英语论文分析学习-第4节-Writing-about-Results

ThecontentofaresearcharticleorthesisAbstractIntroductionmethodologyresultsDiscussion/conclusion2023最新整理收集do

somethingWhatwe’llbedoingIntroductionofResultssectiontitleSpecialfeaturefunctionBuildingamodelGeneralstructureKeyelementsGrammar&writingskillsvocabularygrammarWhatwe’llbedoingIntroductionofResultssectiontitleSpecialfeaturefunctionBuildingamodelGeneralstructureKeyelementsGrammar&writingskillsvocabularygrammarAboutthetitleLookatthesamplesanddecidetherelationshipbetweenresult,discussionandconclusion.Aboutthetitle

Option1Option2Option3Option4ResultsorDataAnalysisResultsorDataAnalysisResultsandDiscussionResultsorDataAnalysisDiscussionDiscussionDiscussionandConclusion(s)Conclusion(s)Conclusion(s)AboutthetitleIfthesubtitlecontainsthewordDiscussion(i.e.ResultsandDiscussion),itincludessomeoralloftheDiscussion.ThebestwaytochooseanappropriatesubtitleistolookattheGuideforAuthorsofthejournalsyoureadregularly.SpecialfeatureLookattheexamplesandtellthespecialfeatureofresultsection:tables,figures,graphs,charts.WhydoIhavetowritetheresultsection?Q:Whynotsimplyprovidegood,cleargraphsortableswithgood,cleartitlesandperhapsafewnotesunderneatheach?WordsvsgraphsWhydoIhavetowritetheresultsection?A:1.someofyourresultsmaybemoreinterestingorsignificantthanothers,anditisdifficulttocommunicatethisinatableorgraph.2.itisessentialtorelateyourresultstotheaim(s)oftheresearch.WhydoIhavetowritetheresultsection?3.youmaywanttoofferbackgroundinformationtoexplainwhyaparticularresultoccurred,ortocompareyourresultswiththoseofotherresearchers4.yourresultsmaybeproblematic;perhapssomeexperimentswerenotfullysuccessfulandyouwanttosuggestpossiblereasonsforthis.WhydoIhavetowritetheresultsection?results:justadescriptionofyourfindingsandobservations.yourcommentsonwhatyoufoundorobserved

youmust:communicateyourownunderstandingandinterpretationoftheresultstoyourreaders.TheprimaryfunctionsofResultsandDiscussion:

PresentationofthesignificantresultsInterpretationoftheresultsregardingtheircauses,effect,implications,etc.AdiscussionofcontributionoftheresearchReferencebacktotheaims/theoreticalandresearchcontext/methodologicalapproachoftheresearchWhatwe’llbedoingIntroductionofResultssectiontitleSpecialfeatureFunctionBuildingamodelGeneralstructureKeyelementsGrammar&writingskillsvocabularygrammarQuestionsbeforeconstructingthestructure:HowdoIstarttheResultssection?WhattypeofsentenceshouldIbeginwith?(introductorysentence)Whattypeofinformationshouldbeinthissectionandinwhatorder?(body)HowdoIendthissection?WhatisincludedinthebodyofResultssection?(introductorysentence)ResultsofyourownresearchRelatedMethodologyComparisonswithresultsinotherresearchComparisonwithmodelpredictionsProblemswithresultsPossibleimplicationsofresultsModelbuildingBuildingthemodelReadthesample,andbuildamodeloftheresultssectionbywritingashortdescriptionofwhatthewriterisdoingineachsentence,atthesametime,trytofindoutthekeywordsortypicalsentencepatternstosupportyourjudgement.Sentence:(1)Dataobtainedinpreviousstudiesusingafixedon-sitemonitorindicatedthattravelbycarresultedinlowerCOexposurethantravelonfoot.(2)AccordingtoFigoetal.(1999),themedianexposureofcarpassengerswas11%lowerthanforthosewalking.referstothefindingsandconclusionsobtainedbyotherresearchers.Vocabulary:revisitingtheresearchaim/existingresearch.seethepartinred:DataobtainedinpreviousstudiesMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.Q1:whynotstartbydescribingmyresults?A:1.provideasmoothtransitionbetweenthenewsubsectionandthepreviousone.2.morereader-friendlytostartwithsomeintroductorymaterial.3.Thisistruewithallothersubsections.Q2:whyshouldIrestatetheoriginalpredictionorthefindingsofotherresearchhere?A:yourresultsSupport/modify/contradicttheoriginalprediction,andtheymaysupport/modify/contradictthefindingsofotherresearchers.Soreaderscanseemoreclearlyhowyourresultsrelatetothatpredictionorfindings.Q3:arethereotherwaystostarttheresultsection?ReadtheexamplesanddecideWay1:beginbyreferringbacktosomethingfromtheprevioussections,e.g:1.thefindingsofotherresearchinthisarea(themodel)2.thegeneralaimsofresearchinthisarea(example2)3.themethodology(example1,2)4.thespecificresearchproblemyouarefocusingon5.theoriginalpredictionorassumptiontobetestedWay2:beginbyofferinganoverviewofthecurrentsection.Thisisadescriptionoftheoverallpatternortrendoftheresults.(example3,4)Summary:HowtostarttheResultsRevisitingtheprevioussectionsFindingsofotherresearchmethodologyGeneralaimOriginalprediction/assumptionGeneraloverviewofthecurrentsectionSentence:(3)Inourstudy,modeledemissionrateswere

obtainedusingtheTrafficEmissionModel(TEM),aCO-exposuremodelingframeworkdevelopedbyKa.(4)Amodeledresultswerecomparedwith

actualroadsideCOconcentrationsmeasuredhourlyatafixedmonitor.refersbacktohis/herownmethodologyandaddsmoreinformationaboutit.Notethatextendeddetailsofthemethodologyareoftengivenhereratherthanintheprevioussection.Lateron,youmayneedtoprovidemorefactualinformationinordertoexplainwhyaspecificresultoccurred.Sentence:(5)Figure1showstheresultsobtainedusingTEM.invitesthereadertolookatagraph/figure/table/etc.Vocabulary:Invitationtoviewresultsseethepartinred:Figure1showstheresultsMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.Sentence:(6)Ascanbeseen,duringmorningpeak-timejourneystheCOconcentrationsforcarpassengersweresignificantlylowerthanforpedestrians,whichisconsistentwithresultsobtainedinpreviousstudies.referstospecificresultsandcomparesthemwiththoseobtainedinanotherstudy,usingsubjective,evaluativelanguage.Vocabulary:specific/keyresultsindetailComparisonwithotherresultsSeethepartinred:significantlylowerthan,

consistentwithMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.Language:ObjectivevssubjectiveCompare:Example1:AislowerthanB.Example2:Aisslightly/muchlowerthanB.Objectivelanguage:example1.Subjectivelanguage:example2.(yourowncomments)Q:whydoIneedtocomparemyresultswiththoseofotherresearchers?A:1.besidessimplyreportingyourresultsyoushouldlocatethemonthe“researchmap”inyourfield.2.soyouneedtoshowyourreadershowandwhereyourresultsfitinwiththeexistingresearchpicture.3.youwilldevelopthis“mapping”ofyourworkmoreextensivelyintheDiscussion.Q:whydoIhavetouseevaluativelanguage-whynotsimplydescribetheresultswhichareinthefigureortable?A:thecommentsyoumakeonyourresultsinfluencethewayreadersperceivethem.Sentence:(7)However,themodeleddatawerenotconsistentwiththeseresultsforafternoonjourney.offersageneralstatementabouthis/herresultstobeginanewparagraph.Thewriterismovingontomoreinterestingcontroversialresults,andcommunicatesthistothereaderbystartinganewparagraphandusingasignal(however)atthestartofthesentence.Sentence:(8)AlthoughthemeanCOconcentrationmodeledbyTEMforafternoonjourneysonfootwereinlinewiththoseofFigoetal,.astrikingdifferencewasnotedwheneachofthethreepeakhourswasconsideredsingly(Fig.2).referstospecificresultsandcomparesthemtothoseobtainedinanotherstudy,usinglanguagethatcommentsontheresult(s).Vocabulary:specific/keyresultsindetailComparisonwithotherresultsSeethepartinred:inlinewith,strikingdifference

Moreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.Sentence:(9)Itcanbeobservedthatduringthefirsthour(H1)ofthepeakperiod,journeysonfootresultedinaconsiderablelowerlevelofCOexposure.(10)AlthoughlevelsforjourneysonfootgenerallyexceededthosemodeledforcarjourneysduringH2,duringthelasthour(H3)thelevelsforjourneysonfootwereagainfrequentlyfarlowerthanforcarjourneys.selectsspecificresultstodescribeinmoredetail,usinglanguagethatcommentsontheresults.Vocabulary:specific/keyresultsindetailComparisonwithotherresultsSeethepartinred:considerablelower,generally,frequentlyfarlowerMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.Sentence:(11)Aquantitativeanalysistodeterminemodelinguncertaintieswasapplied,basedonthemaximumdeviationofthemeasuredandcalculatedlevelswithintheconsideredperiod.referstothemethodusedtoanalysetheresultsQ:whywasn’tthisincludedintheMethodology?A:theMethodologyonlydealswiththebasicstructureandcomponentsofthematerialsandmethods.MostofthedetailsareincorporatedintotheResults.

Sentence:(12)Usingthisapproach,theuncertaintyofthemodelpredictionforthisstudyslightly

exceedsthe50%acceptabilitylimitdefinedbyJiang.mentionsaproblemintheresultsandusesquantitylanguagetominimizeitssignificance.Vocabulary:problemswithresultsSeethepartinred:slightly

exceedsMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.Q:howcanItalkaboutproblemsintheResults?A:usevocabularythatminimisestheproblem,suggestspossiblereasonsforitand/oroffersasolutionorawayforward.Methodologysection:Mentiontheproblem,andminimisetheresponsibility,andsuggestsolutions.Sentence:(13)Nevertheless,theseresultssuggestthatdataobtainedusingTEMtosimulatedCOexposuresmayprovidemoresensitiveinformationforassessingtheimpactoftrafficmanagementstrategiesthantraditionalon-sitemeasurement.makesareferencetotheimplicationsandapplicationsoftheworks/hehasdone.Vocabulary:possibleimplicationsofresultsSeethepartinred:Nevertheless,theseresultssuggestMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.Q:shouldn’tthatwaituntiltheDiscussion?A:anexaminationofimplicationsandapplicationsisoneofthecentralareasoftheDiscussion.Butmostwritersgivesomeindicationoftheimplicationsoftheirresults,towardstheendoftheResultssection.Contributionsandimplicationsoftheresearch:introductionAgain:resultsMore:discussionThemodelInsentence1&2:referstothefindingsandconclusionsobtainedbyotherresearchers.Insentence3&4:refersbacktohis/herownmethodologyandaddsmoreinformationaboutit.Insentence5:invitesthereadertolookatagraph/figure/table/etc.Insentence6:referstospecificresultsandcomparesthemwiththoseobtainedinanotherstudy,usingsubjective,evaluativelanguage.Insentence7:offersageneralstatementabouthis/herresultstobeginanewparagraph.Insentence8:referstospecificresultsandcomparesthemtothoseobtainedinanotherstudy,usinglanguagethatcommentsontheresult(s).Insentence9&10:selectsspecificresultstodescribeinmoredetail,usinglanguagethatcommentsontheresults.Insentence11:referstothemethodusedtoanalysetheresultsInsentence12:mentionsaproblemintheresultsandusesquantitylanguagetominimizeitssignificance.Insentence13:makesareferencetotheimplicationsandapplicationsoftheworks/hehasdone.Whatwe’llbedoingIntroductionofResultssectiontitleSpecialfeaturefunctionBuildingamodelGeneralstructureKeyelementsGrammar&writingskillsvocabularygrammarSummaryofVocabulary:

1.revisitingtheresearchaim/existingresearch.Thisincludeswaystoremindthereaderofwhatwassaidearlier.(asmentionedearlier)2.generaloverviewofresultsThisincludeswaystointroducethegeneralpatternortrendofyourresultssothatthereaderknowswhattoexpect.(inmostcases)3.invitationtoviewresults4.specific/keyresultsindetailThisincludesbothlanguagewhichprovidesanobjectivedescriptionoftheresultsandsubjective,evaluativelanguage.Samplesentences:

1.AstrikingillustrationofthiscanbeseeninFig.5.AstrikingillustrationofthiscanbeseeninFig.5.2.Figure1showsafairlyconsistentmaterial.Figure1showsafairlyconsistentmaterial.3.Theeffectontherelativeperformancewasdramatic.Theeffectontherelativeperformancewasdramatic.5.comparisonswithresultsinotherresearchThisincludesthelanguageyoumayneedtocompareyourresultswiththoseofotherresearchers,tousetheirresultstoconfirm/supportyoursandtocompareyourresultswithpredictions,modelsorsimulations.Samplesentences1.Distributionsarealmostidenticalinbothcases.1.Distributionsarealmostidenticalinbothcases.2.Thesetrendsareinlinewiththepreviouslydiscussedstructureoftheferrihydriteaggregates.2.Thesetrendsareinlinewiththepreviouslydiscussedstructureoftheferrihydriteaggregates.3.Weseethatthenumericalmodeltendstogivepredictionsthatareparalleltotheexperimentaldata.3.Weseethatthenumericalmodeltendstogivepredictionsthatareparalleltotheexperimentaldata.6.problemswithresultsRememberthatresearchisnotnecessarilyinvalidatedbyinappropriateresults,providedtheyarepresentedinaconventional,professionalway.7.possibleimplicationsofresultsSuggestionsaboutwhatyourresultsimplysignalthemovetowardstheDiscussion/Conclusion.practice:sampleanalysisSentence1,2,11-13,14-22Whatwe’llbedoingIntroductionofResultssectiontitleSpecialfeaturefunctionBuildingamodelGeneralstructureKeyelementsGrammar&writingskillsvocabularygrammarGrammarandWritingSkillsThissectiondealswithfourlanguageareaswhichareimportantintheResultssection:FrequencyCausalityQuantitySequenceGrammarandWritingSkills--frequencytocommunicateclearlyhowoftenaparticulareventorresultoccurred.Frequencylanguagecanbearrangedinorderoffrequencyfrom100%frequency(oneveryoccasion)downtozerofrequency(never)SeethelistGrammarandWritingSkills--causalityCausality:example1:cause,produce,beduetoAclear/strongcausalconnectionExample2:beafactorin,contributetoApartialcauseExample3:originatein,initiateTheinitialorfirstcauseinacausalchainExample4:berelatedto,linkAweakcausalconnectionGrammarandWritingSkills--quantityThewordsandphrasesthatcommunicatequantitycanbedividedintofivegroups.Example:Aconsiderableamountofresidueremainedinthepipe.1)Thefirstgroup:containswordsorphraseswhichmakethesize/quantitylookbigGrammarandWritingSkills--quantity2)example:Barely23%oftheresidueremainedinthepipe.Thesecondgroup:containswordsorphraseswhichmakethesize/quantitylooksmallGrammarandWritingSkills--quantity

Theamountthatremainedwasevenhigher/evenlowerthanpredicted.Thethirdgroup:emphasiseshowbig/small/high/lowthesize/quantityisGrammarandWritingSkills--quantityAlmostall/Almosthalfoftheresidueremainedinthepipe.Thefourthgroup:communicatethatthesize/quantityissimilar/closetoanotherGrammarandWritingSkills--quantity

Someoftheresidueremainedinthepipe.Thefifthgroup:whenyouneedtosaysomethingaboutthequantitybutyoudonotwanttocommityourselftoaninterpretationofhowbigorsmallitwasGrammarandWritingSkills--sequencetodescribetheorderandtimesequenceofwhatyoudidandfoundinaverypreciseway.Timesequencemeanshowlongeachsteptookandwhereitoccurredinthesequence.Youcannotuseonlythenornext;GrammarandWritingSkills--sequenceThewordsandphrasesthatcommunicatesequencecanbedividedintoeightgroups.GrammarandWritingSkills--sequenceExample:Itwasapparentbeforehandthatareductionintemperaturewouldbeadesirableoutcome.1)Thefirstgroup:referstoeventsthatoccurredbeforeyoubegan