IEA国际能源署：2025年工业领域可再生能源应用：低温热能及蒸汽电气化研究报告（英文版）

RenewablesforIndustry

Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteam

INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY

TheIEAexaminesthefullspectrum

ofenergyissues

includingoil,gasand

coalsupplyand

demand,renewable

energytechnologies,

electricitymarkets,

energyefficiency,

accesstoenergy,

demandside

managementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocates

policiesthatwillenhancethereliability,

affordabilityand

sustainabilityofenergyinits

32Membercountries,13Associationcountriesandbeyond.

Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationof

internationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.

Source:IEA.

InternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:

IEAMembercountries:

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

CzechRepublicDenmark

Estonia

Finland

France

GermanyGreece

HungaryIreland

ItalyJapanKoreaLatvia

Lithuania

LuxembourgMexico

Netherlands

NewZealandNorway

Poland

Portugal

SlovakRepublicSpain

Sweden

Switzerland

RepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdom

UnitedStates

TheEuropean

CommissionalsoparticipatesintheworkoftheIEA

IEAAssociationcountries:

ArgentinaBrazil

ChinaEgyptIndia

Indonesia

Kenya

Morocco

Senegal

Singapore

SouthAfricaThailand

Ukraine

RenewablesforIndustryElectrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteamAbstract

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|3

Abstract

Industryisresponsiblefor30%ofglobalenergyconsumption,mostofwhichissuppliedbyfossilfuels.Thefocusofindustrialdecarbonisationhaslargelybeenonthesteelandcementsectors,butsignificantpotentialalsoexistsinlessenergy-intensivesectorssuchasfoodandbeverages,textiles,chemicals,paper,andothermanufacturingactivities.Thesesectorsoffersomeofthemostimmediateandcost-effectiveopportunitiesforindustrialdecarbonisationanddiversificationofenergysources.Commerciallyavailableelectrictechnologiesincludingheatpumps,electricboilersandresistanceheaterscanmeetmostheatdemandinthesesubsectors.

Widespreadelectrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteaminindustry,coupledwithincreasingdeploymentofrenewableelectricitysupply,candelivermultiplebenefits.Inadditiontoreducingfossilfueluseandassociatedemissions,itcanimproveenergysecuritybyloweringexposuretovolatilegasandoilpricesand,whenintegratedwiththermalstorage,itcancreatedemandflexibilitythathelpsensureahighershareofvariablerenewablegeneration.

Thisreportexploreshowtoexpandtheroleofrenewablesintheindustrialenergymixthroughelectrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteam.ItfocusesontheEuropeanUnion,ChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN),examiningtheirtechno-economicpotentialandexistingpolicyenvironments.Finally,thereportproposespriorityactionareasforacceleratingindustrialheatelectrification.

RenewablesforIndustry–Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteamTableofcontents

IEA.CCBY

PAGE|4

Acknowledgements,contributorsandcredits

ThisreportwaspreparedbytheRenewableEnergyDivision(RED)oftheInternationalEnergyAgency.ThestudywasdesignedanddirectedbyIlkkaHannula,LeadAuthorandSeniorEnergyAnalyst.Principalcontributorswere(inalphabeticalorder)ElisaAsmelashandMartinaLyons.OtherIEAcolleagueswhocontributedtothisworkincludeFrancoisBriens(formerIEA),EthanBurkleyandBrieucNerincx.

PaoloFrankl,HeadoftheRenewableEnergyDivision,providedstrategicguidanceandinputtothiswork.ValuablecommentsandfeedbackwereprovidedbyseniormanagementKeisukeSadamori,BrianMotherway,TimurGuel,DennisHesseling,andAraceliFernandezPalesandcolleagueswithintheIEA(inalphabeticalorder):HeribBlanco,RafaelGordonMartinez,NathalieKauf,PatrickMcMaster,EmmaMooney,IsaacPortugal,RichardSimon,FabianVoswinkelandJacquesWarichet.

WethankJaniceGriffithsfortheediting.ThanksalsototheIEACommunicationsandDigitalOfficefortheirhelpinproducingthereport,particularlytoAstridDumondandLivGaunt.

Thereportbenefitedfromdiscussionsduringtwoworkshops:theIEAElectrificationofIndustrialHeat:OpportunitiesforRenewablesWorkshop,whichfocusedontheEuropeanUnionandChina(December2024)andUnlockingtheBenefitsofRenewablesforConsumers.AretheCostSavingsfromRenewablesReflectedinRetailElectricityPrices?(April2025).

ManyexpertsfromoutsideoftheIEAprovidedvaluableinput,commentedandreviewedthisreport.Theyinclude:

4.0.

Alcoa(KarinDahlman),ArmstrongInternational(RossenIvanov),ASEANCentreforEnergy(ZulfikarnYurnaidi),AsianDevelopmentBank(PradeepTharakan),AssociationofSwedishEngineeringIndustries(OskarKvarnstrom),AustraliaDepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,EnvironmentandWater(StevenKenihan),AustrianInstituteofTechnology(SabrinaDusekandVeronikaWilk),ChinaHeatPumpAlliance(HengyiZhao),ChineseAcademyofScienceShenzhenInstituteofAdvancedTechnology(WeiFeng),Coolbrook(JoonasRauramoandVilleValiaho),DanishTechnologicalInstitute(BenjaminZuehlsdorf),EnergyInnovation(JeffreyRissman,SonaliDeshpande,NikSawe),EnergyStorageEuropeAssociation(LetiziaStorchi),Eurelectric(PaulWilczek),

RenewablesforIndustryElectrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteamTableofcontents

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|5

EuropeanCommission(LeldeKiela-Vilumsone,RuudKempener,SebastianSterl),EuropeanHeatPumpAssociation(JozefienVanbecelaere),Iberdrola(FranciscoLaveronandSamuelPerez),IEATCPThermalEnergyStorage(GeoffroyGauthrier),InstitutFrançaisdesRelationsInternationales(CédricPhilibert),InternationalFinanceCorporation(VieraFeckova),LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLav(HongyouLuandBoShen),LongDurationEnergyStorageCouncil(JuliaSouder),MagaldiGreenEnergy(LetiziaMagaldi),NetherlandsOrganisationforAppliedScientificResearchTNO(KiraWest),NationalLaboratoryoftheRockies(DoughArent),OECD(CecileSeguineaud),RAPOnline(SemOxenaar),RenewableThermalCollaborative(DanielGalisandRuthChecknoff),Ricardo(NicoloFarne),Rondo(MarkMeldrumandJohnODonnell),SchneiderElectric(SilviaMadeddu),Trinomics(JoaoDedecca),UniversidaddeMalaga(JuanPabloJimenez),UNIDO(SarbojitPal)andWWFCoolandSolarProgramme(RichardScotney).

Inadditiontothepeerreviewprocess,thisreportalsobenefittedgreatlyfromdiscussionswithotherexpertsonkeytopics:BeyondFossilFuels(TaraConnollyandJulietPhillips),Exergie(TomasCaha)ansdQvantumIndustries(ThomasNowak)andSiemensEnergy(ChristianHuettl).

Thisworkwassupportedbythe

CleanEnergyTransitionsProgramme

,theIEA’sflagshipinitiativetotransformtheworld’senergysystemtoachieveasecureandsustainablefutureforall.

RenewablesforIndustryElectrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteamTableofcontents

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|6

Tableofcontents

RenewablesforIndustry–Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteamforCDO1

Abstract 3

Acknowledgements,contributorsandcredits 4

Tableofcontents 6

ExecutiveSummary 8

Chapter1.Introduction 12

Industrialenergyuse 12

Industrialenergyprices 18

Industrialelectricityuse 19

Casefortheelectrificationofindustrialheat 21

Chapter2.Electrificationofheat 24

Overview 24

Heatpumps 27

Electricboilers 29

High-temperaturesystems 30

Thermalenergystoragesystems 31

Chapter3.Regionalinsights:EuropeanUnion 34

Stateofplay 34

Technicalelectrificationpotential 36

Spatialanalysis 40

Costanalysisforfocuscountries 43

Marketandpolicy 50

Chapter4.Regionalinsights:Chinaandselectedprovinces 58

Stateofplay 58

Technicalelectrificationpotential 60

Costanalysis 63

Marketandpolicy 67

Chapter5.Spotlight:ASEANregion 73

Stateofplay 73

Tableofcontents

RenewablesforIndustry–Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteam

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|7

Technicalelectrificationpotential 75

Costanalysis 75

Marketandpolicy 78

Chapter6.Conclusionsandprioritiesforaction 83

Annex 92

Abbreviations 92

RenewablesforIndustry–Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteamExecutivesummary

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|8

Executivesummary

Electrificationofheatcanimproveefficiency,helpdiversifyindustrialenergy,andenhanceenergysecurity

Abroadrangeofindustriesthatdependprimarilyonlow-temperatureheatandsteamprocessesrepresentroughly70%ofglobalindustrialenergyconsumption.Theyspandiversemanufacturingactivities–fromfoodandbeveragestotextiles,chemicals,transportequipment,woodproductsandpaper.In2023,thesesectorsemittednearly3Gtofdirectenergy-relatedCO:,accountingforhalfofalldirectindustrialemissions,althoughemissionshavedeclinedbyaround8%since2013.

Industrialenergyuseislargelyintheformofheatandisincreasinglybeingsuppliedfromelectricity.Overthepastdecade,globaluseofelectricityforindustrialheathasaccelerated,withthePeople’sRepublicofChina(hereafter,“China”),IndiaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)recordingthelargestincreases.Despitedifferingindustrialstructures,allmajoreconomieshaveconvergedtowardsimilarelectricitysharesforindustrialheatofaround4–5%.Increaseduptakeisbeingdrivenbyimprovingcostcompetitiveness,expandingtechnologyavailabilityandstrongerpolicysignals,alongsidethebenefitsofreducingexposuretovolatilefossilfuelprices.

Renewablesarerapidlytransformingpowersystemsaroundtheworld,leadingtoahighershareofrenewablesintheindustrialmixviaheatelectrification.Thislinkagebetweenindustrialelectricitydemandandgrowingrenewablegenerationisbecominganimportantdriverofdecarbonisationacrossindustrialsectors.Itcontributestogreatersystemflexibility,strengthensenergysecuritybyreducingdependenceonfossilfuelimports,andfosterseconomicgrowth,industrialisationandemployment.

Low-temperatureindustrialheatandsteamarereadyforelectrification,butmarket

conditionsarenotyetinplace

Improvingenergyefficiencyisthefoundationalstepinpreparingfortheelectrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteam.Energyefficiencymeasuresloweroverallheatdemand,reducelossesandtherebyenablesmaller,morecost-effectiveelectrificationsolutions.Inmanyindustrialfacilities,basicoptimisationsuchasrecoveringandeffectivelyusingwaste

IEA.CCBY

PAGE|9

heat,improvinginsulation,enhancingprocesscontrolandplant-levelthermaloptimisationcandeliverimmediatereductionsinfuelconsumptionatcomparativelylowcost.Thesemeasuresnotonlycutemissionsbutalsoreducethescaleofinvestmentrequiredforelectricheatingtechnologies.Prioritisingefficiencythereforemaximisestheimpactofsubsequentelectrificationeffortsandstrengthensthebusinesscaseforswitchingfromfossilfuels.

Industrialheatpumpsandelectricboilersarecommerciallyavailabletechnologiesforheatelectrificationbutfaceseveralstructuralbarriers.Large-scaleindustrialheatpumpsarewellestablishedtodeliverheatupto150°C,whileelectricboilerscangeneratesteamupto350°Candpressureofaround70bar.However,technologydeploymenthasremainedlimitedduetounfavourableelectricity-to-gaspriceratios,longgridconnectionleadtimesandtheabsenceofclearpolicyframeworks.Supportivepoliciesareonlynowgainingmomentum,butstrongersignalsarestillneeded.

Thermalstorageistheenablingtechnologythatcanconnectlow-costvariablerenewableelectricitysupplywithcontinuousindustrialheatdemand.Thermalstoragesystemscanbebuiltfromlow-cost,simplematerialssuchassand,cementandbricksandcanstoreheatupto1000°C.AtaroundUSD15-20perkWh,theyaresignificantlycheaperthanchemicalbatteriesanddon’trelyonglobalsupplychainsforcriticalminerals.Whilstthemarketforthermalenergystorageforindustrialapplicationsisstilldeveloping,projectsareemergingacrossmultipleregions.

Asetofdriversunderpinsmomentumacrossworldregions.

ElectrifyingindustrialheatwithrenewablescanenhanceenergysecurityintheEuropeanUnion(EU).Electrificationofindustrialprocessesthroughheatpumpsande-boilershasthetechnicalpotentialtoreducetheEU’sindustrialfossilfuelusebyalmost3000PJ.Directuseofnaturalgasforindustrialheatcouldbereducedby35bcm/yr,diversifyingenergyuseandimprovingthecontinent’senergysecurity.Substitutingnaturalgasandotherfossilfuelswithelectricityatthisscalewouldhoweverimplyaround600TWh/yrofadditionalelectricitydemand,comparabletothecombinedannualelectricityconsumptionofGermanyandtheNetherlands.

4.0.

IndustrialheatpumpsareeconomicallyattractivecomparedtoexistinggasboilersinseveralEUmemberstates.Therangeis,however,wideat41-74EUR/MWh,reflectingdifferencesinelectricityprices,andinapproachestoenergytaxationandnetworkcostallocationamongtheexaminedcountries.Electricboilersremainmoreexpensiveduetotheirlowerefficiency,althoughtheyareincreasinglyfindingmarketsinNorthernEuropethankstotheregion’slowelectricity-to-gaspriceratiosandtaxationthatisfavourabletowardselectrification.Addingthermalstoragewouldenhancethecostcompetitivenessofe-boilersbyreducingexposuretopeakpowerprices,whileimprovingoperationalflexibility

RenewablesforIndustry–Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteamExecutivesummary

IEA.CCBY

PAGE|10

andoverallenergyefficiency.PolicymomentumforindustrialheatelectrificationintheEUisbuildingintheformofrenewableheatingtargetsandfundinginstrumentsbutremainsinearlystages.

Chinaisacceleratingtheelectrificationofindustrialheatusethrougharangeofpolicies.Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteamhastechnicalpotentialtoreduceChina’sindustrialfossilfuelusebyalmost9000PJ.Directnaturalgasusecouldbereducedby48bcm,reducingthecountry’sstrongimportdependence.Inparallel,realisingthetechnicalpotentialwouldincreaseelectricitydemandby1700TWh,whichiscomparabletotheforecastgrowthinChina’ssolarPVelectricitygenerationbetweentodayand2030.

DirectuseofsolarPVandwind,coupledwiththermalstorage,createsnewopportunitiesforheatelectrificationinChina.Connectingindustrialconsumersdirectlytocaptiverenewablepowergenerators(i.e.,solarPV,windonshoreorhybrid)couldalmosthalveheatelectrificationcostsforsteamfromUSD70-100/MWh(grid-connected)toaroundUSD50/MWhintheexaminedprovinces.Grid-connectedindustrialheatpumpsareattractivetodaycomparedtonaturalgasboilers,butstrugglewhilecheapdomesticcoalisavailableasaheatsource.

Chinaisacceleratingindustrialheatelectrificationthroughitscarbonneutralitytargetsandthroughcoordinatingnationalandprovincialpolicies.The14thFive-YearPlan,sectoralenergyefficiencyplans,heatpumpandelectricboileractionplans,financialsupportprogrammes,andgridreformsprovidestrongsupportfordeployment.However,manytargetedpoliciesstillfocusonenergy-intensiveindustries,leavinganopportunitytoexpandtheirscopetoallindustrialsectors.

IndustrialparksplayacentralroleintheASEANindustrylandscapeandcouldbecomedriversofheatelectrificationintheregion.Regionalvisionsandplanssupportrenewables,energyefficiency,andgreenindustrialhubs,yetstillfocusonenergy-intensivesectors.Capitalcosts,gridconstraints,andlimitedaccesstofinancehinderdeployment,particularlyinmanufacturinghubssuchasIndonesia,Malaysia,ThailandandVietNam.Expandingpolicyandfinancialsupporttoallindustrialsectors,alongsidetargeteddemonstrationprojectsandelectricitymarketreform,couldacceleratedeploymentofheatpumps,electricboilersandthermalstorage.

Policypriorityareastoacceleratedeployment

Whileseveraldriversexist,globalpolicymomentumisincreasingbutremainsinearlystages.Tohelpacceleratetheelectrificationofindustriallow-temperatureheatandsteam,theIEArecommendsthefollowingsixpriorityactions:

4.0.

1.Elevateheatelectrificationintothepolicyagendaandintegrateitintoindustrialroadmapsandtargetswithinbroaderenergygoals,whilekeepinga

RenewablesforIndustryElectrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteamExecutivesummary

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|11

technology-openapproachaimingatfosteringawideportfolioofpossiblepathways.

2.Anticipateheatelectrificationinlong-termgridplanningandprioritiseconnectionrequestswithdemandsideflexibilitytopreventcapacityshortagesandreduceprojectdelays.

3.Reformelectricitytaxesandleviestoleveltheplayingfieldwithfossilfuelsandrewardflexibleindustrialdemand,possiblythroughlowernetworktariffs.

4.Providetargetedearlysupportforcapitalandoperationalcostsandenableinnovativebusinessmodelstoacceleratetheroll-outofheatelectrificationtechnologies.

5.Enhanceskillsandworkforcedevelopmentbyexpandingeducationandtrainingprogrammesandcertificationschemestomeetthegrowingdemandforindustrialelectrificationexpertise.

6.Promoteinternationalcollaborationontechnicalstandardframeworkstofacilitateequipmentinteroperability,broaderadoptionofstandardsandachieveeconomiesofscale

RenewablesforIndustry

Chapter1.Introduction

Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteam

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|12

Chapter1.Introduction

Industrialenergyuse

Theindustrialsectorplaysavitalroleinshapingtheglobaleconomyandoureverydaylives.In2024,itrepresented

one-quarterofglobalgrossdomestic

product(GDP)

andisakeydriverofeconomicgrowthanddevelopment.Inthesameyear,italsoemployed

one-quarteroftheworldsworkforce

,supportingmillionsofjobsacrossdiverseskillsetsandprofessions.Industryproducesmanyessentialtoolsandproductsthatpeoplerelyonintheirdailylives,fromthepackagingthatprotectsandpreservesfoodandbeveragestothetextilesusedinclothingandfurniture,andthecementthatformsthefoundationofhomes,officesandpublicinfrastructure.

Theindustrialsectorisalsoasignificantuserofenergy.Itisresponsiblefor30%ofglobalconsumption,asharethathasremainedlargelystableoverthepastdecade,despiteanincreaseintotalindustrialenergyusefrom116exajoules(EJ)in2012to129EJin2023.

Buildings

28%

Industry

30%

429EJ

Other14%

Transport29%

Figure1.1Globalfinalenergyconsumptionandshareofindustryenergyconsumption,2023

Other

manufacturing

industries

71%

Iron,steelandnon-

metallicminerals

29%

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Notes:EJ=exajoule.Buildingsincluderesidential,commercialandpublicservicesectors.Otherincludesagriculture,forestry,fishing,finalconsumptionnotelsewherespecifiedandnon-energyusesoutsideindustry.Othermanufacturingindustriesincludeminingandquarrying,construction,manufacturing,chemicalsandpetrochemicals,non-ferrousmetals,transportequipment,machinery,food,beveragesandtobacco,pulp,paperandprinting,woodandwoodproducts,textileandleather,andnon-energyuseinchemicals.Non-metallicmineralsincludecement,glass,ceramicsandclay.Ironandsteelenergyconsumptionexcludesenergyuseinblastfurnacesandcokeovens.

RenewablesforIndustry

Chapter1.Introduction

Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteam

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|13

Ironandsteelmaking,alongwiththeproductionofnon-metallicmineralssuchascement,glassorclay,areamongthoseindustrialsubsectorsthathaveanoutsizedimpactonindustrialenergyuseandemissions.Togethertheyaccountfornearly30%oftotalindustrialenergydemand(Figure1.1).Theremaining70%isgenerallycharacterisedbylowerenergyandcarbonemissionsintensities.Thethermalenergydemandinthissegmentispredominantlyforlow-temperatureheatandsteam.

Box1.1Electrificationpathwaysandusesofheatcoveredinthisreport

Thisreportfocusesonelectrificationpathwaysthatcandisplacefossilfueluseintheproductionoflow-temperatureheatandsteam.Theanalysisconcentratesespeciallyontwotechnologyfamiliesindustrialheatpumpsandelectricboilersthatarebothmatureandmarketreadyforelectrifyingheatdemandinthenearterm.

Thereportalsoexploreselectro-thermalenergystorage(ETES)technologiesthatcanshiftgridelectricityconsumptionfrompeakpriceperiodstolowerdemandperiodswithlowerprices,andthatcanalternativelyprovideaflexible,dispatchableheatsupplyfromvariablerenewableenergysourcessuchaswindandsolarphotovoltaic(PV)systems.

Thereportsscopedoesnotincludehigh-temperatureprocesses,suchascalcination,reformingandcracking.Althoughelectrificationoptionsfortheseprocessesareadvancing,theirdeploymentconditions,equipmentrequirementsandcostprofilesdiffersubstantiallyfromlow-temperatureapplicationsandarethereforenotaddressedinthisreport.

Thereportalsoexcludesearlystageoremergingtechnologiesthathaveseenpromisingdevelopmentsinrecentyearsbutarenotyetatthelevelofmarketmaturitysuitableforbroadindustryuptake.Thefocusisinsteadontechnologieswithestablishedsupplychains,demonstratedindustrialoperationandclearpathwaysforshort-termscale-up.

Thereportgroupsindustriesinaccordancewithprocessheattemperaturerequirementsratherthanintheconventionalhard-to-abateorlightindustrycategories.Iron,steelandnon-metallicmineralsarecategorisedashigh-temperatureheatindustriesthatrequireveryhighheatforprocessessuchasmelting,calciningorsintering.Othermanufacturingindustries(textile,food,beverages,papermaking,etc.)typicallyrelyonlow-temperatureheatandsteam.Thistemperature-basedgroupingunderpinstheassessmentoftechnologyoptionsandpolicyconsiderationsthroughoutthereport.FurthermethodologicaldetailsareprovidedinChapter2.

Chapter1.Introduction

RenewablesforIndustry–Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteam

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|14

Severalabatementoptionsareavailableforlow-temperatureheatandsteamuse,forexample,electricalheating,solarthermalenergy,geothermalenergyandbioenergy(Box1.2).However,fossilfuelsremaintheprimaryindustrialenergysourceworldwidetoday,althoughenergymixesvaryfromoneregiontoanother.Forexamples,inChinaandthe11memberstatesformingtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(

ASEAN

),industrialenergyuseisdominatedbycoal.Theuseofcoalislargelydrivenbyabundantdomesticresourcesthatcanprovideheattoenergy-intensiveindustriesatlowcostandwithsupplysecurityadvantagescomparedwithotherenergysources(Figure1.2).

IndustryintheEuropeanUnion,ontheotherhand,isrelativelygasdependent.Ataround30%,theshareofnaturalgasinoverallindustrialenergyconsumptionintheEuropeanUnionisclosertolevelsseeninmajorgasproducingcountries–theUnitedStatesat40%ortheRussianFederation(hereafter“Russia”)at20%.Inlargegas-importingeconomiessuchasJapanorChina,theshareislessthan15%.Thiscontrastreflectsdifferencesinsupplyconditions:liquifiednaturalgas(LNG)importswouldbemorecostlyforbothJapanandChinawhereasEurope,untilrecently,benefitedfromrelativelycheappipelinegasfromRussia.

Figure1.2Energyuseintheiron,steelandnon-metallicmineralindustries,andin

RestofEuropeanUnited

worldJapanASEANUnionStatesChina

Iron,steelandnon-metallicmineralsOthermanufacturingindustries

Iron,steelandnon-metallicmineralsOthermanufacturingindustries

Iron,steelandnon-metallicmineralsOthermanufacturingindustries

Iron,steelandnon-metallicmineralsOthermanufacturingindustries

Iron,steelandnon-metallicmineralsOthermanufacturingindustries

Iron,steelandnon-metallicmineralsOthermanufacturingindustries

othermanufacturingindustries,inmajoreconomies,2023

0510152025303540EJ

CoalandpeatOilandoilproductsNaturalgasBiofuelsandwasteElectricityDistrictheating

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Notes:EJ=exajoule.Non-metallicmineralsincludecement,glass,ceramicsandclay.Ironandsteelenergyconsumptionexcludesenergyuseinblastfurnacesandcokeovens.Otherindustriesincludeminingandquarrying,construction,manufacturing,chemicalsandpetrochemicals,non-ferrousmetals,transportequipment,machinery,food,beveragesandtobacco,pulp,paperandprinting,woodandwoodproducts,textileandleatherandnon-energyuseinchemicals.

Chapter1.Introduction

RenewablesforIndustry–Electrificationoflow-temperatureheatandsteam

In2023,industryaccountedfor18%ofglobaldirectenergy-relatedCO2emissions,orjustover6gigatonnes

1

(Gt)ofCO2,representinga2%declinesince2013(Figure1.3).Whenincludingindirectenergy-relatedCO2emissionsfromheatandelectricityuse,totalenergy-relatedCO2emissionsmorethandoubletoapproximately12.5Gt.Inaddition,