2025年考研英语（一）阅读理解文章背景知识拓展与理解

2025年考研英语（一）阅读理解文章背景知识拓展与理解考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______模拟试卷第一部分阅读理解directions:Readthefollowingpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestions.Choosethebestanswer(A,B,C,orD)foreachquestion.Markyouransweronyouranswersheet.PassageOneTheriseofartificialintelligence(AI)hasspurredintensedebateacrosstheglobe,withpredictionsofbothutopianprosperityanddystopianunemploymentdominatingheadlines.WhiletechcompaniesandsomeeconomistschampionAIasatoolforunprecedentedefficiencyandeconomicgrowth,criticsraiselegitimateconcernsaboutitspotentialtodisplacemillionsofworkersandexacerbatesocialinequalities.Thecruxoftheissueliesnotnecessarilyinthetechnologyitself,butinhowsocietypreparesforandregulatesitsintegrationintotheworkforceanddailylife.Oneofthemostfrequentlycitedfearsisjobdisplacement.Automation,poweredbyAIandrobotics,isalreadytransformingindustriesrangingfrommanufacturingandlogisticstocustomerserviceandevenhealthcare.Routine,repetitivetasksareincreasinglybeinghandledbymachines,leadingsomeanalyststoforecastthelossoftensofmillionsofjobsgloballyoverthenexttwodecades.WhilenewjobswillundoubtedlyemergeinfieldsrelatedtoAIdevelopment,maintenance,andoversight,thereissignificantdoubtwhetherthesewillbesufficientinnumberorskillsettoreplacethoselost.Furthermore,thetransitionperiodcouldleavealargesegmentoftheworkforceunderemployedorentirelyunemployed,potentiallyfuelingsocialunrestandeconomichardship.Beyondimmediatejoblosses,therearebroadersocietalimplicationstoconsider.AIsystems,particularlythoseinvolvingmachinelearning,areoftenopaque,makingitdifficulttounderstandhowtheyarriveatspecificdecisions.This"blackbox"problemraisesconcernsaboutaccountabilityandfairness,particularlyinsensitiveareaslikehiring,lending,andcriminaljustice.Thereisariskthatbiaseddatausedtotrainthesealgorithmscouldperpetuateandevenamplifyexistingsocietalbiases,leadingtodiscriminatoryoutcomes.Additionally,theincreasingautomationofdecision-makingprocessescoulderodehumanagencyandtrustininstitutions.However,thepictureisnotentirelybleak.AIalsopresentsopportunitiesforsignificantsocietalbenefit.Inhealthcare,forinstance,AIalgorithmscananalyzemedicalimageswithgreateraccuracythanmanyhumanradiologists,potentiallyleadingtoearlierandmoreaccuratediagnoses.Ineducation,AI-poweredpersonalizedlearningplatformscanadapttoindividualstudentneeds,providingtailoredsupportandidentifyingareaswhereinterventionisrequired.AIcanalsohelpaddressclimatechangebyoptimizingenergyconsumption,predictingnaturaldisasters,anddevelopingnewtechnologiesforcarboncaptureandstorage.Thekey,proponentsargue,istofocusonhuman-AIcollaboration,wheretechnologyaugmentshumancapabilitiesratherthanreplacesthementirely.Ultimately,thefutureofAIintheworkplaceandsocietyhingesonproactivepolicy-makingandinvestmentinhumancapital.Governmentsandbusinessesmustworktogethertoensureasmoothtransitionforworkersdisplacedbyautomation,throughretrainingprograms,universalbasicincome,orothersocialsafetynets.EquallyimportantistheneedforrobustregulationtoensureAIsystemsaretransparent,fair,andaccountable.OnlybyembracingabalancedapproachthatharnessesthebenefitsofAIwhilemitigatingitsriskscanweensureafuturewheretechnologyserveshumanityratherthanthreatensit.1.WhatistheprimaryconcernraisedbycriticsregardingtheincreasingimplementationofAIinvarioussectors?2.Accordingtothepassage,whatspecificchallengesdoesthe"blackbox"problempresentinthecontextofAIsystems?3.TheauthormentionsAI'spotentialinhealthcareandeducationasexamplesofitspositiveimpact.WhatunderlyingprincipledotheseexamplesillustrateregardingtheroleofAI?4.WhatkeyactionsdoesthepassagesuggestarenecessaryforsocietytonavigatethetransitiontoanAI-integratedfuture?5.Basedonthepassage,whatisthecentralargumentregardingtherelationshipbetweenAItechnologyanditssocietaleffects?PassageTwoGlobalization,onceheraldedasanengineofeconomicprogressandculturalexchange,facesincreasingscrutinyinthe21stcentury.Whileithasundeniablyliftedmillionsoutofpovertyandfosteredinterconnectivityonascalepreviouslyunimaginable,ithasalsoexposeddeep-seatedvulnerabilitiesandcontributedtoasenseofwidespreadanxietyacrossmanysocieties.Theperceivedbenefitsoffreetradeandopenbordersareincreasinglyweighedagainstconcernsaboutjoblosses,environmentaldegradation,andtheerosionoflocalcultures.Oneofthemostsignificantcriticismsleveledagainstglobalizationisitsimpactonlabormarkets.Therelocationofmanufacturingandservicejobstocountrieswithlowerlaborcostshasledtosignificantjoblossesindevelopednations,particularlyinthemanufacturingsector.Whileconsumersbenefitfromcheapergoods,workersdisplacedbytheseshiftsoftenfacelong-termunemploymentortheneedtoacceptlowerwagesandworkingconditions.Thishasfueledpoliticaldiscontentandcontributedtotheriseofpopulistandnationalistmovementsthatadvocateforprotectionistpoliciesandreducedintegration.Thetensionbetweeneconomicefficiencyandsocialequityhasneverbeenmorepronounced.Environmentalconcernsalsoloomlargeintheglobalizationdebate.Theexponentialgrowthininternationaltradeandtravelhasdramaticallyincreasedcarbonemissions,contributingtoclimatechange.Furthermore,thepressuretomaintaincompetitiveproductioncostsoftenleadstolaxenvironmentalregulationsindevelopingcountries,resultingindeforestation,pollution,andtheexploitationofnaturalresources.Theconceptofa"racetothebottom"hasemerged,wherecountriescompetebyloweringenvironmentalstandardsratherthanraisingthem,underminingglobaleffortstoaddressecologicalcrises.Sustainabledevelopmentgoalsarethreatenedwheneconomicgrowthisprioritizedoverenvironmentalpreservationwithintheframeworkofglobalizedcapitalism.Culturally,globalizationhasledtobothhomogenizationandhybridization.Ononehand,theglobalspreadofdominantcultures,primarilyAmericanandWestern,hasledtotheerosionoflocaltraditionsandlanguagesinmanypartsoftheworld.Fastfoodchains,Hollywoodmovies,andglobalbrandscreateastandardizedculturallandscapethatcanfeelalienating.Ontheotherhand,increasedinteractionalsofacilitatesculturalexchangeandthecreationofnew,hybrididentities.Traditionalmusic,cuisine,andartformscanfindnewaudiencesandinfluenceglobalcreativetrends.Thechallengeliesinpreservingculturaldiversitywhileembracingthebenefitsofcross-culturalunderstandingandcollaboration.Thefutureofglobalizationhingesonourabilitytoaddressthesecomplexchallenges.Simplyreversingtheprocessisnotaviablesolution,astheinterdependenciescreatedbyglobaltradeandcommunicationarenowtoodeeplyembedded.Instead,thefocusmustbeonreformingtheexistingsystem.Thisinvolvescreatingmoreequitabletradeagreementsthatprotectworkers'rightsandenvironmentalstandards,investinginsocialsafetynetstosupportthosenegativelyimpactedbyglobaleconomicshifts,andfosteringinternationalcooperationtotacklesharedproblemslikeclimatechange.Amoreinclusiveandsustainableformofglobalization,onethatprioritizeshumanwell-beingandecologicalintegrityalongsideeconomicgrowth,isnotonlynecessarybutachievable.6.Whatfundamentaltensiondoesthepassageidentifyascentraltotheglobalizationdebate?7.Accordingtotheauthor,whatspecificenvironmentalconsequenceresultsfromtheincreasedinternationaltradeandtravelassociatedwithglobalization?8.Thepassagediscussesboththenegativeandpositiveculturalimpactsofglobalization.Whattermisusedtodescribethephenomenonofdominantculturesspreadingglobally?9.Whatkeyreformsdoestheauthorsuggestarenecessarytomakeglobalizationmoreequitableandsustainable?10.Consideringtheargumentspresented,whatistheauthor'soverallperspectiveonthepotentialforglobalizationtobereformedanditsfuturetrajectory?PassageThreeThedigitalagehasrevolutionizednearlyeveryaspectofmodernlife,transforminghowwecommunicate,work,learn,andentertainourselves.Theinternet,smartphones,andsocialmediaplatformshavecreatedaninterconnectedworldlikeneverbefore,offeringunprecedentedaccesstoinformationandopportunities.However,thisdigitalrevolutionisnotwithoutitssignificantchallenges,chiefamongthembeingtheissueofinformationoverloadandthepervasiveinfluenceofsocialmediaonindividualmentalhealthandsocietaldiscourse.Informationoverloadisperhapsoneofthemostdefiningcharacteristicsofthedigitalage.Weareconstantlybombardedwithadelugeofinformationfromcountlesssources–newsfeeds,socialmediaposts,emails,notifications,andonlineadvertisements.Thisrelentlessstreamofdatamakesitincreasinglydifficulttofocus,processinformationeffectively,anddiscernwhatistrulyimportant.Ourattentionspansareshrinking,andtheabilitytoengageindeep,criticalthinkingiscompromised.Thepressuretoconstantlystayconnectedandupdatedcanleadtoanxiety,stress,andasenseofbeingoverwhelmed.Theabilitytofilternoisefromsignalhasbecomeacrucialskillinnavigatingthemoderninformationlandscape.Socialmedia,whileofferingunprecedentedopportunitiesforconnectionandcommunication,alsopresentssignificantpsychologicalchallenges.Ononehand,itallowsindividualstomaintainrelationshipsacrosslongdistances,shareexperiences,andparticipateinonlinecommunitiescenteredaroundsharedinterests.Ontheotherhand,thecuratedandoftenidealizedversionsoflivespresentedontheseplatformscanfuelsocialcomparison,leadingtofeelingsofinadequacy,envy,andlowself-esteem.Theconstantneedforvalidationthroughlikesandcommentscancreateunhealthydependenciesandcontributetoanxietydisorders.Furthermore,therapidspreadofmisinformationanddisinformationonsocialmediaplatformsposesaseriousthreattoinformedpublicdiscourseanddemocraticprocesses.Theimpactofsocialmediaextendsbeyondindividualpsychologytoshapebroadersocietaltrends.Theriseofechochambersandfilterbubbles,wherealgorithmsprioritizecontentthatalignswithusers'existingbeliefs,contributestopoliticalpolarizationandthefragmentationofpublicopinion.Onlinespaceshavebecomearenasforintensedebates,oftencharacterizedbyhostilityandtheerosionofcivildiscourse.Thedigitalrealmhasalsofacilitatedtheriseofcyberbullying,onlineharassment,andthespreadofhatespeech,creatingatoxicenvironmentthatcanhavedevastatingreal-worldconsequences.Thelinebetweentheprivatesphereandthepublicspherehasbecomeincreasinglyblurred,withindividuals'personallivessubjecttopublicscrutinyandjudgment.Despitethesechallenges,thedigitalagealsoofferspowerfultoolsforpositivechangeandconnection.Onlineeducationplatformshavedemocratizedaccesstolearningresources,whiledigitaltoolshaveenabledinnovativeformsofactivismandsocialmobilization.Theabilitytoinstantlyconnectwithothersaroundtheworldfostersasenseofglobalcommunityandsharedhumanity.Thekeyliesindevelopingdigitalliteracy–theabilitytocriticallyevaluateinformation,manageonlinerelationshipsresponsibly,andusedigitaltoolsinawaythatenhancesratherthandetractsfromourlives.Empoweringindividualswiththeskillsandknowledgetonavigatethedigitallandscaperesponsiblyisessentialforharnessingitsbenefitswhilemitigatingitsrisks.11.Whatistheprimarychallengedescribedinthepassagerelatedtothesheervolumeofinformationavailableinthedigitalage?12.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisonesignificantpsychologicaleffectofthecuratedpresentationsoflifeoftenfoundonsocialmediaplatforms?13.Howdoechochambersandfilterbubblescontributetosocietalpolarization,asmentionedinthepassage?14.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhiledigitaltechnologyofferstoolsforpositivechange,acrucialelementforresponsibleuseismissing.Whatdoestheauthoridentifyasthisessentialelement?15.Consideringtheargumentspresented,whatistheauthor'smainmessageabouttherelationshipbetweendigitaltechnologyandhumanwell-being?---试卷答案PassageOne1.C解析思路：文章首段明确指出，批评者对AI的主要担忧是其在工作场所的广泛应用可能导致大规模失业。选项C（其对工作场所和日常生活的整合进行监管）直接对应了首段的核心论点，即担忧并非技术本身，而是其整合方式带来的社会影响，特别是失业问题。2.D解析思路：文章第四段详细阐述了“黑匣子”问题。作者指出，由于AI系统（尤其是机器学习算法）的运作方式不透明，难以理解其做出具体决策的依据。选项D（其运作方式的透明度，特别是在导致具体决策时）准确概括了第四段关于“黑匣子”问题核心在于缺乏透明度和决策解释能力的论述。3.B解析思路：文章第五段以医疗和教育为例说明AI的积极影响。作者强调AI并非完全取代人类，而是能够增强人类的能力。选项B（它可以通过增强人类能力而不是完全取代人类来发挥积极作用）最能体现第五段的核心观点，即AI的价值在于人机协作，而非替代。4.A解析思路：文章末段明确提出了应对AI挑战的关键措施。作者指出，政府和商业界必须合作，通过再培训计划、社会安全网（如普遍基本收入）等方式确保被自动化取代的工人能够顺利过渡。选项A（为被自动化取代的工人提供过渡支持，如再培训和社会安全网）准确总结了末段提出的两项核心行动：政策制定（投资人力资本）和监管（确保透明、公平、问责）。5.E解析思路：文章整体结构是从担忧到机遇，再到解决方案。核心论点是，AI技术本身并非问题所在，其社会影响是好是坏，取决于人类如何准备和规范其应用。选项E（其社会影响取决于人类如何准备和规范其应用）最能概括文章的中心论点，强调了人类行为和选择在塑造AI未来中的决定性作用。PassageTwo6.C解析思路：文章首段就点明了全球化带来的双重影响：经济进步和文化交流的机遇，以及随之而来的社会焦虑和深层问题。作者在第二、三段分别论述了劳动力市场（失业、不平等）和环境（污染、资源枯竭）问题，这些都是“经济效率与社会公平之间的紧张关系”的具体体现。选项C（经济效率与社会公平之间的紧张关系）最能概括文章识别出的核心矛盾。7.B解析思路：文章第三段讨论了全球化的环境影响。作者明确指出，国际贸易和旅行的急剧增长导致了碳排放的激增，这是应对气候变化的重大挑战。选项B（导