2021-全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题

绝密★启用前2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）（科目代码204）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生必须在试题册指定位置上填写考生姓名和考生编号；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的试卷条形码粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束后，将答题卡和试题册按规定一并交回，不可带出考场。考生姓名：__________________考生编号：SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)It’snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,1,tounderstandtheirnegativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.2oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.TravelonaLondonbusandyou’l13seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare5.Howaboutjumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.7,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere8orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershittheirtargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight.The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16others.Everythingcanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa17.Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.TheTricksisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter20theobjective.1.[A]therefore [B]however [C] again [D] moreover 2.[A]Emphasize [B]Identify [C] Assess [D] Explain 3.[A]nearly [B]curiously [C] eagerly [D] quickly 4.[A]claim [B]prove [C]check [D] recall 5.[A]threatened [B]ignored [C]mocked [D]blamed 6.[A]punctuality [B]hospitality [C]competition [D]innovation 7.[A]Yes [B]So [C]Besides [D]Still 8.[A]hired [B]trained [C]rewarded [D]grouped 9.[A]only [B]rather [C]once [D]also 10.[A]comfort [B]revenue [C]efficiency [D]security 11.[A]friendly [B] quiet [C]cautious [D]diligent 12.[A]purpose [B] problem [C] prejudice [D]policy 13.[A]reported [B]revealed [C]admitted [D] noticed 14.[A]break [B]trip [C]departure [D] transfer 15.[A]moral [B] background [C] style [D] form 16.[A]interpret [B]criticize [C]sacrifice [D]tolerate 17.[A]task [B] secret [C] product [D]cost 18.[A]leadingto [B]callingfor [C] relatingto [D]accountingfor 19.[A]specify [B]predict [C] restore [D] create 20.[A]modify [B] review [C] present [D] achieveSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1“Reskilling”issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplantohaveafutureinwhichalotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumfindsthatonaverage42percentofthe“coreskills”withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline.Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerindemandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanythatdecidedtodoamassivereskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy.Othercompanieshadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomy,though,thefocususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkers,evenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5percentand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheU.S.wereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmayworkershortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nurseandothermedicalpersonnel.Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobeadoctorinafewweeks.Butevenifyoucannotclosethegap,maybeyoucancloseothersanddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcern.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden:whenforcedtofurlough90percentoftheircabinstaff,ScandinavianAirlinedecidedtostartupashortretainingprogramthatreskilledthelaid-offworkerstosupporthospitalstaff.TheeffortwasacollectiveoneandinvolvedothercompaniesaswellasaSwedishuniversity.21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests________.[A]anincreaseinfull-timeemployment[B]anurgentdemandfornewjobskills[C]asteadygrowthofjobopportunities[D]acontroversyaboutthe“coreskills”22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow________.[A]analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy[B]animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport[C]theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards[D]thecharacteristicsofreskillingprograms23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada_________.[A]havedrivenuplabourcosts[B]haveprovedtobeinconsistent[C]havemetwithfierceopposition[D]haveappearedtobeinsufficient24.WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas________.[A]acallforpolicyadjustment[B]achangeinhiringpractices[C]alackofmedicalworkers[D]asignofeconomicrecovery25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto_________.[A]createjobvacanciesfortheunemployed[B]preparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobs[C]retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices[D]financetheirstaff’scollegeeducationText2Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenationshealth.Soundsgreat—buthowfeasibleisthisvision?AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry’stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn’tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively—meaningfewergreenfieldsandmorefactory-styleproduction.Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn’thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn’thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsoncommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry’slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg—whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes—wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould________.[A]behinderedbyitspopulationgrowth[B]contributetothenationswell-being[C]becomeapriorityofthegovernment[D]postachallengetoitsfarmingindustry27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowedthatintheUK________.[A]farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilized[B]factorystyleproductionneedsreforming[C]mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproduction[D]moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarming28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto________.[A]itsfarmingtechnology[B]itsdietarytradition[C]itsnaturalconditions[D]itscommercialinterests29.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople________.[A]relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduce[B]enjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumption[C]areseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintake[D]aretryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains30.Theauthor’sattitudetofoodself-sufficiencyintheUKis________.[A]defensive [B]doubtful [C]tolerant [D]optimisticText3WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendarSunrisein2015,itpickedtwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.Microsoft’sownOfficedominatesthemarketfor“productivity”software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundupforthesmartphoneworld.Bothapps,however,werelaterscrappedafterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbestfeaturesinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemany“acqui-hires”thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirgreathungerfortechtalent.ToMicrosoft’scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpath.“Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,”complainedPaulArnold,apartneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttinganendtobusinessesthatmightonedaytumintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.Likeotherstart-upinvestors,Mr.Arnold’sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:“Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.ButaretheygoodfortheAmericaneconomy?Idon’tknow.”TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesforinformationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5trillion,riflingthroughsuchsmalldeals—manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise—mightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivebiggesttechcompanieshavespentanaverageofonly$3.4billionayearonsub-$1billionacquisitionsoverthepastfiveyears—adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130billionofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.However,criticssaythebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreateningpotentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecasesaspartofa“buyandkill”tactictosimplyclosethemdown.31.

What

is

true

about

Wunderlist

and

Sunrise

after

their

acquisitions?[A]

Their

engineers

were

retained.[B]

Their

market

values

declined.[C]

Their

tech

features

improved.[D]

Their

products

were

re-priced.32.Microsoft’scriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto________.[A]exaggeratetheirproductquality[B]eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitors[C]treatnewtechtalentunfairly[D]ignorepublicopinions33.PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight________.[A]weakenbigtechcompanies[B]worsenmarketcompetition[C]harmthenationaleconomy[D]discouragestart-upinvestors34.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto________.[A]limitBigTech’sexpansion[B]encouragesmallacquisitions[C]examinesmallacquisitions[D]supervisestart-ups’operations35.Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave________.[A]broughtlittlefinancialpressure[B]raisedfewmanagementchallenges[C]setanexampleforfuturedeals[D]generatedconsiderableprofitsText4We’refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesofexperiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototoafive-minuteinteraction,anddeliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshecalled“thinslicing,”thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent10-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor’soveralleffectiveness.Theirratingscorrelatedstronglywithstudentsend-of-semesterratings.Anothersetofparticipantshadtocountbackwardfrom1,000byninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejustasaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfortheirjudgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambadysuspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsformaholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.Otherresearchshowswe’rebetteratdetectingdeceptionfromthinsliceswhenwerelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection.“It’sasifyou’redrivingastickshift,”saysJudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,“andifyoustartthinkingaboutittoomuch,youcan’trememberwhatyouredoing.Butifyougoonautomaticpilot,you’refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat.”Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents’ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursesalignedbetterwithexperts’opinionswhenthestudentsweren’taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenaskedtofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex—whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.Intuition’sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudy,participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedreflectivethinking(discerningrules,comprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattappedintuitionandcreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyratedthedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition(“gutfeelings,”“hunches,”“myheart”).Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.36.NaliniAmbady’sstudydealswith________.[A]thepowerofpeople’smemory[B]thereliabilityoffirstimpressions[C]instructor-studentinteraction[D]people’sabilitytoinfluenceothers37.InAmbady’sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants________.[A]focusedonspecificdetails[B]gavetheratinginlimitedtime[C]watchedshortervideoclips[D]discussedwithoneanother38.JudithHallmentionsdrivingtoshowthat________.[A]reflectioncanbedistracting[B]memorymaybeselective[C]socialskillsmustbecultivated[D]deceptionisdifficulttodetect39.Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto________.[A]collectenoughdata[B]1istyourpreferences[C]seekexpertadvice[D]followyourfeelings40.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?[A]Generatingnewproductstakestime.[B]Intuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.[C]Vocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.[D]Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitinventiveness.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10Points)A.Staycalm.B.Stayhumble.C.Decidewhethertowait.D.Berealisticabouttherisks.E.Don’tmakejudgments.F.Identifyasharedgoal.G.Askpermissiontodisagree.HowtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyouYourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon’twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlinesaprojecttimelineyoubelieveisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit’sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudowhatexactlyshouldyousay?Here’showtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.41.___________________Youmaydecideit’sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven’tfinishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagree,too,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthinking—allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It’salsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyouareinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.42.___________________Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout—itmaybethecredibilityoftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime.You’remorelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoahigherpurpose.Whenyoudospeakup,don’tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You’llwanttostateitovertly,contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou’reseennotasadisagreeablesubordinate/underlingbutasacolleaguewho’stryingtoadvanceacommonobjective/asharedgoal.Thediscussionwillthenbecomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.43.___________________Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit’sasmartwaytogivethepowerfulpersonpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,“Iknowweseemtobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthatwon’twork.I’dliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthepersonachoice,allowinghimtoverballyoptin.And,assuminghesaysyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.44.___________________Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucantoremainnaturalinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.Itsendsamixedmessage,andyourcounterpartgetstochoosewhatsignalstoread.Deepbreathscanhelp,ascanspeakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendtotalklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthepaceandtalkinginaneventonehelpstheotherpersoncooldownanddoesthesameforyou.Italsomakesyouseemconfident,evenifyouaren’t.45.___________________Emphasizethatyou’reonlyofferingyouropinion,notgospeltruth.Itmaybeawell-informed,well-researchedopinion,butit’sstillanopinion,sotalktentativelyandslightlyunderstateyourconfidence.Insteadofsaying,“Ifwesetanend-of-quarterdeadline,wewillnevermakeit,”say,“Thisisjustmyopinion,butIdon’tseehowwewillmakethatdeadline.”Havingassertedyouropinion(asaposition,notasafact),demonstrateequalcuriosityaboutotherviews.Remindth