2025年考研英语（一）阅读理解真题试卷 经典题型解析

2025年考研英语（一）阅读理解真题试卷经典题型解析考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______模拟试卷PartAReadthefollowingfourpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Passage1Theconceptofa"knowledgeeconomy"hasgainedsignificanttractioninrecentdecades,emphasizingtheroleofintellectualcapitalastheprimarydriverofeconomicgrowthandsocietalprogress.Proponentsarguethatinanincreasinglyglobalizedandtechnologicallyadvancedworld,nationsandorganizationsthatcaneffectivelycreate,disseminate,andutilizeknowledgewillpossessacompetitiveedge.Thisshiftsignifiesamoveawayfromtraditionaleconomiesreliantonphysicalcapitalandlabortowardsoneswhereinformationandideasarevaluedmosthighly.However,theprecisenatureofthistransitionanditsimplicationsremainsubjectsofintensedebateamongeconomists,sociologists,andpolicymakers.Oneofthecoreargumentssupportingtheknowledgeeconomyhypothesisisthetransformativepowerofinnovation.Breakthroughsinscienceandtechnology,facilitatedbyarobustsystemofresearchanddevelopment,canleadtothecreationofentirelynewindustriesandthedisruptionofexistingones.Companiesthatsuccessfullycommercializenovelideasoftenachieveextraordinarygrowth,generatingsubstantialeconomicvalue.Furthermore,accesstoknowledgeisincreasinglyseenasafundamentalright,withinitiativespromotingdigitalliteracyandopenaccessaimingtodemocratizeinformationandopportunities.Thisperspectiveholdsthatawidespreaddistributionofknowledgecanfostercreativityandinnovationatthegrassrootslevel,contributingtomoreinclusiveandsustainabledevelopment.Criticsoftheknowledgeeconomy,however,raiselegitimateconcernsaboutequityandaccessibility.Thehighvalueplacedonintellectualpropertycansometimescreatebarrierstoknowledgesharing,particularlybetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Thereareworriesthatthebenefitsoftheknowledgeeconomyaredisproportionatelyconcentratedamongthosewhopossessthenecessaryskillsandresourcestoparticipateintheglobalknowledgemarket.Thiscanexacerbateexistinginequalities,bothwithinandbetweennations.Additionally,therapidpaceoftechnologicalchange,whileasourceofprogress,canleadtojobdisplacementascertaintasksbecomeautomated,posingchallengesforworkforceadaptationandretraining.Ultimately,thedebatesurroundingtheknowledgeeconomyhighlightsthecomplexinterplaybetweenknowledge,technology,andeconomicstructures.Whilethepotentialbenefitsofleveragingintellectualcapitalareundeniable,itiscrucialtoaddresstheassociatedchallengestoensurethatthetransitionisinclusiveandequitable.Policiesthatpromoteeducation,supportresearchanddevelopment,andfacilitatethedisseminationofknowledgewhilealsosafeguardingagainstunfairpracticesandaddressingthesocialconsequencesoftechnologicaladvancementwillbeessentialforharnessingthefullpotentialoftheknowledgeeraforthebenefitofall.Questions:1.Thepassageprimarilydiscusses______.A)thedefinitionandoriginsoftheknowledgeeconomyB)thepotentialbenefitsandchallengesoftheknowledgeeconomyC)theroleofinnovationindrivingeconomicgrowthD)theimportanceofdigitalliteracyinthemodernworld2.Accordingtoproponentsoftheknowledgeeconomy,whatwillgivenationsandorganizationsacompetitiveadvantage?A)ControllingphysicalresourcesB)PossessingintellectualcapitalC)HavingalargelaborforceD)Investingininfrastructure3.Whatisamajorconcernraisedbycriticsregardingtheknowledgeeconomy?A)Itleadstoadecreaseinoveralleconomicgrowth.B)Itexacerbatesinequalitiesinaccesstoknowledge.C)Itmakesresearchanddevelopmenttooexpensive.D)Itreducesthedemandforskilledworkers.4.Theword"disruption"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A)enhancementB)modificationC)transformationD)stabilization5.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestisessentialforapositivetransitiontotheknowledgeeconomy?A)Increasingthefocusonintellectualpropertyrights.B)Ensuringpoliciesaddressequityandaccessibility.C)Encouragingrapidtechnologicalchangewithoutregulation.D)Prioritizingeconomicgrowthoversocialconsequences.Passage2Urbanizationisarguablyoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofthe21stcentury,withmillionsofpeoplemigratingfromruralareastocitiesinsearchofbetteropportunities,education,andservices.Thisrelentlessurbandrifttransformslandscapesatanunprecedentedrate,creatingmegacitiesthathouseasignificantportionoftheglobalpopulation.Whilecitiesofferunparalleledconnectivityandaccesstoresources,theyalsopresentauniquesetofenvironmentalchallengesthatdemandurgentattention.Oneofthemostpressingissuesassociatedwithrapidurbanizationisthestrainoninfrastructure.Aspopulationsgrow,thereisanincreasingdemandforhousing,transportationnetworks,watersupply,andsanitationsystems.Failuretoadequatelyexpandandmaintainthesefacilitiesoftenresultsinovercrowding,trafficcongestion,andinadequateaccesstobasicservicesforasignificantportionoftheurbanpopulation.Thiscanleadtothedevelopmentofinformalsettlementsorslums,whereresidentsfacenumeroushardships.Furthermore,theconcentrationofpeopleinurbanareassignificantlyimpactstheenvironment.Theexpansionofcitiesoftenleadstodeforestationandhabitatdestructionaslandisclearedforconstruction.Thehighdensityofbuildingsandactivitiesgeneratessubstantialamountsofairandnoisepollution,negativelyaffectingthehealthandwell-beingofcitydwellers.Additionally,citiesaremajorcontributorstogreenhousegasemissions,primarilythroughtransportationandenergyconsumption,exacerbatingclimatechange.Managingwasteeffectivelyisanothercriticalchallenge,withimproperdisposalcontributingtopollutionandhealthrisks.Addressingtheseurbanchallengesrequiresamultifacetedapproach.Sustainableurbanplanningiscrucial,involvingthestrategicdesignofcitiestominimizeenvironmentalimpactandpromotelivability.Thisincludesinvestingingreeninfrastructurelikeparksandgreenroofs,implementingefficientpublictransportationsystems,andencouragingtheuseofrenewableenergysources.Furthermore,policiesmustfocusonimprovinginfrastructureforallresidents,ensuringaccesstoadequatehousing,sanitation,andcleanwater.Engaginglocalcommunitiesintheplanningprocessandfosteringacultureofsustainabilityarealsoessentialforcreatingcitiesthatareresilient,equitable,andenvironmentallyfriendly.Questions:6.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?A)TheeconomicbenefitsofurbanizationB)TheenvironmentalchallengesofrapidurbanizationC)ThecausesofpopulationmigrationtocitiesD)Theroleofinfrastructureinmegacities7.Accordingtothepassage,whatisaconsequenceoffailingtoadequatelyexpandurbaninfrastructure?A)Increasedaccesstoeducationforallresidents.B)Thedevelopmentofformalhousingprojects.C)Overcrowdingandinadequateaccesstoservices.D)Reduceddemandfortransportationnetworks.8.Thepassagesuggeststhaturbanizationcontributestoenvironmentalproblemssuchas______.A)increasedagriculturalproductivityB)reducedwaterconsumptionC)deforestationandairpollutionD)decreasednoiselevels9.Whataspectofurbanplanningishighlightedasimportantforminimizingenvironmentalimpact?A)Constructinghigh-risebuildingsB)ExpandingroadnetworksC)InvestingingreeninfrastructureD)Increasingindustrialzones10.Theword"resilient"inthelastparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A)fragileB)adaptableC)deterioratingD)overwhelmingPassage3Thehumanrelationshipwithnaturehasundergoneasignificanttransformationoverthecourseofhistory.Formuchofhumanexistence,peoplelivedcloselyintegratedwiththeirnaturalsurroundings,relyingonecosystemsforsustenance,shelter,andinspiration.Indigenouscultures,inparticular,oftendevelopeddeepspiritualandpracticalconnectionswiththeland,viewingthemselvesaspartof,ratherthanmastersof,thenaturalworld.However,withtheadventofindustrializationandthesubsequentaccelerationoftechnologicalprogress,thisrelationshiphasfundamentallyshifted.Industrializationmarkedaperiodofunprecedentedhumaninterventionintheenvironment.Thepursuitofeconomicgrowthandresourceexploitationledtolarge-scaledeforestation,mining,andpollution,oftenwithlittleregardforlong-termconsequences.Technologicaladvancements,whileimprovinglivingstandardsinmanyways,alsocreatednewformsofenvironmentalharm,suchastheemissionofindustrialgasesandtheproliferationofsyntheticchemicals.Thiserasawagrowingseparationbetweenhumansandnature,withmanypeoplelivinginurbanenvironmentsdetachedfromnaturallandscapesandecologicalprocesses.Theconsequencesofthisdisruptedrelationshiparebecomingincreasinglyevidentintheformofenvironmentalcrises.Climatechange,biodiversityloss,andpollutionarejustafewexamplesofthenegativeimpactsresultingfromhumanactivitiesthatdisregardecologicalbalance.Thesechallengesposeadirectthreattotheplanet'shealthand,consequently,tohumanwell-being.Thereisagrowingrecognitionthatthecurrentmodelofdevelopment,whichprioritizesshort-termeconomicgainoverenvironmentalsustainability,isunsustainable.Fortunately,thereisagrowingmovementtore-establishamoreharmoniousrelationshipbetweenhumansandnature.Conceptslikeconservationism,environmentalism,andsustainabilityhavegainedtraction,advocatingfortheprotectionofnaturalhabitatsandtheresponsiblemanagementofresources.Initiativessuchasreforestationprojects,theestablishmentofprotectedareas,andthepromotionofrenewableenergyaimtomitigateenvironmentaldamageandrestoreecologicalbalance.Furthermore,thereisagrowingemphasisoneducationandawareness,encouragingpeopletoappreciatethevalueofnatureandunderstandtheirroleinprotectingit.Shiftingsocietalvaluestoprioritizelong-termecologicalhealthoverimmediateeconomicbenefitsiscrucialforsecuringasustainablefuture.Questions:11.Thepassageprimarilydiscusses______.A)thetechnologicaladvancementsoftheindustrialeraB)theevolutionofthehumanrelationshipwithnatureC)thenegativeimpactsofurbanizationonindigenousculturesD)theimportanceofresourceexploitationforeconomicgrowth12.Whatchangeinhuman-environmentinteractionisassociatedwithindustrialization?A)Increasedrelianceonnaturalresourcesforshelter.B)Amovetowardsmoresustainablepractices.C)Greaterseparationfromnaturallandscapes.D)Enhancedspiritualconnectionwiththeland.13.Accordingtothepassage,whataresomeconsequencesofhumanactivitiesthatdisregardecologicalbalance?A)Improvedairqualityandincreasedbiodiversity.B)Technologicaladvancementsandeconomicgrowth.C)Climatechangeandlossofbiodiversity.D)Urbandevelopmentandimprovedinfrastructure.14.Thepassagementionsseveralinitiativesaimedatmitigatingenvironmentaldamage.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned?A)Establishingprotectedareas.B)Promotingtheuseofrenewableenergy.C)Encouraginglarge-scaledeforestation.D)Implementingreforestationprojects.15.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestiscrucialforsecuringasustainablefuture?A)Prioritizingshort-termeconomicgain.B)Continuingindustrializationwithoutmodification.C)Shiftingsocietalvaluestowardsecologicalhealth.D)Reducingeducationandawarenessinitiatives.Passage4Effectivecommunicationisfundamentaltosuccessinalmosteveryaspectoflife,frompersonalrelationshipstoprofessionalenvironments.However,thewaywecommunicateisconstantlyevolving,influencedbytechnologicaladvancements,culturalshifts,andchangingsocialnorms.Understandingthesedynamicsiscrucialfornavigatinginteractionseffectivelyandavoidingmisunderstandings.Onesignificantareaofevolutionincommunicationistheriseofdigitalmediaanddigitalcommunicationplatforms.Email,socialmedia,instantmessaging,andvideoconferencinghavebecomeubiquitous,drasticallychanginghowpeopleinteract,shareinformation,andbuildrelationships.Whilethesetechnologiesoffernumerousadvantages,suchasinstantconnectivityandtheabilitytoreachaglobalaudience,theyalsopresentuniquechallenges.Issueslikethepotentialformisinterpretationduetothelackofnon-verbalcues,informationoverload,andthephenomenonof'phubbing'(phonesnubbing)duringface-to-faceinteractionsareincreasinglyprevalent.Additionally,concernsaboutprivacy,datasecurity,andthedigitaldivide—differencesinaccesstotechnologyandtheinternet—cannotbeoverlooked.Anotherfactorshapingcommunicationpatternsisculturaldiversity.Astheworldbecomesmoreinterconnected,peoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsinteractmorefrequently.Effectivecross-culturalcommunicationrequiressensitivityandawarenessofculturaldifferencesincommunicationstyles,values,andnorms.Forexample,someculturesmayvaluedirectnessandexplicitness,whileotherspreferamoreindirectandnuancedapproach.Failingtoappreciatethesedifferencescanleadtomisunderstandings,offense,andineffectivecollaboration.Developinginterculturalcommunicationskillsisthereforeessentialinourincreasinglyglobalizedworld.Furthermore,theconceptof'communicationetiquette'or'netiquette'hasemergedinresponsetothechangingcommunicationlandscape.Asdigitalcommunicationbecomesmorecommon,thereisagrowingneedforguidelinesonappropriatebehavioronline.Thisincludesconsiderationssuchasresponsetimes,theuseofappropriatelanguageandtone,andrespectingothers'privacyandboundaries.Violatingthesenormscandamagerelationshipsandprofessionalreputations.Therapidpaceofchangeincommunicationtechnologiesalsomeansthatcommunicationetiquetteisconstantlyevolving,requiringindividualstostayinformedandadaptable.Ultimately,effectivecommunicationinthemodernworldrequiresacombinationoftraditionalcommunicationskills,suchasactivelisteningandclearspeaking,andtheabilitytonavigatethecomplexitiesofdigitalandcross-culturalinteractions.Beingmindfuloftheevolvingnatureofcommunication,developingthenecessaryskills,andadaptingtonewtechnologiesandculturalcontextsarekeytobuildingandmaintainingstrongrelationshipsandachievingsuccessinvariousdomains.Questions:16.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A)Theimportanceofpersonalrelationshipsincommunication.B)Theevolutionofcommunicationmethodsandtheskillsneededtonavigatethem.C)Thenegativeeffectsofdigitalcommunicationonprofessionallife.D)Theroleofculturaldiversityinshapingcommunicationstyles.17.Accordingtothepassage,whatisachallengeassociatedwithdigitalcommunication?A)Italwaysleadstofasterdecision-making.B)Itlackstheabilitytoreachaglobalaudience.C)Itcanleadtomisinterpretationduetotheabsenceofnon-verbalcues.D)Iteliminatestheneedforprivacyconcerns.18.Thepassagesuggeststhateffectivecross-culturalcommunicationrequires______.A)ignoringculturaldifferencesB)developinginterculturalcommunicationskillsC)speakingonlyoneuniversallanguageD)avoidingface-to-faceinteractions19.Whatdoestheterm'netiquette'referto?A)Theetiquetteofface-to-facecommunicationinprofessionalsettings.B)Theguidelinesforappropriatebehaviorindigitalcommunication.C)Therulesforeffectivelisteninginpersonalrelationships.D)Thestandardsforspeakingclearlyinpublicforums.20.Whatisakeyrequirementforeffectivecommunicationinthemodernworldaccordingtothepassage?A)Stickingrigidlytotraditionalcommunicationmethods.B)Beingadaptabletonewtechnologiesandculturalcontexts.C)Prioritizingdigitalcommunicationoverface-to-faceinteraction.D)Focusingsolelyonbuildingprofessionalrelationships.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingpassage,certainwordsareunderlined.BeloweachwordtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshouldidentifythewordorphrasethat,wheninsertedintothepassage,bestfitsthecontext.MarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Therapiddevelopmentofartificialintelligence(AI)hassparkedconsiderabledebateregardingitsfutureimpactontheglobalworkforce.ProponentsarguethatAIwillprimarilyautomateroutineandrepetitivetasks,freeinghumanstofocusonmorecreative,complex,andinterpersonalaspectsoftheirjobs.Thispotentialshiftcouldleadtoincreasedproductivityandthecreationofnewjobcategoriesthatwecannotyetimagine.However,criticswarnthattheintegrationofAIcouldresultinsignificantjobdisplacement,particularlyforworkersinsectorsinvolvingdataprocessing,manufacturing,andcustomerservice.Theycontendthatthepaceoftechnologicaladoptionmayoutstripsociety'sabilitytoretrainandreskillthedisplacedworkforce,potentiallyleadingtowidespreadunemploymentandincreasedeconomicinequality.Ultimately,thesuccessoftheAIerawilllikelydependonourabilitytomanagethistechnologicaltransformationresponsibly,ensuringthatthebenefitsarewidelysharedandthattheworkforceisequippedtothrivealongsidethesepowerfulnewtools.ThesocietaladjustmentsrequiredtoharnessAI'spotentialwithoutexacerbatingexistingdisparitieswillbeprofoundandmultifaceted.21.Theword"automate"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A)replaceB)enhanceC)simplifyD)delegate22.Whatdoestheword"proponents"inthefirstparagraphreferto?A)WorkersinsectorsvulnerabletoAIB)CriticsofAI'simpactonjobsC)SupportersofAItechnologyD)Peoplewhofeartechnologicalchange23.Theword"displacement"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A)enhancementB)relocationC)automationD)reduction24.Accordingtocritics,whatmighthappenifthepaceoftechnologicaladoptionoutstripsretrainingefforts?A)Newjobcategorieswillbecreatedmorequickly.B)Productivitywillincreasesignificantly.C)Widespreadunemploymentmayoccur.D)AIwillbecomelessusefulintheworkforce.25.Theword"exacerbating"inthelastparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A)mitigatingB)addressingC)intensifyingD)minimizing试卷答案PartA1.B解析思路：文章首段提出“知识经济”概念，第二段阐述其优势（创新、信息民主化），第三段提出其挑战（公平性、可及性）。第四段总结，强调在享受知识经济红利的同时要解决挑战。全文围绕知识经济的“好处”与“坏处”展开论述，故B选项“知识经济的潜在好处和挑战”最符合主旨。A选项片面，只提及定义；C选项只涉及好处；D选项是知识经济背景下的一个方面，非主旨。2.B解析思路：根据第二段“Proponentsarguethatinanincreasinglyglobalizedandtechnologicallyadvancedworld,nationsandorganizationsthatcaneffectivelycreate,disseminate,andutilizeknowledgewillpossessacompetitiveedge.”可知，支持者认为，在全球化和技术先进的世界里，能够有效创造、传播和利用知识的国家和组织将拥有竞争优势。B选项“拥有知识产权”与原文“有效创造、传播和利用知识”最接近。A选项原文未提及；C选项“有一个大的劳动力队伍”与知识经济的核心不符；D选项“投资基础设施”是传统经济的做法。3.B解析思路：根据第三段“Criticsoftheknowledgeeconomy,however,raiselegitimateconcernsaboutequityandaccessibility.Thehighvalueplacedonintellectualpropertycansometimescreatebarrierstoknowledgesharing...canexacerbateexistinginequalities,bothwithinandbetweennations.”可知，批评者提出的合法担忧主要关于“公平性和可及性”，知识产权的高价值有时会阻碍知识共享，加剧内外部的不平等。B选项“加剧知识获取不平等”准确概括了批评者的主要担忧。A选项“导致整体经济增长下降”是过度推断；C选项“使研发成本过高”是可能的问题，但非核心担忧；D选项“减少对技术工人的需求”是AI相关担忧，与知识经济本身的公平性担忧不完全等同。4.C解析思路：根据第二段“Breakthroughsinscienceandtechnology,facilitatedbyarobustsystemofresearchanddevelopment,canleadtothecreationofentirelynewindustriesandthedisruptionofexistingones.”可知，科学和技术上的突破会带来全新产业的诞生和现有产业的“颠覆”。C选项“转变”意为改变、重塑，与“disruption”（打破原有格局）意思相近。A选项“增强”意为加强；B选项“修改”意为改动；D选项“稳定”意为稳固，均与原文意思不符。5.B解析思路：根据第四段“Ultimately,thedebate...highlightsthecomplexinterplay...Whilethepotentialbenefitsareundeniable,itiscrucialtoaddresstheassociatedchallengestoensurethatthetransitionisinclusiveandequitable.Policiesthatpromoteeducation,supportresearchanddevelopment,andfacilitatethedisseminationofknowledgewhilealsosafeguardingagainstunfairpracticesandaddressingthesocialconsequencesoftechnologicaladvancementwillbeessentialforharnessingthefullpotential...forthebenefitofall.”可知，要确保转型包容、公平，需要制定相关政策，促进教育、支持研发、促进知识传播，同时应对不公平现象和社会影响。B选项“确保政策解决公平性和可及性问题”是对原文核心建议的概括。A选项“增加对知识产权的关注”与原文强调的解决不平等问题相悖；C选项“在不加监管的情况下鼓励快速技术变革”与原文呼吁负责任、有政策引导的变革不符；D选项“优先考虑经济增长而非社会后果”与原文强调平衡发展理念相悖。6.B解析思路：文章首段指出城市化带来的环境挑战是“pressingissues”。第二段具体阐述基础设施压力。第三段详细论述环境问题（污染、气候变化、废物管理）。第四段提出应对策略，核心是可持续规划和政策。全文围绕快速城市化带来的“环境挑战”及其应对展开，故B选项“快速城市化的环境挑战”最符合主旨。A选项片面，只提经济好处；C选项是城市化的原因之一，非主旨；D选项是城市化的一个方面，非主旨。7.C解析思路：根据第二段“Failuretoadequatelyexpandandmaintainthesefacilitiesoftenresultsinovercrowding,trafficcongestion,andinadequateaccesstobasicservicesforasignificantportionoftheurbanpopulation.”可知，未能充分扩展和维护基础设施，往往导致拥挤、交通堵塞以及相当一部分城市居民基本服务获取不足。C选项“拥挤和基本服务获取不足”是对原文结果的准确概括。A选项原文未提及；B选项“发展正式的住房项目”与原文不符；D选项“减少对交通网络的需求”与原文矛盾。8.C解析思路：根据第三段“theconcentrationofpeopleinurbanareassignificantlyimpactstheenvironment.Theexpansionofcitiesoftenleadstodeforestationandhabitatdestructionaslandisclearedforconstruction.Thehighdensityofbuildingsandactivitiesgeneratessubstantialamountsofairandnoisepollution...Citiesaremajorcontributorstogreenhousegasemissions...Managingwasteeffectivelyisanothercriticalchallenge,withimproperdisposalcontributingtopollutionandhealthrisks.”可知，城市人口集中对环境的影响包括砍伐森林、栖息地破坏、空气污染、噪音污染、温室气体排放增加以及废物管理不当导致的污染。C选项“森林砍伐和空气污染”是原文明确提到的两个环境问题。A选项原文未提及；B选项与城市生活特点不符；D选项原文未提及。9.C解析思路：根据第四段“Sustainableurbanplanningiscrucial,involvingthestrategicdesignofcitiestominimizeenvironmentalimpactandpromotelivability.Thisincludesinvestingingreeninfrastructurelikeparksandgreenroofs...”可知，可持续城市规划的核心是战略性地设计城市，以最大限度地减少环境影响，促进宜居性，这包括投资绿色基础设施，如公园和绿色屋顶。C选项“投资绿色基础设施”是原文明确提出的减少环境影响的方法。A选项原文未提及；B选项扩大了范围；D选项是交通策略，非核心的绿色基础设施。10.B解析思路：根据第四段末句“creatingcitiesthatareresilient,equitable,andenvironmentallyfriendly.”可知，目标是创造“有韧性”、“公平”、“环境友好”的城市。B选项“适应性强的”与“resilient”（有韧性的）意思最接近。A选项“易碎的”；C选项“正在恶化的”；D选项“被压垮的”，均与原文词义相反。11.B解析思路：文章首段对比了过去（人与自然紧密）和现在（分离）的关系。第二段描述了工业化带来的分离和环境影响。第三段讨论了这种分离导致的现代环境危机。第四段提出重新建立和谐关系以及相关倡议。全文围绕“人与自然关系”随时间推移发生的变化展开，故B选项“人与自然关系的演变”最符合主旨。A选项片面，只提工业；C选项是过去某个文化群体的情况，非主题；D选项片面，只提资源开采。12.C解析思路：根据第二段“Industrializationmarkedaperiodofunprecedentedhumaninterventionintheenvironment...Thepursuitofeconomicgrowthandresourceexploitationledtolarge-scaledeforestation,mining,andpollution...Thiserasawagrowingseparationbetweenhumansandnature,withmanypeoplelivinginurbanenvironmentsdetachedfromnaturallandscapesandecologicalprocesses.”可知，工业化时期，人类对环境的干预空前，追求经济增长和资源开发导致了大规模砍伐森林、采矿和污染，这使得人与自然之间的分离加剧，许多人居住在脱离自然景观和生态过程的城市环境中。C选项“与自然景观分离”准确概括了工业化带来的变化。A选项是过去的情况；B选项是工业化的一个方面，非核心变化；D选项是过去某个文化群体的特点。13.C解析思路：根据第三段“consequencesofhumanactivitiesthatdisregardecologicalbalancearebecomingincreasinglyevidentintheformofenvironmentalcrises.Climatechange,biodiversityloss,andpollutionarejustafewexamplesofthenegativeimpactsresultingfromhumanactivitiesthatdisregardecologicalbalance.”可知，人类活动忽视生态平衡的后果日益明显，表现为环境危机，如气候变化、生物多样性丧失和污染。C选项“气候变化和生物多样性丧失”是原文明确列举的两个主要后果。A选项与原文相反；B选项是工业化的好处，与问题无关；D选项是城市化的一个方面，与问题无关。14.C解析思路：文章第四段提到了旨在缓解环境破坏的倡议有：A)建立保护区（“theestablishmentofprotectedareas”）；B)推广可再生能源（“thepromotionofrenewableenergy”）；D)重新造林项目（“reforestationprojects”）。C)鼓励大规模砍伐森林（“Encouraginglarge-scaledeforestation”）与原文提到的保护性措施完全相反，且是破坏环境的行为，因此不是原文提到的倡议。15.C解析思路：根据第四段最后一句“Shiftingsocietalvaluestoprioritizelong-termecologicalhealthoverimmediateeconomicbenefitsiscrucialforsecuringasustainablefuture.”可知，将社会价值观转变为优先考虑长期生态健康而非即时经济利益，对于确保可持续未来至关重要。C选项“转变社会价值观以优先考虑生态健康”准确概括了原文的观点。A选项与原文相反；B选项与原文提倡的负责任发展不符；D选项原文未提及。16.A解析思路：根据第一段“ProponentsarguethatAIwillprimarilyautomateroutineandrepetitivetasks...”可知，支持者认为AI将主要“自动化”（automate）常规和重复性任务。A选项“取代”意为替换，与“automate”在语境中的含义最接近。B选项“增强”；C选项“简化”；D选项“委托”，均与原文意思不符。17.C解析思路：根据第一段“ProponentsarguethatAIwillprimarilyautomateroutineandrepetitivetasks...”和第二段“However,criticswarnthattheintegrationofAIcouldresultinsignificantjobdisplacement...”可知，支持者认为AI会自动化任务，而批评者警告AI的集成可能导致“大量工作岗位被取代”（significantjobdisplacement）。C选项“取代”（reductioninjobs）与“displacement”（displacementofjobs）意思最接近。A选项“