系。数据存储在电子数据载体(称为应答器)之中。然而,应答器的能量供应以及应答器与阅读器之间的数据交换不是通过电路的触点接通而

是通过电场或者磁场的激发和耦合,这一方面是因为采用了无线电和雷达技术。因此,射频识别是无线电频率识别的简称,即通过无线电波进行识别。

PassageCRFID

Inrecentyears,radiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyhasmovedfromobscurityIntomainstreamapplicationsthathelpspeedthehandlingofmanufacturedgoodsandmaterials.RFIDenablesidentificationfromadistance,andunlikeearlierbar-codetechnology(seethesidebar),itdoessowithoutrequiringalineofsight.RFIDtags(seeFigure16.2)supportalargersetofuniqueIDsthanbarcodesandcanincorporateAdditionaldatasuchasmanufacturer,producttype,

andevenmeasureenvironmentalfactorssuchastemperature.Furthermore,RFIDsystemscandiscernmanydifferenttags

locatedinthesamegeneralareawithouthumanassistance.Incontrast,considerasupermarketcheckoutcounter,whereyoumustorienteachbar-codeditemtowardareaderbeforescanningit.

Figure16.2RFIDtags

ManytypesofRFIDexist,butatthehighestlevel,wecandivideRFIDdevicesintotwoclasses:activeandpassive.Activetagsrequireapowersource-they’reeitherconnectedtoapoweredinfrastructureoruseenergystoredinanintegratedbattery.Inthelattercase,atag’slifetimeislimitedbythestoredenergy,balancedagainstthenumberofreadoperationsthedevicemustundergo.Oneexampleofanactivetagisthetransponderattachedtoanaircraftthatidentifiesitsnationalorigin.AnotherexampleisaLoJackdeviceattachedtoacar,whichincorporatescellulartechnologyandaGPStolocatethecarifstolen.

However,batteriesmakethecost,size,andlifetimeofactivetagsimpracticalfortheretailtrade.PassiveRFIDisofinterestbecausethetagsdon’trequirebatteriesormaintenance.Thetagsalsohaveanindefiniteoperationallifeandaresmallenoughtofitintoapracticaladhesivelabel.Apassivetagconsistsofthreeparts:anantenna,asemi-conductorchipattachedtotheantenna,andsomeformofencapsulation.

Thetagreaderisresponsibleforpoweringandcommunicatingwithatag.Thetagantennacapturesenergyandtransfersthetag’sID(thetag’schipcoordinatesthisprocess).Theencapsulationmaintainsthetag’sintegrityandprotectstheantennaandchipfromenvironmentalconditionsorreagents.Theencapsulationcouldbeasmallglassvial(seeFigure16.2)oralaminarplasticsubstratewithadhesiveononesidetoenable

easyattachmenttogoods.TwofundamentallydifferentRFIDdesignapproachesexistfortransferringpowerfromthereadertothetag:

magneticinductionandelectromagnetic(EM)wavecapture.ThesetwodesignstakeadvantageoftheEMpropertiesassociatedwithanRFantenna-thenearfieldandthefarfield.Bothcantransferenoughpowertoaremotetagtosustainitsoperation-typicallybetween10μWand1mW,dependingonthe

tagtype.(Forcomparison,thenominalpoweranIntelXscaleprocessorconsumesisapproximately500mW,andanIntelPentium4consumesupto50W.)Throughvarious

modulationtechniques,near-andfar-field-basedsignalscanalsotransmitandreceivedata.

Faraday’sprincipleofmagneticinductionisthebasisofnear-fieldcouplingbetweenareaderandtag.Areaderpassesalargealternatingcurrentthroughareadingcoil,resultinginanalternatingmagneticfieldinitslocality.Ifyouplaceatagthatincorporatesasmallercoilinthisfield,analternatingv