VW 01107-202006-eng 电弧焊钉和金属板的部分

GroupstandardVW01107

Issue2020-06

Class.No.:04818

Descriptors:arcstudwelding,arcwelding,drawnarc,sheetmetalsegment,sheetmetalsegmentwelding,stud

welding,welding

ArcWeldingofStuds,Nuts,andSheetMetalSegmentsonSheetSteel

Preface

Theprocessdesignations"studwelding"(referencenumber78asperDINENISO4063

[2]

)

and/or"arcstudwelding"inthisstandardarealsousedtorefertoarcstudweldingofnut-shapedelementssoastocharacterizethephysicalprinciple.

Arcstudweldingofnut-shapedelements,whicharealsoreferredtoas"weldnuts"incommonpar-lance,mustnotbeconfusedwithresistanceprojectionwelding(referencenumber23)ofweldnutswithweldingprojectionsasperVolkswagenstandardVW01103

[8]

.

Previousissues

VW01107:1991-07,2007-02,2009-01,2015-05

Changes

ThefollowingchangeshavebeenmadetoVW01107:2015-05:

a)

Section

3:Abbreviationsdeletedanddesignationsincludedinthetext;

b)

Section4

revised,note1deleted;

c)

Table1

updated;

d)

Section

6.1updated;

e)Referenceddocumentsupdated

f)Editorialchangesimplemented

Alwaysusethelatestversionofthisstandard.

Thiselectronicallygeneratedstandardisauthenticandvalidwithoutsignature.Acommaisusedasthedecimalsign.TheEnglishtranslationisbelievedtobeaccurate.Incaseofdiscrepancies,theGermanversioncontrols.

Page1of16

Allrightsreserved.NopartofthisdocumentmaybeprovidedtothirdpartiesorreproducedwithoutthepriorconsentofoneoftheVolkswagenGroup’sStandardsdepartments.|internal

©VolkswagenAktiengesellschaft

VWNORM-2019-10

Page2

VW01107:2020-06

Contents

Page

1

Scope

2

2

Definitions

2

3

Symbols

3

4

Generalspecifications

3

5

Designationsforweldingelementsandweldedjoints

4

5.1

Studtypesnuts

andshapes,weld

4

5.2

Weldedjoint

6

6

Processofdrawn-arcweldingdescription

7

6.1

General

7

6.2

Weldingnuts

ofstudsand

8

6.3

segments

Arcweldingofsheetmetal

12

7

Testingqualityassuranceofweldedjointsand

14

7.1

Testingofweldedjoints

14

7.2

Schematic

diagram

15

8

Applicable

documents

15

9

Bibliography

16

1Scope

Thisstandardisusedforthedesign,production,andqualityassuranceofarc-weldedjointswithstuds,nuts,andsheetmetalsegmentsmadeofsteelthatareweldedusingthedrawn-arcproce-dureonuncoatedandsurface-coatedsteelsheetswiththicknesses≥0,7mm,inwhichtheweldedjointisstressedprimarilystatically.

2Definitions

Thefollowingdefinitionsapplyfortheuseofthisstandard:Foradditionaldefinitions,seealsoDINTechnicalReportISO/TR25901

[5]

.

Combinationinvolvingmaterialsofthesametype

Combinationofmaterialswhichdonotdiffersignificantlyintermsoftheirchemicalcompositionandtheirweldingsuitability

1)

Combinationinvolvingmaterialsofdifferenttypes

Combinationofmaterialswhichdiffersignificantlyintermsoftheirchemicalcompositionandtheirweldingsuitability

1)

Weldmaterial

Materialthatsolidifiesafterwelding,whichconsistsofbothbasematerials

Unaffectedbasematerial

Areaofthebasematerialthatdidnotexperienceanyevidentstructuralchangesasaresultoftheenergyappliedduringwelding

1)See

DINTechnicalReportISO/TR

581.

Page3VW01107:2020-06

Heat-affectedzone

Areaofthenon-meltedbasematerialthathasundergonethermallyinducedmicrostructuralchangesasaresultoftheenergyappliedduringwelding

3Symbols

Thefollowingsymbolsapplywhenusingthisstandard.

a

W

Wcal

EQ\*jc3\*hps22\o\al(\s\up6(b),b)

EQ\*jc3\*hps14\o\al(\s\up4(1),2)

c

d

wlF

e

f

l

lF

lT

lw

t1

t2

α

4

Center-to-centerdistancebetweenstudsonthesamesideofthesheetSheetmetalsegmentwidth

Calculatedsheetmetalsegmentwidth

Distancefromtheweldstudcentertotheweldflange

Distancefromtheweldstudcentertotheweldspot

Center-to-centerdistancebetweenstudsonoppositesidesofthesheetNominaldiameterornominalthreaddiameter

Diameteroflevel,planarsurface

Flangediameteroftheweldstud

Welddiameterordiameterattheweldtip

Weldflangearea

Weldpenetration

Shanklength

Flangeheight

Threadlength(optional)

Lengthoftheweldtip

Componentthickness

Thicknessofthesheetmetalsegment

Tipangle

Generalspecifications

Whencreatingarc-weldedsheetsteeljoints,thegreatestpossibleformstrengthintermsofthede-signgoalmustberealizedwhilealsoensuringsufficientreliabilityandafavorablecost/qualityratio.Toachievethis,eachweldedjointmustbesuitableforwelding.

Sheetthicknessesthatdeviatefromthescopeofthisstandard,inparticularthinnersheetthick-

nesses(e.g.,deviationofactualdimensionfromnominaldimensionduetomaterialthinning)mustbeagreeduponbetweenDevelopment,Planning,andQualityAssuranceonacase-by-casebasis.Drawingnotestakeprecedence.

Allarc-weldedjointsthatdonotfallwithinthescopeofthisstandardrequireclarificationfromtheappropriatedepartments.Specialmeasuresnecessitatedbythecomponentitself,e.g.,changingthequalitylevelforcertainimperfections,arepermissibleandmustbeenteredinthedrawing.

Deviationsfromthejointsanddesignsdescribedin

section6

mustbeverifiedbytesting,indicatedinthedrawing,ordescribedinTestSpecifications(PVs).

NOTE1:

PV1606

[7]

istherelevantstandardfortestingandevaluatingarc-weldedjointswith

functionalelements.

Page4

VW01107:2020-06

5Designationsforweldingelementsandweldedjoints

5.1Studtypesandshapes,weldnuts

Designationsaregivenin

figure1

,withtheexampleofastudwithflangeandweldtip.

Legend

d

Nominaldiameterornominalthreaddiameter

dF

Flangediameteroftheweldstud

dw

Welddiameterordiameterattheweldtip

l

Shanklength

lF

Flangeheight

lT

Threadlength(optional)

lw

Lengthoftheweldtip

α

Tipangle

1

Studshaft

2

Studflange

3

Weldingtip

Figure1–Designationsforthestudwithflangeandweldtip

Theweldtipmayalsobeformedasaso-called"weldring"(similartoacircularprojectioninresist-anceprojectionwelding).

Page5VW01107:2020-06

Table1

containsexamplesofdifferentstudtypesandshapesusedinbodymanufacture.

Table1–Applicationexamplesforstudtypesandshapes

Documents,

application

Weldingelement

Studbolt

Coarsethreadbolt

T-pin

Standard

DINENISO13918

[3]

,VW60708-1

[12]

VW60708-2

[13]

VW60514

[10]

Applicationex-ample

Threadedconnectionsofadd-onpartswithmetricISOthreadtothebody-in-white

Fasteningofheatshieldswith

clampingwashers,typeS,asperVW60636

[11]

Latchingfunctionforquickfas-tener

Forpreferredparts,seestandardpartsmanagementsystem(

NVS

)or

VRVCatalog

a)

ofDevelopmentorVW60000

[9]

.

a)Variantreductionoffasteners

Weldnutsandweldstudswithaweldringareshownin

figure2

and

figure3

.

Figure2–Leftandcenter:exampleofanM6weldnutwithweldringforstudwelding;right:

weldedjointonagalvanizedsheet

Figure3–ExampleofanM6weldstudwithweldwingforstudwelding

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VW01107:2020-06

5.2Weldedjoint

Figure4

to

Figure7

showbasicrepresentationsofstudandsheetmetalsegmentweldedjoints(withdesignationsbasedonDINENISO14555

[4]

)thatarecreatedbyarcwelding.Theyconsistoftheweldmetal,heat-affectedzone,andunaffectedbasematerial.

Figure4–Weldstud,weldtipfullymelted

Figure6–Sheetmetalsegmentweldedjoint

Figure5–Weldstud,weldtip

partiallymelted

Figure7–Metallographic

specimen

Legend

d

Nominaldiameter

dF

Flangediameter

dw

Welddiameterordiameterattheweldtip

f

Weldpenetration

t1

Componentthickness

t2

Thicknessofsheetmetalsegment

1

Heat-affectedzone

2

Weldmaterial

Page7VW01107:2020-06

6Processdescriptionofdrawn-arcwelding

6.1General

Drawn-arcweldingisusedtoweldroundandlinearand/orplanarmetallicpartsontometallicwork-pieces.

NOTE2:AsperDIN1910-100

[1]

and/orISO/TR25901-3

[6]

,thisweldingprocessisclassifiedunderweldingwithpressurewithelectricalgasdischarge.

Thisprocessmakesitpossibletoweldvariousfunctionalelementstotheworkpiece.Weldinggunsorweldingheadscanbeusedtoperformthisprocesseithermechanicallyorautomatically.

Anelectricarcisusedastheheatsource.Itburnsbetweentheelectrodeandtheworkpiece.Inertgasesorablendofgasescanbeusedtoprotecttheelectricarcandweldpoolfromtheatmos-phere.

Shieldinggasesarenottypicallyusedforstudweldinginthebodymanufactureprocess;theyare,however,usedforsheetmetalsegmentwelding.

Basicrepresentationsareprovidedin

figure8

and

figure9

.

Legend

ICurrent

VVoltage

1Motioncontrolunit(e.g.,linearmotor)

2Studholder

3Stud

4Component

5Clampingdevice

6Counterbearing

7Weldingcurrentsourcewithcontrolforcurrent,voltage,lift(withprocessmonitoring,ifnecessary)

Figure8–Basicrepresentationofthestudweldingprocessvariant

Page8

VW01107:2020-06

Legend

1Part

2Fixture

3Groundconnection

4Forproductionequipmentcontrol/robotcontrol

5Studconveyor

6Weldingcurrentsource

7Controlpanel

8Hoseforstudfeed

9Weldingheadwithstudholder,motioncontrolunit,and,ifnecessary,supportbase,gasnozzle,etc.

Figure9–Componentsofastudweldingsystem,schematicdiagram

6.2

6.2.1

Weldingofstudsandnuts

Basicprinciple

Studweldingisaprocessusedprimarilyforweldingpin-shaped,metallicparts/studsontometallicworkpieces.Thisprocessmakesitpossibletojointheentiresurfaceofastud(themethodaccom-modatesawidevarietyofstudtypesandshapes)withthemetallicsurfaceofaworkpiece.Weldinggunsorweldingheadscanbeusedtoperformthisprocesseithermechanicallyorautomatically.

Theworkingphasesofthestudweldingprocessareasfollows:

1.Theweldtipofthestudisplacedontotheworkpiece.

2.Thestudisliftedbytheelevatingmechanism,wherebyanauxiliaryelectricarcignitesbe-

tweenthestudtipandtheworkpiecefirst,followedbytheprimaryelectricarc.Thiscausesthestudfacesurfaceandworkpiecesurfacetomelt.

3.Aftertheweldingtimehasended,thestuddipsintotheweldpoolundertheapplicationoflowpressure.

4.Thisendstheweldingprocess.

Page9VW01107:2020-06

Studweldingcanbedividedintothreeprocesstypes:

–(Conventional)drawnarcstudwelding,tw>100ms;see

section6.2.2

–Shortcyclestudwelding(typicalforbodymanufacture),10ms≤tw≤100ms;see

section6.2.3

–Capacitordischargestudwelding,tw<10ms;see

section6.2.4

6.2.2Drawnarcstudwelding

Thisprocessisgenerallyusedintheautomotiveindustryfornominaldiametersintherangefrom3mmtoapproximately10mm.

6.2.3Shortcyclestudwelding

Thisprocessissuitableforstudswithanominaldiameterd≤12mm.Toavoidtheformationof

poresandheavyoxidation,theuseofashieldinggasisrequiredforstudswithnominaldiametersofabout8mmorlarger.Weldstudswithd≤6mmareusuallydesignedwithanupsetweldflange.Thiscreatesalargerweldingsurfacewhichhelpsachievegreatertensilestrengthand/orhigher

torquesascomparedtonon-upsetstudshanks–evenwhenporesarepresentintheweldingzone.

6.2.4Capacitordischargestudwelding

Thisprocessistypicallyusedforstudswithanominaldiameterd≤6mm.Weldpoolprotectionisgenerallynotnecessaryduetotheveryshortweldingtimesandhighlevelofelectricalpower.Thisprocessleadstoverylittleheatinput,butrequiressignificanttechnicaleffort.

6.2.5Stud,nut,andsheetmetalmaterials

Thearcstudweldingproceduremakesitpossibletoweldstudsandnutsmadeofunalloyed,al-loyed,stainless,andheat-resistantsteelaswellasthosemadeofaluminumanditsalloys.Thestudandsheetmetalmaybeofthesameorofdifferentmaterials.However,thecombinationofmaterialsusedforstuds/nutsandsheetmetalmustnotresultinbrittlephases.Combinationsin-volvingmaterialsofthesametypearepreferablewithrespecttotheirsuitabilityforwelding.Forjointsformedbetweenmaterialsofdifferenttypes,suitabletestsmustbeperformedinagreementwithDevelopment,Planning,andQualityAssurancetodocumentreliablemanufacturability.

Ifunalloyedsteelisused,thecarbonmassfractionofthestud/nutmaterialmustbelimitedtoa

maximumof0,18%inordertoreducethehardeningtendency(seealsoTechnicalSupplySpecifi-cation

TL1318

).

Drawnarcstudweldingproducesamartensitic,brittleweldmetalinweldedjointsformedbetweenunalloyedandstainlesssteels(so-called"duplexstainlesssteelwelds").

Page10

VW01107:2020-06

6.2.6Shieldinggases

Theuseofashieldinggasforcestheairoutoftheelectricarcarea,significantlyreducingthefor-mationofporesintheweldmetal.Theprimarygasmixtureusedforferriticsteelis82%ar-

gon+18%carbondioxide(ISO14175–M21asper

DINENISO

14175);pureargon(Ar99,99%;ISO14175–I1)isusedforaluminum.

Withoutweldpoolprotection,studweldingcangenerallyonlybeimplementedforstudswith

d≤10mmandweldingtimestw<100ms.Strongoxidation,increasedporeformation,andanir-regularlyshapedweldingbeadcanbeanticipatedundertheseconditions.Shorterweldingtimes(tw<10ms)andstudswithsmallernominaldiameters(d<6mm)yieldbetterresults.

6.2.7Manufacturingnotes

Toimplementareliableweldedjoint,boththeweldstuds/nutsandthesurfaceofthecountersheetmustbelargelyfreeofoil,grease,andotherimpurities(scale,rust,paint).

Forsheetthicknesseslessthan1mm,aninsulatedbackinglayerisrequiredtoachievereliablewelding.

NOTE3:Fordetails,seeDesignGuideline14D300141

2)

[14]

.

Contactmustbemadebetweenthemetaloftheweldstud/nutandthecountersheetforarcingtotakeplace.

Iftheelectricarcisdeflectedbymagneticfields,thisisreferredtoas"arcblow".Inthiscase,theweldelementisfusedononeside.Theresultisanopen,one-sidedweldingbeadonthecountersheet.Thisphenomenoncanbepreventedbyapplyingthecurrentsymmetricallythroughtheuseoftwo(ormore)groundingterminalsandacorrespondingconfigurationoftheweldinggunorweld-inghead.Thegroundconnectionmustbedesignedtomeettherequirementsofeachspecific

case.

6.2.8Designnotesforweldstudsandweldnuts

Toenablereliableweldingofthestuds,theminimumdistancesshownin

figure10

and

table2

mustbeadheredto.

Table2-Designdimensionstobeadheredto

Dimensionsinmillimeters

a

w1

w2

c

dl

WeldstudwithflangediameterdF

a)

or

weldnutwithlargestdiameter

≤16mm

>16mm

≥50

≥10

≥25

≥25

≥35

≥40

a)dFasper

figure1

;asanalternative,thelargestdiameterontheweldedelementapplies.

NOTE4:SeealsoDesignGuideline14D300141

2)

[14]

.

2)Fordocument

14D300141StudWelding

,see"VolkswagenDesignGuidelines"orrequestitfromthepurchaserorPV/P1–Techni-calInformation.

Page11VW01107:2020-06

Figure

10containsillustrations,usingtheexampleofagroundstud,andalsoappliestootherboltandpintypes,andtonutsasapplicable.

Legend

aCenter-to-centerdistancebetweenstudsonthesamesideofthesheet

b1Distancefromtheweldstudcentertotheweldflange

b2Distancefromtheweldstudcentertotheweldspot

cCenter-to-centerdistancebetweenstudsonoppositesidesofthesheet

dlDiameteroflevel,planarsurface

eWeldflangearea

1Groundstud

2Conventionalstud

3Sheetmetal

4Lowerweldflange

5Centerofspotweld

6Centerofweldstud

aBeforethestudweldingprocedure,thelevel,planarsurfacemustbefreeofinfluences

fromnearbyjoiningprocedures.Curvedsurfaceswitharadiusofcurvaturer≥300mmcanbeconsideredlevel.

bPlacingofstudsintheareaoftheweldflangeisprohibited.

cInaddition,tooldependenciesmustbeobserved(backinglayer/interferencecontourofweldinghead).

Figure10-Designdimensions

Page12

VW01107:2020-06

6.3

6.3.1

Arcweldingofsheetmetalsegments

General

Usingarcweldingtojointhin,non-circularsheetmetalpartsisanenhancementoftheknown

methodtojoinpin-shapedparts.Thismethodallowsfusiontoberealizedonthefaceend.Thisprinciplealsoworksaccordingtothe"drawnarcstudwelding"principleorthe"drawnarc"princi-ple.

Thistechniquecanalsobeusedtoweldonsheetmetalpartsmadeofunalloyedandlow-alloy

steels.Ifunalloyedsteelisused,thecarbonmassfractionofthematerialmustbelimitedtoamax-imumof0,18%inordertoreducethehardeningtendency.

NOTE5:Laboratorytestshaveshownthatchrome-nickelsteelscanalsobeweldedon.Inthisprocess,combiningdifferentsheetmetalmaterialsmustnotresultinbrittlephases.Combinationsinvolvingmaterialsofthesametypearepreferablewithrespecttotheirsuitabilityforwelding.Wel-dedjointsformedbetweenunalloyedandstainlesssteel("duplexstainlesssteelwelds")produceamartensitic,brittleweldmetal.Forjointsformedbetweenmaterialsofdifferenttypes,suitabletestsmustbeperformedinagreementwithDevelopment,Planning,andQualityAssurancetodocumentreliablemanufacturability.

6.3.2Applications

Arcweldingofsheetmetalsegmentsmakesitpossibletoweldblunt,linear,orplanarareasofele-ments,suchasbrackets,tabs,andfastenersontoacountersheetinasingleworksequence.

Thisprocessvariantcanalsobeusedtorealizegood,repeatableweldedjoints,providedashield-inggasisused.Iftheflowoftheshieldinggasisuniformneartheweldarea,theresultingweldedjointsarealmostfreeofweldspatterandinternalimperfections(pores,voids,lackoffusion).

6.3.3Designnotesforsheetmetalsegments

General

Toensurereliablemanufacturingofweldedjointsbetweensheetmetalsegmentsorfunctionalele-mentsusingarcwelding,andforthedesignofthefunctionalelementsthemselves,thenotesin

section

tosection

mustbeobservedintermsofgeometry,fusingsurfaces,andma-terials.

Deviationsfromthedescribedjointsanddesignsmustbeverifiedbytesting,specifiedinthedraw-ing,ordescribedinPVs.

Weldreliability

Inordertoguaranteeareliableweldingprocess,thefollowingaspectsmustbeconsideredinthedesignofthefunctionalelements:

–Freedomfromburrsmustbespecifiedinthecomponentdrawing;see

VW01088

–SurfacetreatmentwithsurfaceprotectiontypeOfl-c340asper

VW13750

(electrolyticallybatch-galvanized)

–Aleveljoiningsurfaceisfundamentallyrequired;noweldingonformedcontoursofdeep-drawnparts

Page13VW01107:2020-06

–Joiningelementalwaysperpendiculartotheleveljoiningsurface

–ThespecificrequirementsofthismanufacturingprocessplacedonthejoiningelementrequireanagreementwiththeappropriateManufacturingPlanningdepartment,e.g.,BodyManufac-turePlanning,ineachindividualcase.

Geometries

Figure11

showspossiblegeometriesandshapesoffunctionalelements.Thegeometricdesignmustbecheckedineachindividualcaseinordertoavoidundesireddeflectionsoftheelectricarcandtoensureareliableweldingprocess.

Figure11–Geometriesandshapesoffunctionalelements

Dimensionsanddistances

Thedatagivenin

table3

areroughspecificationsandlimitsforthefusingsurfacesandthethick-nessofthecountersheet.

Table3–Specificationsforfusingsurfacesandsheetthicknesses

Dimensions

Limit

Illustration

SheetmetalsegmentwidthW

5mm≤W≤30mm

Componentthicknesst1

0,8Mm≤t1≤3,0mm

Sheetmetalsegmentthicknesst2

t2≥0,6mm

ThetotalsheetmetalsegmentwidthWmustnotbeusedasthebasisforthestrengthnumerical

simulation.

Recommendationforcalculatingusingthecalculatedsheetmetalsegmentwidth

Wcal:

TotaljoiningsurfaceareaF(linear)

TotaljoiningsurfaceareaF(planar)Designofthefusingsurface

W≤0,7×Wcal

4,0×90mm2

5,0x25mm2

One-pieceandwithoutinterruption

Page14

VW01107:2020-06

Coatings(zinc,nickel)offunctionalelementandcountersheetarepossible.

BasematerialRecommendation:Unalloyedandlow-alloysteelswith

acarbonmassfractionupto0,18%Weldingtestsmustbeperformedonothermaterialstodeterminetheir

processcapability.

Manufacturingnotesforsheetmetalsegments

Thefollowingnotesmustbeobservedforthereliablejoiningoffunctionalelementsusingarcweld-ing:

Positionwithrespecttocountersheet

Designnominaldimension90°(atrightangles),manu-facturingtolerancemaximum±5°

Surfaceconditionofjoiningareas

Functionalelementsmustbekeptasfreefromoil,grease,rust,andscaleaspossible

Basematerial

Asfreefromoilandgreaseaspossible

Shieldinggas

Argonoramixedgases

7Testingandqualityassuranceofweldedjoints

7.1Testingofweldedjoints

Toensuretheweldquality,boththestudweldsandtheweldsofsheetmetalsegmentsundergoevaluationwithregardtotheweldedjoints,bymeansofthefollowing:

–Testingofexternalqualityfeatures(visualinspection);see

section7.1.1

–Testingofinternalqualityfeatures(crosssections);see

section7.1.2

–Furtherdestructivetestmethods;see

section7.1.3

7.1.1Testingofexternalqualityfeatures

Intestingtheexternalqualitycharacteristics(visualinspection),boththepositionandquantityofweldedjointsarechecked,andtheirexecutionisevaluated.Visibleimperfections,suchaslackoffusion,unevenweldingbead,openpores,etc.,mustbeincludedintheevaluation.

NOTE6:SeealsoPV1606

[7]

.

7.1.2Testingoftheinternalqualitycharacteristics

Forthistest,crosssectionsmustbemadethroughtheweldedjoints(metallographicspecimens)andtheweldedjointmustbeevaluatedagainstthespecification.Imperfectionssuchaslackoffu-sion,asymmetricalweldmetal,andporesmustbeincludedintheevaluationhereaswell.

NOTE7:SeealsoPV1606

[7]

.

Forelementswithaweldring(studsornuts),nometallographicexaminationoftheweldedjointisnecessary,becausetheevaluationofmetallographicspecimensinthesejointsdoesnotyieldanystatementsrelevanttostrength.Inexceptionalcases,e.g.,damageanalyses,themetallographicexaminationmaybeuseful,e.g.,toexaminelocalcharacteristics.

Page15VW01107:2020-06

7.1.3Testingthestrengthcharacteristics

Theweldedjointcanbetestedbymeansofbending,tensile,cross-tension,andtorsionaltesting,referencingthecorrespondingvaluesforevaluation.

Inthecaseofdestructivetestprocedures,thelocationofthefractureface(basematerial,weldedjointand/orjoiningplane)canlikewiseprovideinsightintothequalityoftheweldedjoint.

NOTE8:Thetestingproceduresandtheevaluationcriteriacanbe