【国际能源署】新兴和发展中经济体的清洁能源创新政策2024247份2478mb

CleanEnergyInnovation

PoliciesinEmerging

andDeveloping

EconomiesTheIEAexamines

thefull

spectrumofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespolicies

thatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyin

its31member

countries,13associationcountriesand

beyond.Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatus

of

or

sovereignty

overanyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundaries

andtothenameofanyterritory,cityor

area.Source:IEA.InternationalEnergy

AgencyWebsite:

IEA

member

countries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech

RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew

ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak

RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublicof

TürkiyeUnitedKingdomUnited

StatesTheEuropeanCommissionalsoparticipatesin

theworkofthe

IEAIEA

associationcountries:ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth

AfricaThailandUkraineINTERNATIONAL

ENERGYAGENCYPAGE|

3CleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingandDeveloping

EconomiesAbstractIEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.AbstractEmergingdevelopingeconomieshaveamajorstakeintacklingtheclimatechallenge,includingthroughtheinnovationsneededtounderpinthecleanenergytransition.Inrecentyears,energy,climateanddevelopmentpoliciesinmanyemergingeconomieshaveincludedambitiousinnovationobjectivesforcleanenergy

technologies.

The

economic

opportunity

is

large,

and

strengthening

energyinnovationsystemsinthesecountriesisimportantforthepaceofglobalenergytransitions.However,thestatusesandformsoftheseinnovationsystemsvarywidelytoday.Government

policies

play

an

essential

role

in

clean

energy

innovation,

and

it

is

thecombinationofabroadrangeofmeasuresthatmakesthemeffective.Emergingeconomieshaveawealthofpolicyandinnovationexperiencetoshare,andallcountrieshavemuchtolearnabouttheirspecificchallengesand

commonalities.Thisreportpresents11newcasestudiesofnationalexperienceswithpolicydevelopment

and

implementation

in

support

of

energy

innovation

in

emerging

anddevelopingeconomies.Thecasestudies,authoredbynationalexperts,coverarangeoftechnologiesandhighlightdistinctaspectsoftheenergyinnovationprocessacrossdiversesettingsinArgentina,Brazil,China,Colombia,India,Kazakhstan,Kenya,Mexico,Morocco,NigeriaandSouthAfrica.Acomparisonofthe

case

studies

reveals

seven

key

findings

and

a

set

of

insights

for

governments,intergovernmentalbodiesandotherpartnerstoworkoneffectivepolicypackagesandstrongercleanenergyinnovationecosystems

globally.PAGE|

4CleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingandDeveloping

EconomiesAcknowledgementsIEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.AcknowledgementsThisreportwaspreparedjointlybytheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)andtheIndianInstituteforTechnology,Delhi(IITDelhi).ThestudywasdesignedanddirectedbySimonBennettoftheEnergyTechnologyPolicy(ETP)DivisionoftheDirectorateofSustainability,TechnologyandOutlooks(STO)attheIEA,ProfessorAmbujSagar,VipulaandMaheshChaturvediProfessorofPolicyStudiesatIITDelhi.AmaliaPizarro(IEA)andAbhishekMalhotra(IITDelhiandWorldBank)contributedconceptual,organisationalandintellectualinputs.PedroNinô

de

Carvalho

of

the

IEA

Office

of

Global

Energy

Relations

supported

the

Brazilchapter.TheIEAinputwasdeliveredundertheguidanceofTimurGül,IEAChiefEnergyTechnologyOfficer.Thecasestudychapterswerecontributedbythefollowingnationalexperts:SoukainaBoudoudouh(L'InstitutdeRechercheenÉnergieSolaireetÉnergiesNouvelles),EdilaineCamillo(StateUniversityofCampinas),DianaCanales(Conahcyt),AndréTosiFurtado(StateUniversityofCampinas),CarinaGuzowski(UniversidadNacionaldelSur),ZhangjinHuang(SchoolofPoliticalScienceandPublic

Administration,

China

University

of

Political

Science

and

Law),

María

MaríaIbañezMartín(UniversidadNacionaldelSur),AbhishekMalhotra(WorldBank),LovelineMuluh(UniversityofCapeTown),VivianOgechiNwadiaru(UniversityofMassachusettsAmherst),VincentOgaya(KenyaClimateInnovationCenter),SerikOrazagaliyev(SDSNKazakhstanandGraduateSchoolofPublicPolicy,NazarbayevUniversity),OlufolahanOsunmuyiwa(ChalmersUniversityofTechnology),RodrigoPalacios(Conahcyt,IniciativaClimáticadeMéxico),ClaraInesPardoMartinez(UniversidaddelRosario),BrittaRennkamp(UniversityofCapeTown),AmbujSagar(IITDelhi),AliyaSembayeva(SDSNKazakhstan,NazarbayevUniversity),StellaTsani(DepartmentofEconomics,NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens),StefanosXenarios(SDSNKazakhstanandGraduateSchoolofPublicPolicy,NazarbayevUniversityandCSIROEnvironment,Australia),MaríaFlorenciaZabaloy(UniversidadNacionaldelSur),ReginaZamora(UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico),FangZhang(SchoolofPublicPolicyandManagement,Tsinghua

University).ValuablecommentsandfeedbackwereprovidedbycolleagueswithintheIEA,inparticular

Nadim

Abillama,

Syrine

Al

Abed,

Kavita

Jadhav,

Rita

Madeira,

RebeccaMcKimm,AnttiRauhala,TalyaVatman,BiqingYang.ThanksalsotoCurtisBrainard,AstridDumond,PoeliBojorquez,ThereseWalsh,LivGaunt,LorenzoSquillace,IsabelleNonain-SemelinandJethroMullenoftheIEA

CommunicationsandDigitalOffice.JustinFrench-BrooksandLizzieSayereditedthemanuscript.CharlotteBrackeandMaoTakeuchisupportedthemeetingsand

administration.PAGE|

5CleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingandDeveloping

EconomiesAcknowledgementsIEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.ThispublicationhasbeenproducedwiththefinancialassistanceoftheEuropeanUnionaspartofitsfundingoftheCleanEnergyTransitionsinEmergingEconomiesprogramme(CETEE-2)withintheCleanEnergyTransitionsProgramme,theIEA’sflagshipinitiativetotransformtheworld’senergysystemtoachieveasecureandsustainablefutureforall.TheUniversityofCapeTown’scontributionsweremadepossiblebyfundingfromUKResearchandInnovationandMinistryofEducationandResearchofGermany(BMBF).TheNigeriancasestudyauthorsaregratefultoAndrewAlola(InlandNorwayUniversityofAppliedSciences)forearlyinputstothestudydesign,andAbbaAbubakarAliyu,BelloSalman,BalaTyodenandSelbyenGambooftheRuralElectrificationAgencyforgivingtheirtimeto

interviews.PAGE|

6CleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingMarketandDeveloping

EconomiesExecutivesummaryandinsightsforpolicymakersIEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.Executivesummaryand

insightsforpolicy

makersEmergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies(EMDEs)haveamajorstake

intacklingtheclimatechallenge,includingthroughtheinnovationsneededtounderpinthecleanenergytransition.Thepathwaystakenbyemergingeconomiestoincreasetheirenergysuppliestomeetrisingdemandandboosteconomicdevelopmentwillbefundamentaltoachievingenergytransitionsglobally.Giventheroleofnewandimprovedenergytechnologiesinachievingcleanenergygoals,technologicalinnovationiscriticaltoaddressingtheclimatechallengeforallcountries.Withoutit,energyandclimategoalswillremainoutofreach.

According

to

IEA

analysis,

35%

of

the

energy

sector

emissions

savings

thatare

needed

to

achieve

net

zero

CO2

emissions

globally

by

mid-century

must

comefromtechnologiesthatarenotyetcommerciallyavailableonthemarket.Aswellascontinuedimprovementstoproductsalreadyonthemarket,thereisthereforeaneedforconcertedglobaleffortstosuccessfullydemonstrateemissions-reducingtechnologiesthatareknown,butnotyetprovenat

scale.Energyandclimatepolicyinemergingeconomiesincreasinglytargetsambitiousinnovationobjectives.Thecasestudiesinthisreportdemonstratethatmanycountrieshaveputinplacesubstantialpoliciesandprogrammestoadvanceacleanenergytransitiondomestically,inamannerthatrealisesthedevelopmental

benefits

of

such

a

transition.

This

includes

expectations

to

develop,own,produceoroptimisethetechnologiesthattheydeploy,andtoshapedomesticmarketstothecapabilitiesandaspirationsofthelocalpopulation.Insomecases,energyorclimatepolicydocumentsstateavisionofbecominganexporteroftechnologiesinthis

area.Theeconomicopportunityislarge,butEMDEsfacemultiplechallengestofullyreapitsbenefits.Theemergenceofanewcleanenergyeconomy,ledbymass-marketsolarPV,batteriesandelectricvehicles,isbringingtheeconomicopportunitiesofcleanenergytransitionsintofocusforgovernments,includingindevelopingeconomies.Nurturingnewtechnologiestomaturitycancreatelocaleconomicprosperity,andcleanenergytransitionswilloffermarketopportunitiesforalleconomiesinthecomingdecades.Butemergingeconomiesfacespecificchallengestobeovercomeinordertotakeadvantageoftheseopportunities,includingconstrainedpublicbudgets,competitionbetweenimmediatesocialneedsandlonger-terminnovationgoals,alackofcutting-edge

researchCleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingMarketandDeveloping

EconomiesExecutivesummaryandinsightsforpolicymakersPAGE|

7IEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.infrastructure,highcostsofcapitalforrisk-takingenterprises,weakintellectualpropertyenforcementandsmalloruncertaindomesticmarketsforinnovativetechnologies.Investmentincleanenergyandspendingoninnovationisunevenlydistributed.Thetrendtowardshigherspendingoncleanenergyisvisibleallaroundtheworld,butmostofthespendingisinadvancedeconomiesandChina.ForeverydollarinvestedinbatterystorageinadvancedeconomiesandChinain2023,onlyonecentwasinvestedinotheremergingmarkets.Thisfallsfarshortoftheamountsneededtoensurefullaccesstomodernenergyandtomeetrisingenergy

demand

in

a

sustainable

way.

Spending

on

energy

innovation

also

reflectsthisimbalance:In2023,just6%ofpublicenergyR&Dspending,3%ofcorporateenergyR&Dspendingand9%ofenergyventurecapitalwasinEMDEsoutsideChina.Consideringtheactiverolethesecountriesneedtoplayinenergytransitions

and

the

importance

of

technologies

that

are

a

good

fit

with

local

marketsandcontexts,theirlimitedinvestmentparticipationisa

concern.Policyplaysanessentialroleincleanenergyinnovation.Governmentshaveakeyroletoplayinenablingandacceleratingtechnologydeploymentthroughdifferentpolicytoolssuchasfinancialincentives,regulationsandresearchsupport.Interestinidentifyingeffectivepoliciestocatalyseinnovationisgrowingworldwide,backedbyexpectationsthatcleanenergytechnologiescanbecommercialisedalmostanywhere–especiallymass-manufacturedtechnologieslikebatteriesorsolarpanels.Inmanycases,governmentsandthenetworksofinstitutions

they

co-ordinate,

including

state-owned

enterprises,

are

the

only

actorswiththeinfluenceandoverviewtobolsterandshapeinnovationecosystemsinEMDEs.Elsewhere,othergovernments,investorsandphilanthropistsareaskingwhattheycandotosupportemergingeconomiestoenteravirtuouscycleoftechnologydeployment,learning,research,manufacturingandprocessimprovement,boostedbyfurtherdeploymentorexportswithhigherlocalcontent.Innovationcanalsohelpcountriesmorequicklyreachtippingpointsatwhichtheadvantages

of

clean

energy

to

the

domestic

economy

clearly

outweigh

the

benefitsofcontinuingalongahigher-emissions

pathway.Effective

innovation

policy

combines

a

broad

range

of

measures.

While

mostgovernmentschannelfundingtoinnovatorstoguidethemtowardsnationaltechnologypriorities,countriesthataremoresuccessfulincleanenergyinnovationsupportfourkeypolicypillars:resourcepush(asustainedflowofR&Dfunding,capitalforinnovators,skillsandresearchinfrastructure);knowledgemanagement(thefreeexchangeofinformationbetweenresearchers,academia,companies,policymakersandinternationalpartners);marketpull(creationofexpectedmarketvalueforthenewproductorservicethatmakestheR&Drisksworthwhile);andsocio-politicalsupport(broadcross-societysupportfornewproductsorservicesandthetestsneededtodeveloptheminto

commercialCleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingMarketandDeveloping

EconomiesExecutivesummaryandinsightsforpolicymakersPAGE|

8IEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.products).Thecasestudiesconfirmthatcountriesstruggletotranslateresearchintotechnologicalchangewithoutactionundereachpillar.Developingeconomiestypicallydonothaveanextensivelegacyofenergyinnovation,andanenergyinnovationecosysteminadevelopingeconomymaylookverydifferentfromthatofanadvancedeconomy.Itmightbemainlycomposedoftheskills,institutionsandincentivestoevaluate,adapt,manufactureanddeployatechnologythatisunfamiliarinthecountrycontext.Theseecosystemsare“innovation-ready”platformsthatcanfosterincrementalimprovementstotechnologiesandgrowintomoresophisticatedcommunitiesofinnovatorsatalater

stage.Emergingeconomieshaveawealthofinnovationexperiencestoshare,

andallcountrieshavemuchtolearnfromthem.ManyalreadyhaveextensiveexperienceintechnologyR&Danddeployment,whetherforenergyorinadjacentareas,butitisrarelyconsideredcollectively.Examplesofglobaltechnologyleadershipinthesecountriesaremoreplentifulthanisoftenrecognised,andinclude

biotechnology

in

India,

nuclear

power

in

Argentina,

synthetic

fuel

synthesisinSouthAfrica,biofuelsinBrazil,financialtechnologyinKenya,fertilisersinMoroccoandbuildingmaterialsin

Mexico.TheheterogeneityofEMDEcountrycontextsmeansthatsharingpolicylessonsandsuccessesismorevaluablewhenitaccountsforlocalcontext.Thecasestudiesinthisreportcover11countries,yetthevariationsamongthemarebroad.Whiletheyallillustrateeffectivepolicyapproachestoboostingcleanenergytechnologycapabilitiesdespiterelativelylowpercapitawealth,theinstitutional,infrastructureandprivatesectorcontextsvarywidely.ThesecontextualaspectsareofparticularimportancetoexaminingpolicydesignandeffectivenessinEMDEs.Itisthereforenecessarytolooknotonlyatthedetailsofthepolicydocumentation,butalsoatthepolicy’soriginswithinthebroadernational

priorities

and

the

factors

that

shaped

the

choice

of

measures,

assessmentandlearning.Findingsfromasetof11case

studiesThisreportpresents11newcasestudiesofnationalexperienceswithpolicydevelopmentandimplementationinsupportofenergyinnovationinEMDEs.Thecasestudiescoverarangeofdifferentcountriesandkeytechnologies,andhighlight

distinct

aspects

of

the

energy

innovation

process

across

diverse

settings.Eachcasestudywasauthoredbynationalexpertswithdeepexperienceoftheenergyinnovationlandscapeintheir

countries.Commontoallofthesecasestudiesistheaspirationofgovernmentstoengageinthecleanenergytransition,eveninthefaceofresourceconstraints.Acomparison

of

the

case

studies

reveals

a

number

of

key

findings

that

demonstratethestrengthsofenergyinnovationinthecountriesunder

consideration:PAGE|

9CleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingMarketandDeveloping

EconomiesExecutivesummaryandinsightsforpolicymakersIEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.Cleanenergyinnovationhasrisenhighupthepolicyagendaindeveloping

countries,

just

as

it

has

in

advanced

economies.

The

potentialforeconomicdevelopmentisakeymotivatingfactor,asistheneedtoboostenergysecurityandrespondtotheclimatechallenge.CountriesincludingArgentina,Colombia,Kazakhstan,NigeriaandSouthAfricaissuednewnational

energy

strategies

that

referenced

clean

energy

innovation

shortly

afterpublishing

their

nationally

determined

contributions

(NDCs)

as

part

of

the

ParisAgreementprocess.However,sincearound2020,industrialdevelopment

andinwardinvestmenthavebecomeequallystrongdriversfor

action.Innovationpolicycanbuilduponandreinforcebroadertrendstocatalysetechnologicalchange.Energyinnovationoutcomesaremoreeasilyachievedwhentheyalignwellwithnationalvisionsforeconomicandsocialdevelopment.InIndia,energyefficiencywasboostedbythegovernment’spriorityofmaintainingaccesstoelectricityforagrowingpopulationdespitefinancialchallengesforutilities.InColombia,hydrogentechnologieshavethepotentialtoaddressarangeofemergentandpressingpolicy

issues.Therearemultiplewaystosetinnovationinmotion.Inmanycases,successesatthenationallevelhaveemergedthroughdifferentconfigurationsofprivatesector-ledresearch,expertinteractionthroughknowledge

networks,strategicfundingandpolicytools,andpartnershipswithforeigntechnologysuppliers.InKenya,forexample,anewcohortofproducersofsolarhomesystemswerebornefromafundingprogrammeforoff-gridsolarPVthatrewardedinnovativemeansofadaptingservicestolocalconsumers’

needs.Institutionalhistoryexertsapowerfulinfluenceonpolicychoices.SouthAfrica’s“justtransition”policieshavetheirrootsinalongsocialandinstitutionalhistory.Successfulinnovationpolicyinterventionsworkinharmonywiththeexistingpolicylandscape,anditisimportantthatinternational

partners

are

sensitive

to

the

institutional

history.

Overall,

the

statetypicallyplaysamoreprominentroleintheenergysectorthanitdoesinadvancedeconomies,and,asillustratedbynuclearinnovationinArgentina,thereislessrelianceonmarketforcesandprivatesector

R&D.Existingtechnicalexpertisecanprovideaspringboard,includingfromadjacentsectors.Forexample,Kazakhstan’senergytechnologyplanspromote

areas

that

require

transferable

skills

from

the

oil

and

gas

sector,

suchassustainableliquidfuels.Kenya,bycontrast,becamealeadinginnovatorinsolarhomesystemsduetoitspriorexpertiseindigitalfinancetechnology.Mexicoisbuildingonitsmanufacturingexpertisetoentertechnologiesrelatedtosolar

PV.CleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingMarketandDeveloping

EconomiesExecutivesummaryandinsightsforpolicymakersIEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.Therearedemonstratedwaystomakethemostoflimitedresources.Internationalco-operation–whetherthroughfinancialsupportorknowledgesharing–isakeyfeatureacrossthecases.Limitedresourcesdemandprioritisationoftechnologyoptionsthatmatchlocalcapacities.Moroccohasdevelopedtoolsandexpertiseforexploringpotentialtechnologiesandidentifyinggapstobetargetedbypolicy.Nurturingtheinnovationecosystemandmaintainingconnectionswithinternationalinnovatorsisalsoimportant.TheearliestsolarPVmanufacturinginChinabenefitedfromindividualswithstronginternationalnetworksandconnectionsto

diasporas.Fewcountrieshavewell-establishedandcomparableprocessesforevaluatingoutcomesagainsttheoriginalpolicygoals.Evaluatinginnovationpolicyiscomplexforallgovernments,butitshouldbebuiltintopolicydesignattheoutset,tosupporttheprocessoflearning.Mexicoisanexceptioninthisregard:itsGeneralLawonClimateChangemandatestheevaluationofclimatechangepoliciesthroughINECC,aninstitutionwithintheEnvironment

Ministry.TableES.1The11case

studiesCountryCasestudyArgentinaInnovationinnuclearenergytechnologyandenergyefficiencypoliciesBrazilPolicydirectedtothedevelopmentofdomestictechnicalcapacityinthenewwindenergysectorandnearly100yearsofpolicy,industrialandtechnologicalchangeinthebioethanolsectorChinaUltra-high-voltage(UHV)technologyandsolar

PVColombiaRenewableenergysupportandhydrogen

ambitionsIndiaEnergyefficiency

policyKazakhstanEnergyandindustrialtransitions,andKazakhstan’ssovereignwealthfundKenyaOff-gridsolarPVandgeothermalenergytechnologyMexicoSolarPVdistributed

generationMoroccoNewtechnology-relatedrenewableenergyinstitutionsinMoroccoNigeriaInnovation-orientedprojectsinthecontextofrural

electrificationSouth

AfricaTheRenewableEnergyIndependentPowerProducerProcurementProgrammeandSouthAfrica’sJustEnergyTransitionPartnershipPAGE|

10PAGE|

11CleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingMarketandDeveloping

EconomiesExecutivesummaryandinsightsforpolicymakersIEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.Insightsforpolicy

makersStrengtheningenergyinnovationsystemsinEMDEsisimportantforthepaceofglobalenergytransitionsandenhancingcleanenergytechnologiesmoregenerally.However,thestatusesandformsoftheseinnovationsystemsvarywidelytoday.WhileChina’sexperienceswithcleanenergyinnovationpoliciesintheearly2000sprovideaninstructivecasestudy,thecountryhassincebuiltasophisticatedinnovationecosystemthatithasthecapacitytomaintain.Developingeconomieswithlessmatureinnovationecosystemswillbenefitfrom“innovationco-operation”withadvancedeconomiesaswellasotherEMDEs.Wefind

there

is

considerable

scope

for

partnerships

and

knowledge

exchange

amongEMDEs.Shiftingthediscoursetowards“innovationco-operation”mayhelpalleviatesomeofthesetbacksinthepoliticalarenathathavebeenencounteredbyanarrowerfocusontechnologyorpolicytransfer.Inthiscontext,rolescanbeidentifiedforallgovernments,intergovernmentalbodiesandotherpartnerstoworkoneffectivepolicypackagesandstrongercleanenergyinnovationecosystemsin

EMDEs.Fordomesticpolicy

makersAsinadvancedeconomies,theimportanceoffosteringpredictableanddurabledomesticdemandcannotbeoverstated.Adependablemarketforcleanenergytechnologieswithinagivensectorcreatestheincentivesforinnovatorstotakerisksandimproveexistingproducts.Marketscanstartsmallbutshouldrewardsuppliersofproductsandservicesthatareaparticularlygoodfitwithlocalneeds,aswellasthosethathavehigherperformanceandlower

costs.Thelackofanextensiveinstitutionalandtechnicallegacyincleanenergymayoftenbeaweakness,butalsocreatesanopportunityforcreativepolicy.Enablingpolicies

do

not

need

large

R&D

budgets

–

although

R&D

budgets

remain

valuable.Newagenciestoco-ordinatecleanenergytechnologyexpertisecanbeestablishedwiththeresponsibilitytoinformpolicy.Networksforlearningandsharingarealsoimportant,andstate-ownedenterprises,includingresearchinstitutes,canplayacentralorganisingroleiftheiraimsarealignedwiththoseofthebroadernetwork.Well-designedincentivesfordomesticprocurementcanfoster

competition

and

technology

adaptation,

and

they

can

start

at

relatively

smallscales,forexamplebytargetinginstallationandassembly.Encouraginginnovation

in

digital

technologies,

which

require

lower

capital

for

development,

canbeasimpactfulasmuchlargerR&D

budgets.Internationalengagementcanhelpbuilddomesticenergyinnovationecosystemsmorerapidlyifitistargetedtowardskeynationalchallenges.Thisstrengthens

thecaseformappingexercisesthatidentifygapsincapacityandpolicythathinderthe

development

and

take-up

of

new

technologies.

Depending

on

the

needs,

therePAGE|

12CleanEnergyInnovationPoliciesinEmergingMarketandDeveloping

EconomiesExecutivesummaryandinsightsforpolicymakersIEA.andIITDCCBY

4.0.arevariousformsofinternationalco-operationthatcanbepursuedsimultaneously.Theseincludeparticipationininternationalfora(suchasMissionInnovation,theIEAtechnologynetworkandUNbodies);collaborationontailoredstudiesofopportunities;exchangesofexperienceswithcountriesfacingsimilarchallenges;multilateralfinancingoftechnologydeploymentprogrammesandtechnical

capacity

building;

joint

R&D

programmes;

and

financial

support

to

actorsintheinnovationecosystem,includingincubatorsandtesting

facilities.IncountrieswithlimitedpublicR&Dbudg