2025年重塑全球食品体系韧性：通过跨部门合作以加强食品安全报告

Reimaginingglobalfood

system

resilience

Enhancingfoodsecuritythroughbroad,cross-sectorcollaboration

KPMG.MaketheDifference.

/globalfoodresilience

Contents

03Introduction

04

Asnapshotonthecurrent

globalfoodsystem

05

Partone:Anatomyof

today’sfoodsystem

foraresilientfuture

14Parttwo:Tenkeylevers

37

Partthree:Whatquestionsshouldyoubeasking?

44Examplesinaction

Reimaginingglobalfoodsystemresilience2

©2025CopyrightownedbyoneormoreoftheKPMGInternationalentities.KPMGInternationalentitiesprovidenoservicestoclients.Allrightsreserved.

©2025CopyrightownedbyoneormoreoftheKPMGInternationalentities.KPMGInternationalentitiesprovidenoservicestoclients.Allrightsreserved.

Introduction

Asnapshotonthecurrentglobalfoodsystem

Partone:Anatomyoftoday’sfoodsystem

Parttwo:Tenkeyleversforaresilientfuture

Partthree:Whatquestionsshouldyoubeasking?

Examplesinaction

Introduction

Thecriticalrolefoodplaysintheeffectivefunctioningof

societyisawell-researchedanddocumentedtopic—fromtheimportanceofanutritiousdietonpublichealthand

publicfinances,thesocialcohesionaroundmeals,thesoftpowerofculinaryinfluence,allthewaytothedevastatingimpactsofpoornutritiononvictimsofconflictsand

politicalinstabilityresultingfromaccesstofood.

Discussionsaroundsupplyingnutritiontotheworld’spopulation

havetendedtolargelybereducedtotheroleoffarmers,processors,andretailers,ratherthanbeingrecognizedholisticallyasoneof

thefundamentalplatformsonwhichsocietyisbuilt.Thefood

systemimpactsandshapesoutcomesforeverypersonandeveryorganizationontheplanet.

OneofthelastingimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemicisthatit

reconnectedalargepopulationoffoodsecurepeopletothecritical

rolefoodplaysintheirlives.Formanyaroundtheworldwhohadbeencomfortablyabletoaccessfood,facingemptyshelvesandshortagesasproductiondisruptionandsupplychainfailurehighlightedfragilitiesthathavebeenprogressivelybuiltintoglobalfoodsystemsthattheywerelargelyobliviousto.Forthosealreadyfacingfoodinsecurity,theireverydaychallengeshavebeenfurtherexacerbated.

Thisshockcontinuestoreverberatetodayaroundtheworldas

governmentsfindthemselveshavingtofocusontheresilienceoftheirnationalfoodsupplies.Whetheritisasagrower,aprocessor,afunder,asupplier,aninsurer,atransporter,atechnologist,ora

consumer,theinfluenceofthefoodsystemispervasive.However,thesystemswerelyonhavereachedacriticaljuncturefacinga

seriesofgrowingchallenges:

•Environmentaldegradation,climatechange,andbiodiversitylossthreatenthenaturalresourcesuponwhichfoodproduction

depends.

•Geopoliticalshiftsandtensionsaredestabilizingtraderoutesandsupplychains,whilehighlightingtheconsequencesinequitablefoodaccesscanhaveonsocialcohesion.

•Energyshortagesandrisingcostshighlighttheneedtoexploreinteractionsbetweenfoodandenergyproductiontofindsolutionsthatlifttheresilienceofbothsystems.

•Noncommunicablediseases,likeobesityanddiabetes,areplacingpressureonpublichealthsystemsandraisingthefocusonthequalityofnutritionfoodsystemsdeliver.

Foodsystemsaresoimportanttotheeffectivefunctioningofsocietythatitisunreasonabletoexpecttheirtransformationtobesolelylefttofarmersandtheirsupplychainpartners,manyofwhichareatbestmarginallyprofitable.

Werecognizemuchvaluableworkhasalreadybeendoneexploringfuturepathwaysforglobalfoodsystemsandarenotlookingtorepeatthese

importantcontributions.

KPMG’shypothesisisthatresilientfoodsystemsarefoundedonbroad

collaborationsratherthanbeingleftsolelytofarmersandfoodcompanies.Resilientfoodsystemsenablesufficient,affordableandnutritiousfood

tobesustainablygrown(frombothaneconomicandenvironmentalperspective)tomeetsociety’sneeds.

Thisrequirescollaborationthatinvolvesnotonlytraditionalfoodsectorparticipants,butorganizationsfromacrosstheeconomythathistoricallywouldnothavespentmuchtimethinkingabouttheroletheyplayin

thefoodsystem.Webelievethefutureliesinradicalcollaborations

whereparticipantsfromsectorsasdiverseasenergy,healthcare,

finance,technology,constructionandinfrastructurecontributeasequalpartnerswithtraditionalfoodsectorparticipantsandgovernmentin

solvingthechallengesthatwillunleashresilientfoodsystemsthat

arepositivefortheenvironment,forcommunitiesandforallofthoseparticipatinginthevaluechain.

ThisreporthasbeendesignedforC-suitebusinessleadersacross

allsectors-bothdirectlyandindirectlyconnectedtothefoodsystem-offeringinsightandinspirationtohelpthemunderstandandembracetheirroleindrivingtransformationalchange.

Webeginbyoutliningthescaleandcomplexityoftheglobalfoodsystem,

thenexaminethekeyforcesdrivingitstransformation—technologicalinnovation,environmentalpressures,andevolvingconsumerandsocietalexpectations.Weclosebyencouragingbusinessleaderstoconsider

howthesedynamicsintersectwiththeirstrategicpriorities,andwhereproactiveengagementinfoodsystemtransformationcouldcreate

long-termvaluefortheirorganizationandstakeholders.

Everypersonandorganizationontheplanetisinextricablylinkedtofoodsystems.Whetheritisasagrower,aprocessor,afunder,asupplier,aninsurer,atransporter,atechnologist,ora

consumer,foodplaysacriticalroleinthedailylivesofeverypersonontheplanet.

IanProudfoot

HeadofGlobalAgribusinessKPMGinNewZealand

Reimaginingglobalfoodsystemresilience3

Introduction

Asnapshotonthecurrentglobalfoodsystem

Partone:Anatomyoftoday’sfoodsystem

Parttwo:Tenkeyleversforaresilientfuture

Partthree:Whatquestionsshouldyoubeasking?

Examplesinaction

Asnapshotonthecurrentglobalfoodsystem

Hungerandfoodinsecurity:

Over

820million

peopleexperiencehungerandfoodinsecurity.

Reducingfood

wastebylessthan

25%

couldfeedtheworld.

Almost

30%

offoodproducediswasted,equivalentto1.3billion

tonsannually.

Landandpopulation:

Since1985,theworldhaslostnearly

180million

hectaresofarableland,shrinkingfrom1.4billionhectaresto1.22billionhectaresby2020.

By2050,theworldneedsto:

•Feedalmost10billionpeople

•Accommodateover2.5billionnewurbanresidents

•Meetnet-zeroenergygoals.

Healthrisks:

ObesityDiabetesMalnutrition

aretheleadingdiet-relatedglobalhealthrisks,costingeconomiesanestimatedUS$3.5trillionannually.

Unsafefood

causesillnessinanestimated

600million

people

annually.

Environmentalimpact:

•Agricultureemitsover6billionmetrictonsofCO2equivalentannuallyandcouldreach9billionby2050.

•Over50%oftheworld’spopulationfacesseasonalorchronicwatershortages.

•Agricultureisresponsiblefor80%ofglobaldeforestation,70%offreshwaterwithdrawals,andnearly1/3ofall

greenhousegasemissions.

•ExtremeweathereventscauseanestimatedUS$700billioninannualdamages.

•74%ofagricultureandretailsectorrespondentssaysustainablelandisacriticalpriority.

•Morethan70%ofrespondentsrankedclimateresilienceandadaptationascriticaltothefutureofthefoodsystem.

Farmerwell-being:

•Farmersuicideratesalmost

ubiquitouslyexceednationalaverages

•Financialpressure,volatilemarkets,

risingcosts,andregulatoryburdens

contributetomentalhealthchallenges.

•Barrierstotransferringfarmstonewgenerations

Economicimpact:

3years

Globalfoodpriceshave

risenatratesexceeding

generalinflationinthepast

Sustainableinvestmentisprojectedtoreach

by

2025.

US$53trillion

Agriculturalcapitalflowsremaingeographicallyconcentrated

Reimaginingglobalfoodsystemresilience4

Introduction

Asnapshotonthecurrentglobalfoodsystem

Partone:Anatomyoftoday’sfoodsystem

Parttwo:Tenkeyleversforaresilientfuture

Partthree:Whatquestionsshouldyoubeasking?

Examplesinaction

Partone:

Anatomyoftoday’s

foodsystem

Reimaginingglobalfoodsystemresilience5

©2025CopyrightownedbyoneormoreoftheKPMGInternationalentities.KPMGInternationalentitiesprovidenoservicestoclients.Allrightsreserved.

©2025CopyrightownedbyoneormoreoftheKPMGInternationalentities.KPMGInternationalentitiesprovidenoservicestoclients.Allrightsreserved.

Introduction

Asnapshotonthecurrentglobalfoodsystem

Partone:Anatomyoftoday’sfoodsystem

Parttwo:Tenkeyleversforaresilientfuture

Partthree:Whatquestionsshouldyoubeasking?

Examplesinaction

Whatisthefoodsystem?

Thefoodsystemisa

dynamicandcomplex

networkthatdoesfarmorethansupplywhatendsup

onourplates.Itunderpins

energyandproductivity,

supportshealththrough

nutrition,andrelieson

agriculture,horticulture,

andaquacultureworkinginalignmentwithnature.Everyaspectofitconnectsustothesoil,water,air,oceans,andecosystemsthatsustainlifeontheplanet.

Thefoodsystemholdsthepowertoregeneratethe

earth,upliftcommunities,andtransformindustries,offeringaprofound

opportunitytonurturea

healthier,moreresilient

world.Yetthesystem

facesmultiplechallengesthatthreatentounderminetheprogressachievedbypreviousgenerations.

Governmentagencies

stack

Theinnovation

Customersand

consumers

Commercialproduction

Retailers

DistributorsWholesalers

rers〉

HospitalityOnline

Markets

Foodkits

Institutional

〉

Farmers

Growers

Fishers

Producers

InvestmentandcapitalEnergy/infrastructure DecarbonizationBiosecurity

HealthsystemTransportation

BorderagenciesDigitaltechnology

Input

providers

Waste

stewards

Subsistenceproduction/NGOs/communityfoodresilience

Land,landscapesandsoils

Freshwaterlakes,riversandstreams

Oceans,shorelinesandseabeds

Biodiversityincludingnativeforests,floraandfaunaGeneticresources

Atmosphereandclimate

FossilfuelsMineralsand

Non-renewable

Renewable

nutrients

Natural

resources

Indigenouspeople

Multi-culturalcommunities

Rural/urbancommunities

Wealthinequityanddiversity

Developmentandleadership

LaborandtalentNutrition,health

andprosperity

Bioeconomy

Foodprovenance

NaturalcapitalutilizedResourceenrichment

Whatisinvolvedinafoodsystem?

Reimaginingglobalfoodsystemresilience6

Introduction

Asnapshotonthecurrentglobalfoodsystem

Partone:Anatomyoftoday’sfoodsystem

Parttwo:Tenkeyleversforaresilientfuture

Partthree:Whatquestionsshouldyoubeasking?

Examplesinaction

Astheglobalpopulationhasgrownanditsfooddemandshave

evolvedthefoodsystemhasgrown,enablingittocultivate,process,anddistributeevergreaterquantitiesoffood—becomingevermoreefficientandeffectiveatdeliveringincreasedyieldstomeetthe

evolvingdemandsofdiverseconsumers.

Whileneverhavingsucceededinfeedingtheentirepopulation,

advancementsinscienceandtechnology,supplychains,and

businessmodelshaveshapedawebofcollaborativeconnectionsthathasseenglobalfoodinsecurityconsistentlydecreaseandthetotalnumberofpeoplefedconsistentlyincrease.

However,regional,national,andglobalconversationshavebecomeincreasinglydisconnectedfromthelandandpeoplethatproduceourfood.Despitetherecentintroductionofreferencetotheoriginof

certainproductsasfoodcompaniesrecognizethatthisisagrowingexpectationfromconsumers;theconversationsthatshapeourfoodsystemhappeninthemiddleofcities,farfromthefieldsandthe

passionatepeoplethatworkthelandgrowingfoodfortheirliving.

Thisishappeningtosuchanextentthatmanyfarmersfeelthatmanyofthedecisionmakershaveneverlefttheirownfootprintsonthe

mostfundamentalpartofourfoodsystem—thefarm.

Figure1:Theshiftingpressureoftheglobalfoodsystem

10,000,000,000

9,000,000,000

8,000,000,000

7,000,000,000

6,000,000,000

5,000,000,000

4,000,000,000

3,000,000,000

2,000,000,000

1,000,000,000

0

2030

(F)

2035

(F)

198519901995200020052010201520202025(F)

18.0%

16.0%

14.0%

12.0%

10.0%

8.0%

6.0%

4.0%

2.0%

0.0%

Foodinsecurepeople

Peoplewithobesity

GlobalpopulationSource:KPMGanalysis

Reimaginingglobalfoodsystemresilience7

Introduction

Asnapshotonthecurrentglobalfoodsystem

Partone:Anatomyoftoday’sfoodsystem

Parttwo:Tenkeyleversforaresilientfuture

Partthree:Whatquestionsshouldyoubeasking?Examplesinaction

Beneaththegloballabelof“agriculture”liesastrikinglydiversesetoffarmsystems—rangingfromsubsistenceplotsunderonehectaretomega-enterprisesspanninghundredsofthousandshectares.

Fromorchardstobroadacrecropping,plantationstopastoralfarms,vineyardstoaquacultureandeverythinginbetween,thereisnosuchthingasatypicalfarm.Thisdiversityisn’tjuststatistical;itdefines

hownationsproduce,whobenefits,andhowvulnerableconsumersaretoshocks.

Atoneend,over500millionsmallholderfarmsincountrieslikePeru,India,andsub-SaharanAfricaoperateonlandparcelsoftensmallerthanafootballfield.Thesefarmsarelow-input,high-laborsystemsthatfeedfamiliesandthecommunitiesincloseproximity,provideabufferagainsturbanfoodinsecurity,andformthesocialbackboneofruraleconomies.Yettheyoperatewithminimalsafetynetsandareincreasinglyexposedtoclimatevolatility.

Attheotherend,highlymechanized,capital-intensivefarmsin

Australia,Argentina,Ukraine,andtheUSdominateexportmarketsandsupplyhugevolumesofglobalstaplessuchaswheat,corn,andsoy.Someofthesefarmsexceed100,000hectares,are

optimizedforefficiencybutalsodeeplyintertwinedwithglobalcommoditymarkets,makingthembothpowerfulandexposed.

Incommonwiththesmallholderfarmstheyareincreasinglyvulnerabletoclimatevolatility.

Yieldgapsfurtherillustratethedichotomy.Themostproductivenationsproduce3-4xmoreproductionperhectarethantheleast.

Evenwithincountries,yieldandincomedisparitiesarestark:inBrazil,thesmallest80percentoffarmsoccupyjust13percentofland,whilethelargest0.3percentutilizeover30percentofagriculturalland.

Thisheterogeneityisn’taliability—it’sastrategicassetifleveragedwithintent.Futurefoodsystemresiliencewillnotbeachieved

throughuniformitybutthroughadaptability.Smallfarmsofferagility,localnutrition,andecosystemservices.Largefarmsdeliverscale,innovation,andglobalsupply.Thechallengeistoevolvebusiness

models,policies,finance,andinnovationsystemsthatrecognizethisduality,investingintailoredpathwaysthatstrengthenresilienceacrossthespectrumoffarmtypes,geographies,androlesinthefoodweb.

Despitesignificantdisparitiesinwhatconstitutesafarmglobally,anunfortunatecommonalityisthesurgingmentalhealthcrisisfacingtheworld’sruralcommunities,whichisresultinginthelevelof

farmersuicidealmostubiquitouslyexceedingnationalaverages.1

Thesamepeoplewhospendtheirlivelihoodprovidingnutrition

thatsustainsourcommunitiesandeconomiesoftenfaceastark

imbalancebetweentheriskstheycarryandtherewardsthey

receive.Whilesomefarmersbenefitfromsubsidiesorpolicy

support,manystilloperateunderintensefinancialpressure,subjecttovolatilemarkets,risingcosts,regulatoryburden,andshifting

publicexpectations.Despitebeingthecrucialfoundationtothefoodsystem,theyfrequentlycaptureonlyasmallfractionofthevalue

createdalongthesupplychain.

Amongstthis,farmersfaceconflictingmessagesfromGovernments,NGOs,suppliersandinputproviders,andthepublic.

Itshouldbeobvious,thatwithoutfarmers,wewillnothavefood.Yetthemyriadofchallengestheyface(climatechanges,environmental

regulation,workforceavailability,pressureforlowfoodprices

amongstothers)continuetobuild,withoutrecognitionthatmanyarenear,orevenpast,thebreakingpoint.

Afuturefoodsystemwillneedtobeafarmer-firstfoodsystem,andthisshouldbereflectedinalldecisionmaking.

Deliveringanenvironmentinwhichfarmerscannotonlysurvive,butthrive—requiresacknowledgmentofthecriticalroletheyplayinthefoodsystemtogetherwithconsistencyofmessagingandregulation,sothey’reabletomeettheirfinancialneeds,complywiththelaw,

andretainasociallicensetooperate.

Paralleltotheoperatingenvironment,isexploringhowthetools,

educationandfinancecanbeprovidedtodeliverclearpathwaysthatwillretainfarmersontheirland,andempowerthemtotransition

towardsmoreresilient,innovative,regenerativeproduction.

Are-orientationofthefoodsystemtorecognizethecriticalrolethatfarmersplayinfoodresilienceisanimportantsteptothebroaderacknowledgementofthefoodsystemsintegralroleinthehealthofpeopleandtheplanet.

Acrosstheglobe,thereareover

farmsthataresmallerthanafootballfield.Incontrast,somefarmsinotherpartsoftheworldspanmorethan100,000hectares.

500million

1Sowingtheseedsofcare,ZeroSuicideAlliance,2021

Reimaginingglobalfoodsystemresilience8

Introduction

Asnapshotonthecurrentglobalfoodsystem

Partone:Anatomyoftoday’sfoodsystem

Parttwo:Tenkeyleversforaresilientfuture

Partthree:Whatquestionsshouldyoubeasking?

Examplesinaction

Outcomesofthefoodsystem

Theglobalfoodsystem,despitefeedingmorepeoplethaneverbefore,isincreasinglyrecognizedasadriverofsystemicfailure—acceleratingenvironmentaldegradation,worseningresourcescarcity,and

contributingtohealthcrisesandgeopoliticalinstability.Whatshouldbeasourceofnourishmentandstabilityhasinsteadbecomeacatalyst

foreconomic,environmental,andsocialbreakdown.Diet-related

diseases—includingobesity,diabetes,andmalnutrition-arenow

leadingglobalhealthrisks,costingeconomiesanestimatedUS$3.5

trillionannually.2InSub-SaharanAfrica,45percentofchildhooddeathsarelinkedtomalnutrition,3whileinwealthiernations,food-related

illnessesareoverwhelminghealthcaresystems.

Environmentalstressorsareintensifying.Agricultureemitsover

6billionmetrictonsofCO2equivalentannuallyandisontracktoreach9billionby2050.Atthesametime,itconsumes

70percentoftheworld’sfreshwater,whileaquifersaredepleting

atunsustainablerates.4Asglobalwaterdemandisprojectedto

surgeby55percentby2050,5escalatingcompetitionbetweenfoodproduction,economicgrowth,andhumansurvivalisinevitable.

Currently,40percentoftheglobalpopulationlivesinareas

experiencinghighwaterstress(wheredemandexceedssupplyandpoorqualityrestrictsusage).6Meanwhile,thelandbaserequiredtosupportagrowingpopulation-expectedtoreach10billionby20507isshrinking.Overthepast60years,arablelandhasdeclinedby

nearly30percent,8drivenbyurbanexpansion,soildegradation,andtheconversionoffarmlandtobioenergyproductionfacilities.Marineresourcesareequallystrained:morethanathirdoftheworld’s

fisheriesareexploitedbeyondtheirbiologicallimits.

2GlobalNutritionReportrevealsmalnutritionisunacceptablyhigh,UNICEF,2018

3ChildHealth,AfricanRegion,WHO,2025

4OECD.OECDEnvironmentalOutlookto2050,2012

5OECD.OECDEnvironmentalOutlookto2050,2012

6Watercrisesthreatenworldpeace,UNESCO,2024

7TheStateofFoodSecurityandNutritionintheWorld2021,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,2021

8Morefood,butlesslandandwaterfornature:Whyagriculturalproductivitygainsdidnotmaterialize,AgricultureWaterManagement,2025

Figure2:Foodproductionversusnetfooddeficit

14B

12B

10B

8B

6B

4B

2B 0-2B

-4B

19851990199520002005201020152020202520352050

FoodproductionSource:KPMGanalysis

FooddemandFoodwasteAvailablearablelandTotalagriculturalemissionsNetfooddeficit

Environmentalstressorsareintensifying.Agricultureemitsover6billionmetrictonsofCO2equivalentannuallyandisontracktoreach9billionby2050.Atthesametime,itconsumes70percentoftheworld’sfreshwater,whileaquifersaredepletingatunsustainablerates.4

Reimaginingglobalfoodsystemresilience9

Introduction

Asnapshotonthecurrentglobalfoodsystem

Partone:Anatomyoftoday’sfoodsystem

Parttwo:Tenkeyleversforaresilientfuture

Partthree:Whatquestionsshouldyoubeasking?

Examplesinaction

Thefragilityofthissystemwasstarklyexposedduringthe

COVID-19pandemic.Lockdowns,laborshortages,anddisruptedlogisticspushed118millionmorepeopleintoundernourishment9in2020alone—thefirstglobalincreaseinhungerinadecade.

Seasonalagriculturalworkers,unabletofollowtraditional

migrationpatterns,furtherintensifiedproductionchallengesandfoodinsecurity.Morerecently,thewarinUkraine,

climate-drivendisasters,andtheriseofprotectionisttradepolicies

havecompoundedvolatility.Asystemoncereliantonglobal

interdependenceisfragmenting,ascountriesprioritizedomestic

resilience,restrictexports,anddestabilizeinternationalsupplychains.

Theimplicationsofthissurgeinundernourishmentextendfarbeyondimmediatefoodinsecurity.AreportbytheEducationPolicyInstitute,fundedbytheKPMGFoundation,foundfoodpovertyisparticularly

damagingintheearlyyears.Forchildren,hungerimpairsmemory,

attention,andproblem-solvingskills,directlyaffectingtheirability

tolearnandsucceedinschool.Itcontributestobehavioralissues,

absenteeism,andloweracademicperformance—allofwhichreducelong-termeducationalattainment.10Inturn,thislimitssocialmobilityandentrenchescyclesofpoverty.Theeconomicconsequencesare

profound:poorchildhoodnutritionislinkedtoreducedworkforceproductivity,increasedhealthcarecosts,andlowernationalGDP.

Thesecascadingpressuresrevealadeepertruth:thefuture

offoodisinseparablefromthefutureofnature.Agricultureis

responsiblefor80percentofglobaldeforestation,70percentof

freshwaterwithdrawals,andnearlyone-thirdofallgreenhousegasemissions.11Buttheimpactisreciprocal.Asecosystemscollapse,thefoodsystembecomesmorevul