及时供货系统

Just-In-TimeSystems及时供货系统(JIT）LeRoyH.Graw,EdD,DBA,C.P.M.,CPCM,CPP,CPPM,CISCMJIT/LeanProduction

JIT/经益生产Just-in-time:Repetitiveproductionsysteminwhichprocessingandmovementofmaterialsandgoodsoccurjustastheyareneeded,usuallyinsmallbatches及时供货系统：一种重复性生产系统，即物料和货物的加工和某著名企业恰好发生在需要它们的时候，通常以小批量进行。JITischaracteristicofleanproductionsystemsJIT是经益生产系统的特征。JIToperateswithverylittle“fat”JIT很少有不必要的存库。JITGoals

JIT目标Eliminatedisruptions消除混乱Makesystemflexible使系统具有柔性Reducesetupandleadtimes缩短安装和订货至交货时间Eliminatewaste消除浪费MinimizeWIP使半成品（WIP）减至最小Simplifytheprocess简化加工过程SourcesofWaste

造成浪费的根源Wasteformoverproduction过量生产造成的浪费Wasteofwaitingtime等待时间的浪费Transportationwaste运输浪费Inventorywaste库存浪费Processingwaste加工处理浪费Wasteofmotion调配浪费Wastefromproductdefects来源于产品缺陷的浪费JITBuildingBlocks

JIT建设模块Productdesign产品设计Processdesign流程设计Personnel/organizationalelements人员/组织要素

Manufacturing

planningandcontrol制造计划与控制ProductDesign

产品设计Standardparts标准零部件Modulardesign模块化设计Quality质量ProcessDesign

流程设计Smalllotsizes小批量Setuptimereduction减少启动时间Manufacturingcells制造单元Limitedworkinprocess有限的半成品Qualityimprovement提高质量Productionflexibility生产柔性Littleinventorystorage极少库存BenefitsofSmallLotSizes

小批量的益处Reducesinventory减少库存Lessstoragespace减少存储空间Lessrework减少重复劳动Problemsaremoreapparent问题更为明显Increasesproductflexibility增加生产柔性Easiertobalanceoperations更容生产平衡ProductionFlexibility

生产柔性Reducedowntimebyreducingchangeovertime通过减少转换时间来减少停工时间Usepreventivemaintenancetoreducebreakdowns通过预防性维护来减少机器损坏Cross-trainworkerstohelpclearbottlenecks对员工进行多岗位培训以帮助消除瓶颈capacityforimportantcustomers为重要客户保留生产能力Personnel/OrganizationalElements

人员/组织要素Workersasassets重视员工Cross-trainedworkers对员工进行多岗位培训Continuousimprovement不断提高Costaccounting成本控制Leadership/projectmanagement领导/项目管理ManufacturingPlanningandControl

制造计划与控制Levelloading平准化生产Pullsystems拉动系统Visualsystems可视系统Closevendorrelationships与供应商密切的关系Reducedtransactionprocessing减少交Pull/PushSystems

拉动/推动系统Pullsystem:Systemformovingworkwhereaworkstationpullsoutputfromtheprecedingstationasneeded.(e.g.Kanban)拉动系统：一种工作行进系统，即下游工作站从上游工作站中拉动下游必须的产量。(例如:Kanban)Pushsystem:Systemformovingworkwhereoutputispushedtothenextstationasitispleted推动系统：一种工作行进系统，即上游工作站将上游完成的产量推动到下游工作站。KanbanProductionControlSystem

KanbanKanbanistheJapanesewordforcard.Kanban是日语词，意思为“卡”Paperlessproductioncontrolsystem无纸化生产控制系统Authoritytopull,orproducees

fromadownstreamprocess.拉动方具有权力，即生产来源于下游过程。SummaryJITGoalsandBuildingBlocks

总结JIT目标和建设模块ProductDesign产品设计ProcessDesign流程设计PersonnelElements人员要素Manufactur-

ingPlanning制造计划Eliminatedisruptions消除浪费Makethesystemflexible使系统具有柔性Reducesetupandleadtimes缩短安装和订货至交货时间EliminatewasteMinimizeinventories消除浪费库存最少Abalancedrapidflow协调快速的物流UltimateGoal终极目标SupportingGoals支持性目标BuildingBlocks建设模块TraditionalSupplierNetwork

传统供应网络Buyer买方Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Suppler供应商TieredSupplierNetwork

层次供应网络Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Suppler供应商Buyer买方Suppler供应商FirstTierSupplier第一层次供应商SecondTierSupplier第二层次供应商ThirdTierSupplier第三层次供应商BenefitsofJITSystems

JIT系统益处Reducedlevelsofinventories减少库存水平Reducedspacerequirements减少空间需求Increasedproductquality提高产品质量Reducedleadtimes减少订货至交货时间Greaterflexibilityinproductmix提高产品组合的柔性BenefitsofJITSystems(cont’d)

JIT系统益处（续）Smootherproductionflow更平稳的生产物流Increasedproductivitylevels提高生产率Workerparticipationinproblemsolving员工参与解决方案Pressureforgoodvendorrelationships不得不与供应商建立良好的关系Reducedneedforindirectlabor减少对间接人工的需求ConvertingtoaJITSystem

向IT系统转型Gettopmanagementmitment获得管理高层的承诺Decidewhichpartsneedmosteffort确定哪一部分需要投入最多的力量Obtainsupportofworkers获得人工的支持Startbytryingtoreducesetuptimes由安装时间的缩短开始Graduallyconvertoperations逐渐改变操作ConvertsupplierstoJIT为供应商转变为JITPrepareforobstacles为障碍做好准备ObstaclestoConversionManagementmaynotbemitted层次管理没有得到承诺Workers/managementmaynotbecooperative员工/管理层可能不合作Suppliersmay

resist供应商可能抵制JITinService

服务中的JIT

Thebasicgoalofthedemandflowtechnologyintheserviceorganizationistoprovideoptimumresponsetothecustomerwiththehighestqualityserviceandlowes