中国文化2Ancient-Chinese-Philosophy-and-Religion课件

AncientChinesePhilosophyandReligionConfucianismDaoism(Taoism)BuddhismConfucianismConfucianismisaschoolofthoughtrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius.TheschooltakestheteachingsofConfuciusasitscoreofthoughtandregardsthewordsanddeedsofConfuciusasitshighestcodeofbehavior.Confucianismvaluestheethicalrelationsofmen.Confucianismdeeplyinfluencednotonlythedailylives,butalsotheideologyoflatergenerationsinChina.Itissofar-reachingthatwearestilllivingundertheshadowofitssorroundings.Itiscalled“theHarmoniousSociety”nowadays.ConfucianismConfuciusEducatorThinkerStatesmanAsymbolofChinesecultureConfucius551--479B.C.,Qufu,theStateofLu(currentlyShandongProvince)Familyname:Kong;Givenname:Qiu;courtesyname:Zhongni.AlowrankingofficialEstablishedthefirstprivateschoolinChinaandacceptedthestudentsfromeverycountry.Subjects:Manners,Music,Calligraphy,Charioteering,ArcheryandMathematics(礼，乐，书，御，射，数）Hehadmorethan3000students.Amongthem,72becamegreatfamousscholars.Purposeofhisteaching:tohelphisstudentsacquirenecessaryskilltogetintopolitics.ConfucianismConfucianism

-TextsTheConfucianclassicshavebeenliketheBibletotheWesternworldandformedthecorecurriculumintheeducationofChineseacademicsandintellectualsthroughoutmostofimperialperiods.The“FourBooks”:TheGreatLearningTheDoctrineoftheMeanTheAnalectsTheMenciusThe“FiveClassics”:ClassicofChangesClassicofHistoryClassicofPoetryClassicofRitesSpringandAutumnAnnals

TheFiveCardinalRelationships:Ruler–theRuledHusband–wifeParents–ChildrenElderbrother–YoungerbrotherFriend–Friend

ConfucianismRen

CentraldoctrineandfundamentalvirtueofConfucianismLoveallmen--benevolence,kindness,humanity,charityandsympathy.GovernmentshouldbebasedonthevirtueofRen.

TheCoreofConfucius’PhilosophyLiThemoralwaysofconductPoliteness,courtesy,propriety,properetiquetteandgoodmanners.AccordingtoConfucius’thought,RenandLiisinseparable.

TheCoreofConfucius’Philosophy

Yi(Righteousness)TheabilitytorecognizewhatisrightandthemoraldispositiontodogoodInConfucius’thought,someactionsoughttobeperformedforthesolereasonthattheyareright--regardlessofwhattheyproduce;notforthesakeofsomethingelse.Confucianism

OtherimportantconceptsofConfucius’PhilosophyXiao(Filialpiety)therespectandobediencetoone’sparents.

thespecificdutiesandvenerationtoalltheelderlyandtheveteranpeopleofthesociety.

Contributetothestableconstructionofthefamilyandsociety.ExertconsiderableinfluenceonpresentdayChineseculture.

Confucianism

OtherimportantconceptsofConfucius’PhilosophyZhong(Loyalty)LoyaltothecountryandthepeopleExtendedtoone'sdutiestofriends,family,andspouse.Oneofthegreathumanvirtues.Confuciusalsorealizedthatloyaltyandfilialpietycanpotentiallyconflict.

Confucianism

OtherimportantconceptsofConfucius’PhilosophyHe(peaceandharmony)KeepingbalanceinmindDoctrineinone’scharactercultivation,interpersonalrelationsandinternationalrelationsPeaceismostprecious.

(byConfucius)Theconstructionofharmonioussociety

isbasedontheconceptofHe.Confucianism

OtherimportantconceptsofConfucius’PhilosophyTraditionalChineseethicsincludesbothgoodandbadelements.SomereflectthehighstandardofmoralpursuitoftheChinesepeople,whileothersseemlessrelevantinmodernsociety.Forexample,thethreeobediencesandfourvirtues(三从四德)andthethreebasicrulesandfiveconstantvirtues(三纲五常)havelongbeenabandonedbytheChinesepeople.LimitationofConfucianThinkingTheThreeObediencesandFourVirtuesThetraditionalidealofawomanisthatsheisadependantbeingwhosebehaviourisgovernedby“threeobediences”(tofatherbeforemarriage,tohusbandaftermarriage,andtosonafterbecomingawidow:未嫁从父,既嫁从夫,夫死从子)andfour“virtues”(morality,properspeech,modestmanner,anddiligence:品德、言语、仪态、女工).TheThreeBasicRulesandFiveConstantVirtues

（三纲五常）Thesewerethesocialnormsprescribedbyfeudalmorality.Thethreebasicrules:akingshouldruleoverhissubjects;afather,hisson;ahusband,hiswife(君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲).Thefiveconstantvirtues:benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,andfidelity(仁、义、礼、智、信).Example:Confuciussaid,“Isn’titapleasuretolearnandthenpracticewhatyou’velearnedfromtimetotime?Isn’titajoytomeetfriendsfromafar?Isn’theamanofvirtue,whodoesn’tfeelannoyedwhenothersdonotunderstandhim?”[原文]子曰:“学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?”Confucius’FamousWordsandPrinciplesMencius

(372-289BC)Menciuswasborninasmallstate,Zou(邹),inthepresentsouthernpartofShandongProvince.SecondSageintheConfucianschoolMenciusalsobelievedthatthosevirtuessuggestedbyConfuciuswereveryimportant.Menciusespeciallyarguedthatthesevirtuescouldbeconsideredasourhumannature.

Asknownasanothergreateducatorandstatesman,Menciusinheritedtheideas,andmadeitfurthermoresystematic.Healsoaddedhisownopinions.E.g.Humandispositionsareoriginallygood,justlikewaterflowsdownwards.HewrotehisbookMenciusinordertopropagatehistheorywithhisfollowers.Somewordsarestilltobeoneverybody'slips.

Mencius

(372-289BC)Peopleareonthetopofpriority,withstatefollowing,thencomesthemonarch.(民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻）TheHumanemanhasnoonetoopposehim.(仁者无敌)Thriveincalamityandperishinsoftliving.(生于忧患，死于安乐)Mencius

(372-289BC)LaoZic.570--490B.C.,thestateofChuFamilyname:Li;Givenname:Er;courtesyname:Boyang.FounderofDaoismDaoDeJing,(TheClassicsoftheWaysandVirtues),5000words.searchedawaytoavoidtheconstantfeudalwarfareandothersocialconflictduring

histimeDaoism/TaoismDaoDaonourisheseverything.Daoisthewayofuniverseandthewayofharmony,integrationandcooperation.Daoisthewaymanshouldorderhislifetokeepitinlinewiththenaturalorderoftheuniverse.ImportantOpinionsinDaoismDeVirtue,apowerofmorality,apowerofgoodTheactiveexpressionofDao.Deistheactiveliving,orcultivation,ofDao.Theingrainqualityofhumanbeing

ImportantOpinionsinDaoismWuweiNon-actionRespectingandfollowingthewayofnaturewithoutdestroyingnaturalharmonyAstateofmindtogainspiritualpeaceandtranquility

ImportantOpinionsinDaoismZhuang

Zi

（c.369－286BC）AnotherclassicworkofDaoism--Zhuang

ZiorNanHuaJingCentralconcern–thefindingofabsolutehappinessoftranscendingthedistinctionbetweenone’sselfandtheuniversebyunionwiththeDaoDaoism/TaoismDaoismasreligionChinesenativereligionBasedontheDaoistthinkingFormedinthelaterperiodofEasternHandynasty,flourishedintheWeiandJindynasties,promotedintheTangandSongdynasty.DaoismisinfluentialinallaspectsofChineseculture,e.g.Chinesealchemy,astrology,fengshuiculture,witchcraft,somemartialartsandstylesofqigong,traditionalmedicine,andChinesecuisine.InfluenceofDaoisminChineseCultureMohismMohism,basedontheteachingsofMoZi

（c.468--376BC）,cherishesuniversallove兼爱

whichstatesthatifallthepeopleintheworldlovedoneanother,therewouldbenohatred,calamities,andhostilities.Inpoliticsandethics,Mohismadvocateshonoringvirtuouspeople,opposingfatalism(宿命论）andaggressivewars,andupholdingthriftinessandsimplefunerals.LegalismBegunbyHanFeizi(c.281-233BC),legalismadvocatesmakinglawstounifythethoughtofpeople,promotingagriculturetoachieveaffluence,wagingwarstogainstrengthandpower,andestablishingasystemofbureaucracy.TheLegalistsalsoholdthatcontradictionispresenteverywhere,andthetwosidesofacontradictionarechangeable.TheOriginofBuddhismBudh(IndianSanskritlanguage):towakeup,toknowBuddha:theawakenorenlightenedoneThefounderofBuddhism:Sakymuni(SiddharthaGautama悉达多·乔达摩)TwoSchoolsofBuddhism:TheMahayana--China,Korea,JapanandVietnam,etc.TheTheravada(Hinayana)--SriLankaandsoutheastAsiaBuddhismThestoryoftheoriginofBuddhismBuddhismoriginatedinIndiainthe6thcenturyBC.Sakyamuni(SiddharthaGautama)issaidtobethefounderofBuddhism.Asthestorygoes,hewasaprince.Whenhewasyoung,hesadlysawthatpeoplesufferedfrompoverty,pain,sicknessanddeath.Aroundtheageof29,hechosetoabandonthematerialworldandsearchedfortheenlightenment.Sakyamunicametoabodhitree(菩提树)andsatdown,fallingintoadeepmeditation(冥想).AfterwardsheachievedenlightenmentandbecameaBuddha.ThetheoryofBuddhismisbasedonthetheoryofsamsara(轮回),meaningthatlivingbeingsorbitaroundthesixspheresofheaven,hellandearth(天道、人道、修罗（神）道、傍生道、鬼道、地狱道),justlikeanever-turningwheel.ThepathofaBuddhististoachieveenlightenment.TheTheoryofBuddhismOneBuddhistdoctrineisthateverythingintheworldischanging,transient(暂时的)andunreal.Thecornerstone(基本观点)ofBuddhistphilosophyistheviewthatalllifeissuffering.ThedoctrineofFourNobleTruths(四谛):lifeissuffering,thecauseofsufferingissin,sincanbeexterminated,andsufferingcanbealleviatedbytherightpathofunderstanding,meditationandendeavour(followingtheEightRightWays八正道).TheTheoryofBuddhismItiscommonlybelievedthatBuddhismwasfirstintroducedintoChinainthefirstcentury.DuringtheSuiandTangdynasties,Buddhismentereditsgoldenage.AbundantBuddhisttempleswerebuiltnationwide.InIndiaBuddhismwasdecliningatthattime,soChinabecamethecenteroftheBuddhistworld.Buddhismhasalwaysco-existedwithConfucianismandDaoism.BuddhisminChinaXuan

Zang’scontributiontothedevelopmentofChineseBuddhismAftermanyhardships,Xuan

ZangfinishedhispilgrimagejourneyfromChang’antoIndiainordertostudyBuddhistclassicsandlearntheBuddhistdoctrinesfromIndianmonkscholars.HereturnedwithvolumesofpreciousBuddhistscriptures,andtogetherwithmanyothermonksandscholars.Xuan

ZangdevotedhimselftotranslatingthescripturesintoChinese.Xuan

Zang’sachievementsgreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofChineseBuddhismandenrichedChineseculture.

BuddhistTemplesChineseBuddhistarchitectureincludespagodas,templesandgrottos.EarlierBuddhisttemplesusuallycombinedpagodasandacourtyard-styletemple.Latertheyhadalotincommonwiththeresidencesandpalaces.Theyadoptedthemethodofgroupcombinationwiththecourtyardasthecenterpiece,whichmakesthemdifferentfromthetemplesinIndiaorotherBuddhistcountries.TheFirstBuddhisttemple—theWhiteHorseTempleTheWhiteHorseTemple,located21kilometerseastoftheLuoyangCity,HenanProvince,wasthefirstofficiallybuiltBuddhisttempleinChinaintheEasternHanDynasty.ItwasnamedafterthewhitehorsethatcarriedtheBuddhistscripturesfromIndiatoLuoyang,thenthecapitalofthecountry.TheFamousBuddhistMountainsOfthemanyBuddhistmountains,MountWutai,MountEmei,MountPutuoandMountJiuhuaareacceptedastheFourSacredBuddhistMountainsinChina.MillionsofvisitorsfromallovertheworldcometotheseBuddhistmountainseveryyearforsightseeingortogainanunderstandingofChinesereligiousculture.OnChineselanguage

ThetranslationofBuddhismscriptsbringsnewgrammars,whichacceleratethechangesofChinesegrammaticalsystems.BuddhismalsobringsanumberofnewtermsandphrasesintoChinesevocabulary,manyofwhichstillexistinmodernChineselanguage.Forexample,“world(世界)”,“actuality(实际)”,“equality(平等)”,“relatively(相对)”,andsoon.InfluenceofBuddhismon

ChineseCultureInfluenceofBuddhismon

ChineseCultureOnChineseliteratureNewliteraturestyles,suchastheinterfusionofproseandverse