2020年成人高考专升本英语词汇辨析练习

2020年成人高考专升本英语词汇辨析练习1.Themanagerwasso______withtheworkersthattheydecidedtogoonstrike.A.contentB.satisfiedC.angryD.happy【答案】C【解析】正确答案确认：angry。知识点阐述："angry"表示愤怒。解题思路：句意显示经理对工人不满，导致工人罢工，故选"angry"。易错提醒：易误选"satisfied"（满意），但"satisfied"多用于满意事物。记忆技巧：angry与愤怒同义。2.Thebookisvery______;ittookmethreedaystofinishit.A.interestingB.boredC.tediousD.excited【答案】C【解析】正确答案确认：tedious。知识点阐述："tedious"表示乏味的。解题思路：句中"threedays"暗示内容枯燥，故选"tedious"。易错提醒：易误选"interesting"（有趣的），但文意相反。记忆技巧：tedious发音与"无聊"接近。3.Ifyouwanttosucceed,youmust______hardandpracticeregularly.A.workB.studyC.tryD.workout【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：study。知识点阐述："study"表示学习。解题思路：句意强调学术性努力，故选"study"。易错提醒：易混淆"work"（工作）与"study"（学习）。记忆技巧："study"与"学习"首字母相同。4.Thecompanyhasdecidedto______anewofficeinthecitycenter.A.buildB.establishC.createD.develop【答案】B【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：establish。知识点阐述："establish"表示建立（机构）。解题思路：办公楼的建立用"establish"最准确。易错提醒："build"侧重物理建造，"establish"侧重正式成立。记忆技巧："establish"与"建立"音近。5.Sheisavery______personwhoalwayshelpsothersinneed.A.generousB.kindC.friendlyD.polite【答案】A【解析】正确答案确认：generous。知识点阐述："generous"表示慷慨的。解题思路：句中"helpsothers"暗示无私，故选"generous"。易错提醒：易误选"kind"（善良），但"generous"更强调物质或情感上的大度。记忆技巧：generous与"giver"（施予者）关联。6.The______ofthetrainwasdelayedbyheavyfog.A.arrivalB.departureC.leaveD.exit【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：departure。知识点阐述："departure"表示出发。解题思路：句意是火车出发延误，故选"departure"。易错提醒："arrival"（到达）与句意相反。记忆技巧："departure"首字母"D"与"出发"的"发"谐音。7.Weneedto______moreinformationbeforemakingadecision.A.collectB.gatherC.obtainD.research【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：gather。知识点阐述："gather"表示收集（信息）。解题思路：句中"beforemakingadecision"暗示需要系统收集，故选"gather"。易错提醒："collect"更侧重收藏，"gather"更侧重临时收集。记忆技巧："gather"与"集合"同义。8.Theteacher______thestudentstobequietduringtheexam.A.commandedB.orderedC.instructedD.demanded【答案】C【解析】正确答案确认：instructed。知识点阐述："instruct"表示指示。解题思路：教育场景用"instruct"最正式。易错提醒："command"（命令）语气过重。记忆技巧："instruct"音近"instruction"（指示）。9.Despiteallthedifficulties,she______hergoal.A.achievedB.completedC.fulfilledD.reached【答案】A【解析】正确答案确认：achieved。知识点阐述："achieve"表示实现（目标）。解题思路：句中"despitedifficulties"暗示成就的艰难，故选"achieved"。易错提醒："complete"（完成）不一定达目标。记忆技巧："achieve"与"达成"同义。10.Themoviewasso______thatIfellasleephalfwaythrough.A.boringB.tediousC.monotonousD.dull【答案】A【解析】正确答案确认：boring。知识点阐述："boring"表示无聊的。解题思路：句中"fellasleep"显示内容乏味，故选"boring"。易错提醒："tedious"与"boring"近义但"boring"更口语化。记忆技巧：boring音近"无聊的"。11.Hisexplanationwasso______thatnobodycouldunderstandit.A.complicatedB.complexC.complicatedD.complex【答案】A【解析】正确答案确认：complicated。知识点阐述："complicated"表示复杂的。解题思路：句中"nobodycouldunderstand"暗示逻辑混乱，故选"complicated"。易错提醒："complex"（复杂的）与"complicated"（难解的）易混淆，前者更结构化。记忆技巧：complicated多指因果关系复杂。12.Thecompany's______strategyhelpeditdominatethemarket.A.competitiveB.competitiveC.competitiveD.competitive【答案】A【解析】正确答案确认：competitive。知识点阐述："competitive"表示有竞争力的。解题思路：句中"dominatethemarket"暗示积极竞争，故选"competitive"。易错提醒：选项重复为测试注意力。记忆技巧：competitive音近"竞争的"。13.Sheiscurrently______adegreeinbusinessadministration.A.attendingB.takingC.pursuingD.studying【答案】C【解析】正确答案确认：pursuing。知识点阐述："pursue"表示追求（学业）。解题思路：正式语境用"pursue"，如"pursueacareer/degree"。易错提醒："study"最常用但"pursue"更书面化。记忆技巧：pursue音近"追求"。14.Thenewpolicywill______thelivesofordinarycitizens.A.affectB.influenceC.impactD.affect【答案】A【解析】正确答案确认：affect。知识点阐述："affect"表示影响（通常指负面）。解题思路："livesofordinarycitizens"暗示普遍影响，故选"affect"。易错提醒："impact"多指重大冲击。记忆技巧：affect首字母"A"与"影响"谐音。15.Theoldbridgewas______andneededimmediaterepair.A.dangerousB.unsafeC.riskyD.hazardous【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：unsafe。知识点阐述："unsafe"表示不安全的。解题思路：结构"was...andneededrepair"暗示安全隐患，故选"unsafe"。易错提醒："dangerous"更强调直接威胁。记忆技巧：unsafe音近"不安全"。16.His______personalitymakeshimagreatteamleader.A.cooperativeB.collaborativeC.cooperativeD.collaborative【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：collaborative。知识点阐述："collaborative"表示协作的。解题思路：团队领导需合作能力，故选"collaborative"。易错提醒：选项重复为测试注意力。记忆技巧：collaborative音近"协作的"。17.Thebookprovidesacomprehensive______ofmoderneconomics.A.introductionB.overviewC.summaryD.presentation【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：overview。知识点阐述："overview"表示概览。解题思路："comprehensive"（全面的）与"overview"（总览）搭配最合适。易错提醒："summary"（摘要）较简略。记忆技巧：overview音近"总览"。18.Sheisvery______aboutherappearanceandspendshoursinfrontofthemirror.A.consciousB.conscientiousC.consciousD.conscientious【答案】A【解析】正确答案确认：conscious。知识点阐述："conscious"表示有意识的。解题思路："spendshoursinfrontofmirror"显示在意外表，故选"conscious"。易错提醒："conscientious"（认真的）与外貌无关。记忆技巧：conscious音近"有意识的"。19.Themanager's______attitudetowardemployeescreatedatoxicworkenvironment.A.oppressiveB.authoritarianC.oppressiveD.authoritarian【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：authoritarian。知识点阐述："authoritarian"表示专制的。解题思路："toxicworkenvironment"暗示高压管理，故选"authoritarian"。易错提醒：选项重复为测试注意力。记忆技巧：authoritarian音近"专制的"。20.Despitethe______weather,theydecidedtogohiking.A.miserableB.harshC.miserableD.harsh【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：harsh。知识点阐述："harsh"表示严酷的（天气）。解题思路："wenthiking"暗示不畏困难，故选"harsh"。易错提醒："miserable"更强调情绪低落。记忆技巧：harsh音近"严酷的"。21.Whichofthefollowingisacommon______intheworkplace?A.turnoverB.productivityC.retentionD.absenteeismE.motivationF.engagementG.efficiencyH.disciplineI.flexibilityJ.collaboration【答案】A,D,F【解析】正确答案确认：turnover,absenteeism,engagement。知识点阐述：职场常见问题包括人员流动率、缺勤率、员工敬业度。解题思路："commonworkplaceissues"通常涵盖这三种，故选A（人员流动）、D（缺勤）、F（敬业度）。易错提醒：易漏选turnover（人员流动），常被视为负向指标。记忆技巧：turnover音近"流失"，absenteeism与"缺勤"同义。22.Whatarethekey______ofeffectivecommunication?A.clarityB.brevityC.confidentialityD.consistencyE.concisenessF.courtesyG.confirmationH.creativityI.commitmentJ.collaboration【答案】A,B,E,F【解析】正确答案确认：clarity,brevity,conciseness,courtesy。知识点阐述：高效沟通的核心要素包括清晰、简洁、礼貌。解题思路："effectivecommunication"要求准确传达，故选A（清晰）、B（简洁）、E（简洁）、F（礼貌）。易错提醒：易忽略brevity（简洁）与conciseness（精简）的重复，但均为重要考点。记忆技巧：clarity音近"清晰"，courtesy与"礼貌"同义。23.Whichofthefollowingarecommonchallengesinprojectmanagement?A.budgetconstraintsB.scopecreepC.resourceallocationD.stakeholderconflictsE.deadlinepressuresF.qualitycontrolG.teamcoordinationH.riskmanagementI.timeestimationJ.communicationgaps【答案】A,B,C,D,E【解析】正确答案确认：budgetconstraints,scopecreep,resourceallocation,stakeholderconflicts,deadlinepressures。知识点阐述：项目管理常见挑战包括预算限制、范围蔓延、资源分配、利益相关者冲突、截止日期压力。解题思路："commonchallengesinprojectmanagement"通常涵盖这些要素，故选A（预算）、B（范围）、C（资源）、D（冲突）、E（时间压力）。易错提醒：易漏选scopecreep（范围蔓延），常导致项目延期。记忆技巧：budgetconstraints音近"预算限制"。24.Whatdoes"humancapital"referto?A.physicalassetsB.financialinvestmentsC.intellectualresourcesD.naturalresourcesE.organizationalcultureF.socialnetworksG.humanresourcesH.technologicalinfrastructureI.employeebenefitsJ.trainingprograms【答案】C,G【解析】正确答案确认：intellectualresources,humanresources。知识点阐述："humancapital"指人类的智力资源，与"humanresources"（人力资源）概念高度重叠。解题思路："humancapital"强调知识技能，故选C（智力资源）和G（人力资源）。易错提醒：易混淆与"physicalassets"（固定资产），前者为无形。记忆技巧：humancapital音近"人力资本"。25.Whichofthefollowingarecomponentsofaperformanceappraisalsystem?A.goalsettingB.feedbackmechanismsC.compensationadjustmentsD.trainingneedsassessmentE.productivitymetricsF.careerdevelopmentplanningG.employeeengagementsurveysH.attendancerecordsI.qualityofworkevaluationJ.disciplinaryactions【答案】A,B,C,D,F【解析】正确答案确认：goalsetting,feedbackmechanisms,compensationadjustments,trainingneedsassessment,careerdevelopmentplanning。知识点阐述：绩效评估系统通常包含目标设定、反馈机制、薪酬调整、培训需求评估、职业发展计划。解题思路："performanceappraisalsystem"需全面性，故选A（目标）、B（反馈）、C（薪酬）、D（培训）、F（职业发展）。易错提醒：易忽略careerdevelopmentplanning（职业发展）。记忆技巧：goalsetting音近"目标设定"。26.Whatis"organizationalculture"?A.thecompany'smissionstatementB.thesharedvaluesandbehaviorsofemployeesC.thecorporatelogodesignD.theorganizationalstructureE.theannualreportF.thecompensationsystemG.thecompany'shistoryH.theofficelayoutI.theCEO'sleadershipstyleJ.theemployeehandbook【答案】B【解析】正确答案确认：thesharedvaluesandbehaviorsofemployees。知识点阐述："organizationalculture"指组织中的共同价值观和行为模式。解题思路："culture"强调群体特征，故选B（共同价值观）。易错提醒：易误选missionstatement（使命宣言）或CEOstyle（领导风格），但前者偏正式，后者偏个人。记忆技巧：culture音近"文化"。27.Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofa"learningorganization"?A.hierarchicaldecision-makingB.rigidpoliciesC.continuousimprovementD.centralizedcontrolE.short-termfocusF.resistancetochangeG.staticjobrolesH.limitedtrainingprogramsI.top-downcommunicationJ.inflexiblesystems【答案】C【解析】正确答案确认：continuousimprovement。知识点阐述："learningorganization"的核心是持续改进。解题思路："learningorganization"强调适应变化，故选C（持续改进）。易错提醒：易误选hierarchicaldecision-making（层级决策），但后者限制学习。记忆技巧：continuousimprovement音近"持续改进"。28.Whatdoes"employeeengagement"mean?A.mandatoryattendanceB.jobsatisfactionC.highproductivityD.unionmembershipE.mandatoryovertimeF.lowturnoverG.employeeburnoutH.employeeloyaltyI.frequentcomplaintsJ.poorperformance【答案】B,C,H【解析】正确答案确认：jobsatisfaction,highproductivity,employeeloyalty。知识点阐述："employeeengagement"指员工满意度、高效率和忠诚度。解题思路："engagement"通常与积极表现相关，故选B（满意度）、C（高效率）、H（忠诚度）。易错提醒：易混淆与employeeburnout（职业倦怠），后者为负面表现。记忆技巧：engagement音近"参与"。29.Whichofthefollowingarecommontypesoftrainingprograms?A.on-the-jobtrainingB.workshopsC.e-learningcoursesD.seminarsE.apprenticeshipsF.webinarsG.jobrotationsH.conferencesI.mentoringprogramsJ.coachingsessions【答案】A,B,C,D,E【解析】正确答案确认：on-the-jobtraining,workshops,e-learningcourses,seminars,apprenticeships。知识点阐述：常见培训类型包括在职培训、工作坊、在线课程、研讨会、学徒制。解题思路："commontypesoftraining"通常涵盖这些形式，故选A（在职）、B（工作坊）、C（在线）、D（研讨会）、E（学徒制）。易错提醒：易忽略apprenticeships（学徒制），较传统但有效。记忆技巧：on-the-jobtraining音近"在职培训"。30.Whatis"spanofcontrol"inmanagement?A.thenumberofsubordinatesamanagersupervisesB.theauthoritylevelofamanagerC.thecompensationofamanagerD.theworkloadofamanagerE.thehierarchylevelofamanagerF.thedecision-makingprocessG.thetrainingbudgetH.theperformancemetricsI.thecommunicationstyleJ.theleadershipapproach【答案】A【解析】正确答案确认：thenumberofsubordinatesamanagersupervises。知识点阐述："spanofcontrol"指管理者直接管理的下属数量。解题思路："spanofcontrol"定义明确为下属数量，故选A（直接管理下属数量）。易错提醒：易误选authoritylevel（权力层级），但后者偏职位。记忆技巧：spanofcontrol音近"控制范围"。31.Thecompanyimplementedanew______policytoreduceworkplacestress.√【解析】正确答案确认：√。知识点阐述："well-beingpolicy"指员工福利政策。解题思路：句意"reducestress"暗示关注员工健康，故判断正确。易错提醒：无易混淆概念。记忆技巧：well-being与"福祉"同义。32.Effectiveteamsrequireclear______amongmembers.×【解析】正确答案确认：×。知识点阐述："conflict"指冲突。解题思路：句意显示团队需要协作而非冲突，故判断错误。易错提醒：易误认为conflict（冲突）是必要元素，但实际需要"cooperation"（合作）。记忆技巧：conflict音近"冲突"。33.Employee______iscrucialfororganizationalsuccess.√【解析】正确答案确认：√。知识点阐述："motivation"指员工激励。解题思路：句意强调重要性，故判断正确。易错提醒：无易混淆概念。记忆技巧：motivation音近"激励"。34.Themanager's______styleisveryautocratic.√【解析】正确答案确认：√。知识点阐述："autocratic"指独裁式。解题思路："autocraticstyle"直接对应句意，故判断正确。易错提醒：无易混淆概念。记忆技巧：autocratic音近"独裁的"。35.Companiesshouldinvestinemployee______toimproveproductivity.√【解析】正确答案确认：√。知识点阐述："development"指员工发展。解题思路：句意强调投资回报，故判断正确。易错提醒：无易混淆概念。记忆技巧：development音近"发展"。36.Theorganizationhasastrong______culture.√【解析】正确答案确认：√。知识点阐述："ethics"指道德文化。解题思路：句意肯定文化，故判断正确。易错提醒：无易混淆概念。记忆技巧：ethics音近"道德"。37.Job______isamajorconcernformanyemployees.√【解析】正确答案确认：√。知识点阐述："security"指工作保障。解题思路：句意强调员工担忧，故判断正确。易错提醒：无易混淆概念。记忆技巧：security音近"保障"。38.Thecompany'sperformancereviewprocessisvery______.×【解析】正确答案确认：×。知识点阐述："objective"指客观的。解题思路：句意暗示主观性，故判断错误。易错提醒：易误认为客观性是默认特征。记忆技巧：objective音近"客观的"。39.Effectiveleadersmustbegoodat______theirteams.√【解析】正确答案确认：√。知识点阐述："inspiring"指鼓舞。解题思路：句意强调领导力，故判断正确。易错提醒：无易混淆概念。记忆技巧：inspiring音近"鼓舞的"。40.Thecompanyhasapolicytoprevent______discrimination.√【解析】正确答案确认：√。知识点阐述："sexual"指性骚扰。解题思路：句意强调政策，故判断正确。易错提醒：无易混淆概念。记忆技巧：sexual音近"性的"。41.Whatarethemain______ofemployeeengagement?【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】42.Howdoes"spanofcontrol"affectteammanagement?【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】43.Explainthedifferencebetween"turnover"and"retention"inHR.【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】44.Describethreekeycomponentso