2025年考研英语（一）阅读理解词汇运用与例句解析汇编

2025年考研英语（一）阅读理解词汇运用与例句解析汇编考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______模拟试卷Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Passage1Thedigitalagehasirrevocablyalteredthelandscapeoflearning,presentingbothunprecedentedopportunitiesandprofoundchallenges.Whiletheinternetprovidesaccesstoavastrepositoryofinformation,enablinglearnerstoacquireknowledgeattheirownpaceandfromdiversesources,italsointroducesthespecterofmisinformationandthepotentialforsuperficialengagement.Traditionaleducationalstructures,oftencharacterizedbyrigidschedulesandstandardizedcurricula,arenowfacingincreasingpressuretoadaptorriskbecomingobsolete.Proponentsofdigitallearningarguethatitfostersautonomyandcriticalthinkingbyencouragingstudentstonavigatecomplexinformationecosystemsandsynthesizedisparatesources.However,criticscontendthatthismodelmayinadvertentlypromotefragmentedknowledgeandweakenthecrucialsocialandcollaborativeaspectsinherentinface-to-faceinteractions.Navigatingthiscomplexterrainrequiresathoughtfulintegrationoftechnologythatenhances,ratherthanhinders,thefundamentalgoalsofeducation:thecultivationofdeepunderstanding,criticalinquiry,andmeaningfulhumanconnection.Questions:1.Whatistheprimarytensionhighlightedinthepassageregardingdigitallearning?2.Accordingtothepassage,whatareconsideredtobesomebenefitsofdigitallearning?3.Whataspectoftraditionaleducationisidentifiedaspotentiallybeingweakenedbydigitallearningmodels?4.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestisessentialfortheeffectiveroleoftechnologyineducation?Passage2Theconceptof"mentalmodels"hasgainedsignificanttractioninrecentyearsasaframeworkforunderstandinghowindividualsperceiveandinteractwiththeworld.Putsimply,amentalmodelisaninternalrepresentationofhowsomethingworksintheexternalworld.Thesemodelsshapeourdecisions,judgments,andultimately,ouractions.Theimportanceofwell-formedmentalmodelscannotbeoverstated;theyserveascognitiveshortcuts,allowingustoprocessvastamountsofinformationefficiently.However,thedangerliesinrelyingonflawedorincompletementalmodels.Cognitivebiases,suchasconfirmationbiasoranchoring,oftenleadustoconstructinaccuraterepresentationsofreality,filteringinformationthroughthelensofourexistingbeliefs.Thiscanresultinsystematicerrorsinjudgment,particularlyincomplexsituationswherethestakesarehigh.Developingrobustmentalmodelsrequiresaconsciousefforttochallengeourassumptions,seekdiverseperspectives,andcontinuouslyupdateourunderstandingbasedonnewevidenceandexperiences.Itisanongoingprocessofrefinementcrucialforeffectiveproblem-solvingandnavigatinganincreasinglyintricateworld.Questions:5.Whatfundamentalroledomentalmodelsplayinthewayindividualsunderstandtheworld,accordingtothepassage?6.Whatisapotentialnegativeconsequenceofrelyingonflawedmentalmodels?7.Accordingtothepassage,whatarecognitivebiases?8.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestisnecessaryfordevelopingaccurateandusefulmentalmodels?Passage3Citieshavelongbeenviewedprimarilyaseconomicengines,centersofcommerceandindustry.Whilethisperspectiveremainsvalid,itincreasinglyoverlooksthecriticalrolecitiesplayasenvironmentalregulatorsandcrucialcomponentsoftheglobalecosystem.Modernurbanenvironmentsgeneratesignificantenvironmentalpressures,includingairandwaterpollution,wastegeneration,andhabitatdestruction.Yet,citiesalso集中numerousresourcesandinnovativecapacitiesthatcanbeleveragedtoaddresstheseverychallenges.Theconceptofthe"ecologicalcity"promotestheideaofintegratingenvironmentalsustainabilityintourbanplanningandinfrastructuredevelopmentfromtheoutset.Thisinvolvesstrategiessuchaspromotinggreenbuildingpractices,developingefficientpublictransportationsystemstoreducerelianceonprivatevehicles,implementingcomprehensivewastemanagementandrecyclingprograms,andcreatingurbangreenspacesthatenhancebiodiversityandprovideecosystemserviceslikeairpurificationandtemperatureregulation.Byconsciouslydesigningcitiestoworkinharmonywithnaturalsystems,ratherthanagainstthem,itispossibletomitigateurbanenvironmentalimpactsandcreatemoreresilient,livablecommunitiesforthefuture.Questions:9.Accordingtothepassage,whataspectofcitiesisoftenneglectedintraditionalviews?10.Whataresomespecificstrategiesmentionedforcreatingmoreenvironmentallysustainablecities?11.Whataredescribedas"ecosystemservices"providedbyurbangreenspaces?12.Whatisthemainargumentofthepassageregardingurbandevelopmentandtheenvironment?Passage4Theartofnegotiation,whetherinbusinessdeal-making,internationaldiplomacy,orinterpersonalconflictresolution,fundamentallyrevolvesaroundthemanagementofinformationasymmetry.Informationasymmetryexistswhenonepartyinanegotiationpossessesmoreorbetterinformationthantheotherparty.Thisimbalancecansignificantlydistortthebargainingprocessandleadtosuboptimaloutcomesforoneorbothsides.Skillednegotiatorsunderstandthecriticalroleofinformationandemployvarioustacticstoeitheracquiremorefavorableinformationorconcealtheirownadvantages.Thismightinvolveactivelistening,carefulquestioning,leveragingnetworks,orstrategicallyrevealinginformationatopportunemoments.Conversely,negotiatorsmustalsobevigilantaboutprotectingtheirowninformationandpreventingthedisclosureofsensitivedetailsthatcouldcompromisetheirposition.Effectivenegotiation,therefore,oftenhingesnotjustonthestrengthofone'sargumentsorposition,butonanuancedunderstandingoftheinformationlandscapeandtheabilitytonavigateitscomplexitiesthroughstrategiccommunicationandawareness.Masteringthisaspectofnegotiationiskeytoachievingmutuallybeneficialagreementsandfosteringlastingrelationships.Questions:13.Whatcentralproblemdoesinformationasymmetrypresentinthecontextofnegotiation?14.Accordingtothepassage,whataresomemethodsnegotiatorsmightusetogainaninformationaladvantage?15.Whatisacrucialdefensivestrategymentionedforprotectingone'sowninformationduringnegotiation?16.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestisessentialforsuccessfulnegotiationbeyondjusthavingastrongposition?---试卷答案Passage11.D*解析思路：文章首段明确指出数字学习既有机会也有挑战（“presentingbothunprecedentedopportunitiesandprofoundchallenges”），随后分别阐述了其积极方面（“Proponents...arguethat...”）和消极方面（“criticscontendthat...”）。因此，核心的紧张关系在于数字学习带来的机遇与挑战之间的平衡或冲突。2.A*解析思路：文章在论述数字学习的优点时提到，“fostersautonomyandcriticalthinkingbyencouragingstudentstonavigatecomplexinformationecosystemsandsynthesizedisparatesources”（通过鼓励学生导航复杂的信息生态系统并综合不同的来源，培养自主性和批判性思维）。选项A（Enhancesautonomyandcriticalthinking）概括了这一点。3.B*解析思路：文章在讨论数字学习的潜在弊端时指出，“mayinadvertentlypromotefragmentedknowledgeandweakenthecrucialsocialandcollaborativeaspectsinherentinface-to-faceinteractions”（可能无意中促进知识碎片化，并削弱面对面互动中至关重要的社交和协作方面）。因此，削弱的是社交和协作方面。4.C*解析思路：文章最后一句指出，“requiresathoughtfulintegrationoftechnologythatenhances,ratherthanhinders,thefundamentalgoalsofeducation:thecultivationofdeepunderstanding,criticalinquiry,andmeaningfulhumanconnection”（需要精心整合技术，使其增强而非阻碍教育的根本目标：培养深刻理解、批判性探究和有意义的人际联系）。因此，关键在于技术与教育根本目标的整合应具有促进作用。Passage25.A*解析思路：文章第一段定义了心智模型，“Putsimply,amentalmodelisaninternalrepresentationofhowsomethingworksintheexternalworld”（简单来说，心智模型是对外部世界如何运作的内部表征）。该句直接说明了心智模型是个体理解世界的基础。6.D*解析思路：文章指出，依赖有缺陷的心智模型会导致“systematicerrorsinjudgment,particularlyincomplexsituationswherethestakesarehigh”（在复杂且情况重要的情境中，会导致系统性的判断错误）。选项D（Systematicerrorsinjudgment,especiallyincomplexsituations）概括了这一点。7.B*解析思路：文章在解释心智模型如何出错时提到，“Cognitivebiases,suchasconfirmationbiasoranchoring,oftenleadustoconstructinaccuraterepresentationsofreality”（认知偏差，如确认偏差或锚定效应，常常导致我们构建出不准确的现实表征）。因此，认知偏差是指那些导致我们构建不准确心智模型的思维倾向或错误。8.E*解析思路：文章最后一段明确指出，发展稳健心智模型需要“aconsciousefforttochallengeourassumptions,seekdiverseperspectives,andcontinuouslyupdateourunderstandingbasedonnewevidenceandexperiences”（有意识地挑战我们的假设，寻求不同视角，并根据新的证据和经验不断更新我们的理解）。选项E（Challengingassumptionsandseekingdiverseperspectives）概括了其中关键的必要行动。Passage39.C*解析思路：文章首段批评了传统观点只关注城市经济引擎作用（“Whilethisperspectiveremainsvalid,itincreasinglyoverlooks...”），并明确指出被忽视的是城市作为“environmentalregulatorsandcrucialcomponentsoftheglobalecosystem”（环境调节器和全球生态系统的重要组成部分）的角色。10.F*解析思路：文章第二段列举了多种策略，包括“promotinggreenbuildingpractices”（推广绿色建筑实践）、“developingefficientpublictransportationsystems”（发展高效的公共交通系统）、“implementingcomprehensivewastemanagementandrecyclingprograms”（实施全面的废物管理和回收计划）以及“creatingurbangreenspaces”（创造城市绿地空间）。选项F（包括绿色建筑、公共交通、废物管理和城市绿地）概括了这些策略。11.G*解析思路：文章在解释城市绿地作用时提到，“enhancebiodiversityandprovideecosystemserviceslikeairpurificationandtemperatureregulation”（增强生物多样性，并提供生态系统服务，如空气净化和温度调节）。因此，生态系统服务包括空气净化和温度调节。12.H*解析思路：文章的核心论点是，城市发展与环境并非对立，而是应该和谐共生。最后一句明确指出，“Byconsciouslydesigningcitiestoworkinharmonywithnaturalsystems,ratherthanagainstthem,itispossibletomitigateurbanenvironmentalimpactsandcreatemoreresilient,livablecommunitiesforthefuture”（通过有意识地设计城市以与自然系统和谐共处，而不是与之对抗，可以减轻城市环境冲击，并创造更具韧性、更宜居的社区未来）。选项H（Designingcitiestoharmonizewithnaturalsystemsratherthanconflictwiththem）表达了这一核心观