生成式人工智能与版权：中国篇 2026 TR-AI-Generated Content and Copyright (China)

AI-GeneratedContentandCopyright(China),PracticalLawUKPracticeNotew-042-2994

AI-GeneratedContentandCopyright(China)

by

SeagullSong

,JiaonaHuang,andMoWang

King&WoodMallesons

,withPracticalLawChina

Lawstatedasof20Feb2026•Asia,China

APracticeNoteprovidinganoverviewofthedevelopinggovernanceofAI-generatedcontent(AIGC)andtheemergingcopyright-relatedissuesassociatedwithAIGCunderthelawsofChina(PRC).TheNoteconsidersthesubsistenceofcopyrightinAIGC,includingcopyrightabilityofAIGC,copyrightownership,andpotentialcopyrightinfringementissuesarisingwheneithertrainingagenerativeAI(GenAI)modelorgeneratingAIGC.

ItalsointroducesafewnotableChinesecopyrightcasesinvolvingAIGCsince2023,includingtheLivLiucase,FengvDongshanCompany,andtheZhouvBeijingTechnologyCompanycase(addressingthecopyrightabilityofAIGCoutputs),the"Ultraman"cases(addressingtheliabilityofGenAIserviceproviders),theYinvAICompanyandOtherscase(AIvoiceinfringement),theLiaoandWuvAIFace-SwappingAppOperatorcase(AIfaceinfringement),ChinaLiteraturevLi&GenAIServiceProvidercase(addressing"SafeHabour"treatmentforGenAIserviceproviders,andthemostrecentLiangvGenAIServiceProvidercase(addressingaAIprovider'sliabilityforgeneratingAIhallucinations).

AIGCandCommonAIGCApplications

MainLegislation

CopyrightabilityforAIGCOutputs

Copyrightability:GeneralTest

Copyrightability:ApplicationofGeneralTesttoAIGC

OwnershipofCopyrightinAIGCOutputs

CopyrightOwnership:DefaultRulesUnderChineseLaw

CopyrightOwnership:ApplicationinAIGCOutputs

CopyrightInfringementAssociatedwithAIGC

ExclusiveRightsofCopyright-Holders

FairUseException

IPProvisionsUnderChineseAIGCLegislation

CopyrightInfringementRelatingtoAIDataTraining

CopyrightInfringementRelatingtoAIGCOutputs

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InfringementRelatingtoAIModels

ProtectionofPersonalityRightsinAIGC

AIServiceProvider'sLiabilityinGeneratingAIHallucinations

NotableChineseCases

LivLiu(AIGCCopyrightability-Copyrightable)

FengvDongshanCompany(AIGCCopyrightability-NotCopyrightable)

ZhouvBeijingTechnologyCompany(AIGCCopyrightability-NotCopyrightable)

SCLAvGuangzhouAICompany("Ultraman"-DirectLiability)

SCLAvHangzhouAICompany("Ultraman"-IndirectLiability)

YinvAICompanyandOthers(AI-VoiceInfringement)

LiaoandWuvAIFace-SwappingAppOperator(AI-FaceInfringement)

DouyinvYiruike(AIModelInfringement)

ChinaLiteraturevLi&GenAIServiceProvider("SafeHabour"ProtectionforGenAIServiceProviders)

LiangvGenAIServiceProvider(AI"Hallucination"Case)

Themeaningandscopeof

AI

or

generativeAI

(GenAI)varybetweenfieldsandjurisdictions.TheEU

AIAct((EU)2024/1689)

definesAIsystemas"amachine-basedsystemthatisdesignedtooperatewithvaryinglevelsofautonomyandthatmayexhibitadaptivenessafterdeploymentandthat,forexplicitorimplicitobjectives,infers,fromtheinputitreceives,howtogenerateoutputssuchaspredictions,content,recommendations,ordecisionsthatcaninfluencephysicalorvirtualenvironments"(Article3).Formoreinformation,see

PracticeNote,EUAIActcompliance:introduction:RegulatedAI

systemsandmodels

.

ThisNoteprovidesanoverviewofthedevelopinggovernanceofAI-generatedcontent(AIGC)andtheemergingcopyright-relatedissuesassociatedwithAIGCunderthelawsof

China(PRC)

.TheNoteconsidersthesubsistenceofcopyrightinAIGC,includingcopyrightabilityofAIGC,copyrightownership,andpotentialcopyrightinfringementissuesarisingwheneithertrainingaGenAImodelorgeneratingAIGC.ItalsointroducesafewnotableChinesecopyrightcasesinvolvingAIGC,includingtheLivLiucase,FengvDongshanCompany,andtheZhouvBeijingTechnologyCompanycase(addressingthecopyrightabilityofAIGCoutput),the"Ultraman"cases(addressingtheliabilityofAIserviceproviders),theYinvAICompanyandOtherscase(AIvoiceinfringement),theLiaoandWuvAIFace-SwappingAppOperatorcase(AIfaceinfringement),ChinaLiteraturevLi&GenAIServiceProvidercase(addressing"SafeHabour"treatmentforGenAIserviceproviders),andthemostrecentLiangvGenAIServiceProvidercase(addressingaAIprovider'sliabilityforgeneratingAIhallucinations).

AIGCandCommonAIGCApplications

AIGCreferstothecontent,includingtexts,pictures,audiosandvideosthataregeneratedusingadvancedGenAItechniques(Article22,

InterimMeasuresfortheManagementofGenerativeArtificialIntelligenceServices2023

(2023GenAIMeasures)).

ChinahaswitnessedtherapiddevelopmentofAIGCapplicationssincetheinitiallaunchofChatGPTinNovember2022.ThereleaseofDeepSeek-V3inearly2025,aninnovativeopen-sourceAImodelthatleveragesdeepneuralnetworkstorefinenaturallanguageprocessing,marksthelatestdevelopmentofChineseGen-AItechnology.ThefollowingAIGCapplicationsareavailableintheChinesemarket.

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•ERNIEBot,developedbyBaidu,isamultimodalAItoolthatsupportstextandimagegeneration.

•Doubao,developedbyBytedance,isamultimodalAItoolthatsupportstext,image,videoandmusicgeneration.

•Qwen,developedbyAlibabaCloud,isamultimodalAItoolthatsupportscoding,mathematics,anddataprocessing.

•ZhipuQingyan,developedbyZhipuAI,isamultimodalAItoolthatsupportstextandimagegeneration.

•Yuanbao,developedbyTencent,isamultimodalAItoolthatsupportstext,image,andvideogeneration.

•Kimi,developedbyMoonshotAI,isamultimodalAItoolthatsupportscontentorcodegeneration,summarization,dialogue,andcreativewriting.

•MiniMaxLLM,developedbyMiniMax,isamultimodalAItoolthatsupportscontentorcodegeneration,textunderstanding,visualreasoning,andmediageneration.

MainLegislation

MainChineselawsandregulationsrelatedtoAIGCandcopyrightinclude:

•The

CivilCodeofthePRC2020

(2020CivilCode,witheffectfrom1January2021),promulgatedbythe

National

People'sCongress

.Thislawincludesprovisionsrelatedtopersonalityrights(knownasrightofpublicity),suchasportraitrightandvoiceright.

•The

PersonalInformationProtectionLawofthePRC2021

(2021PIPL),promulgatedbythe

NationalPeople's

Congress(NPC)StandingCommittee

.Thislawprotectspersonalinformation,whichreferstovariousinformationrelatedtoanidentifiedoridentifiablenaturalpersonrecordedelectronicallyorbyothermeans,butdoesnotincludeanonymisedinformation.

•The

CopyrightLawofthePRC2020

(2020CopyrightLaw,witheffectfrom1June2021),promulgatedbytheNPCStandingCommittee.AsthethirdrevisionofChineseCopyrightLaw,therevisedlawincludesdetailedprovisionson:

•thecompositionofacopyrightablework;

•theownershipofacopyrightablework;

•limitationsandexceptionstoexclusiverights(thatis,fairuse);and

•infringementliabilityrules.

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•The

RegulationsfortheImplementationofCopyrightLawofthePRC2013

(2013CopyrightImplementing

Regulations),promulgatedbythe

StateCouncil

.Theimplementingregulationssupplementthe2020CopyrightLawbyprovidingpracticalguidelinesandoperationaldetails.Asthethirdrevision,theregulationsclarify:

•thescopeofcopyrightableworks;

•therightsofcopyrightholders;

•proceduresforhandlingcopyrightinfringementcases;and

•penaltiesforcopyrightviolations.

•The2023GenAIMeasures,promulgatedbythe

CyberspaceAdministrationofChina

(CAC),inconjunctionwiththe

NationalDevelopmentandReformCommission

andfiveotherstateagencies.ThemeasuresareChina'sfirstGenAIregulationsthatregulateGenAIdevelopersandaddressafewimportanttopicssurroundingGenAI

services,including:

•thedefinitionofAIGCproviders,thatis,organisationsandindividualsthatprovideGenAIservicesusingGenAItechnology,includingthroughtheprovisionofprogrammableinterfaces(Article22(2));

•thedefinitionofGenAIservices,thatis,theuseofGenAItechnologytoprovidetext,graphics,audio,video,andothercontentgenerationservicestothepublicwithinthePRC(Article2).

•theprincipleofGenAIregulationinChina(thatis,underclassifiedandgradedsupervision)(Article3);and

•theresponsibilitiesofAIGCproviders(suchasundertakingsecurityevaluationandreporting)(Articles7-15).

•The

RegulationsontheProtectionofRightofDisseminationviaInformationNetwork2013

(2013InformationNetworkRegulations,firstpromulgatedin2006andrevisedin2013),promulgatedbytheStateCouncil.TheregulationsaretheChineseversionoftheUS

DigitalMillenniumCopyrightAct

(DMCA)(see

PracticeNote,

DigitalMillenniumCopyrightAct(DMCA):SafeHaboursforOnlineServiceProviders

),providingsafehabourprovisionsforinternetserviceproviders(ISP).

•The

BeijingHighPeople'sCourtGuidelinesfortheTrialofCopyrightInfringementCases2018

(2018BeijingHigh

CourtGuidelines).AlthoughChinaisnotacase-lawjurisdictionwhereprecedentsmadebyhighercourtsarelegallybinding,theguidelinesissuedfromthishigh-profilecourtmaybeinfluentialtootherlowercourtsinChina(see

PracticeNote,CaseGuidanceSysteminChina

).TheguidelinesclarifythejudicialinterpretationsoftheBeijingHighPeople'sCourtoncopyright-relatedinfringementcasesandreflectsthecourt'sopinionon:

•whatconstitutesacopyrightablework;

•whatconstitutesoriginality;

•howtodeterminetheownership;and

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•whatconstitutescopyrightinfringement.

•The

BasicSecurityRequirementsforGenAIServices2024(TC260-003)

(2024GenAIRequirements),promulgatedbythe

NationalTechnicalCommittee260onCybersecurityofStandardizationAdministrationofChina

(TC260).

Notably:

•althoughthisdocumentisonlyaguidelineandisnotlegallybindingperse,itdoessuggestthelegislativedirectionorintentoftheCACandotherstateagenciesrelatingtocorpus(trainingdata);

•thisguidelinerequiresAIGCproviderstofilteroutillegalandundesirabletrainingdata(Articles5.1-5.3)beforesuchdataisusedtotrainAImodels;

•thisguidelinedefinesGenAIservicesastheuseofGenAItechnologytoprovidetext,graphics,audio,video,andothercontentgenerationservicestothepublicwithinthePRC(Article3.1);and

•inTencentvBaidu,theChangshacourtcitedthe2024GenAIRequirementswhenevaluatingwhetherthedefendantBaiduAIplatformhadtakeneffectivemeasuresinfilteringinfringingcontent(seeTencentvBaidu

[2024]HunanChangshaIntermediatePeople'sCourt(No.18114)((2024)湘01民终18114号)).

•The

MeasuresforLabellingAI-GeneratedSyntheticContent2025

(witheffectfrom1September2025),

promulgatedbytheCACandthreeotherstateagencies,coverprovisionsrelatingtoAIcompanies'obligationstolabelAIGC,including:

•whoisobligedtolabelAIGC:internetserviceproviderswhousealgorithmicrecommendationtechnology,deepsynthesistechnology,orGenAItechnologytoprovideGenAIservicestothepublicwithinChina(Article2);

•howtolabelAIGC:throughexplicitandimplicitlabels(Article3);and

•stakeholderresponsibilities:differentstakeholdersinthepipelineofgeneratinganddistributingAI-

generativeservices,includingAIdevelopers,AIservicedeployers,users,AIapplicationdistributionplatformsandAIGCdistributors,allhavetheirownobligationsregardingAIGClabellingwhengeneratingand

distributingAIGC(Articles6-8and10).

•technicalstandards:themandatorynationalstandard,

CybersecurityTechnology:LabellingMethodfor

Ir

atedbyAI(GB45438-2025),providesdetailedmethodsandexamplesforlabellingvarious

•The

TechnicalRequirementsforDigitalReplica(GY/T411-2024)

(2024DigitalReplicaRequirements),promulgatedbythe

NationalRadioandTelevisionAdministration

.Asarecommendedindustrystandardfortheradio,

televisionandonlineaudio-visualsectors,thedocumentprovidesthatobtainingexplicitandseparateconsentismandatorywhencollectingbiometricdata(suchasfaceandvoice)fromrealindividualsforAItrainingtocreatedigitalreplicasorsyntheticperformers(Article10.2).

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CopyrightabilityforAIGCOutputs

Copyrightability:GeneralTest

Underthe2020CopyrightLaw,aworkthatmeetsthefollowingconditionsmaybeprotectedbycopyright:

•Itisoriginal.

•Itcanberepresentedinacertainformat.

•Itbelongstotheintellectualcreationsofhumanbeings.

(Article2,2020CopyrightLaw.)

The2020CopyrightLawstipulatesthedefinitionofworks,whichreferstoingeniousintellectualachievementsthatareoriginalandcanbepresentedinacertainforminthefieldsofliterature,artandscience(Article3).(Foranon-exhaustivelistofrecognisedtypesofworksofauthorship,see

PracticeNote,Copyright(China):Overview:WorksProtectedbyCopyright

.)

The2013CopyrightImplementingRegulationsalsoaffirmtherequirementsoforiginalityandhumanauthorshipforacopyrightablework.Theregulationsspecifythattheterm"works"asreferredtointhe2020CopyrightLawmeansintellectualcreationswithoriginalityintheliterary,artisticandscientificdomain,insofarastheycanbereproducedinatangibleform(Article2).

The2018BeijingHighCourtGuidelinesfurtherclarifythatworksmustmeettherequirementofbeingcreatedbyhumanauthorsandthecriteriaoforiginality.

Whenexaminingwhethertheobjectofcopyrightclaimedbytheplaintiffconstitutesawork,thecourtshouldgenerallyconsiderthefollowingfactors:

•Whetheritisacreationmadebyanaturalpersoninthefieldsofliterature,artandscience.

•Whetheritpossessesoriginality.

•Whetherithasacertainformofexpression.

•Whetheritisreproducible.

(Article2.1,2018BeijingHighCourtGuidelines.)

Indeterminingtheoriginalityofanexpression,thecourtshouldgenerallyconsiderthefollowingfactors:

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•Whethertheexpressionisindependentlycreatedbytheauthor.

•Whetherthearrangementofexpressionsmanifeststheauthor'sselectionandjudgment.(Article2.2,2018BeijingHighPeople'sCourtGuidelines.)

Copyrightability:ApplicationofGeneralTesttoAIGC

Inviewoftheabovelegislation,AIGCoutputmayqualifyforcopyrightprotectionunderthe2020CopyrightLaw,providedthatthereissufficienthumanauthorshipintheAIGC.

UScourtsapplythehumanauthorshiprequirementwhendeterminingwhetherAIGCmightbecopyrightable(see

Practice

Note,GenerativeAIandCopyright

).Chinesecourtshavealsograduallydevelopedasimilarteststandardoverthepastfewyears:

•Lackofhumaninvolvement.IftheAIGCisfullyandautonomouslygeneratedbytheAIsystemwithlittleorzerohumaninvolvement(exceptforsimpleprompts),Chinesecourtswilllikelydeemituncopyrightableduetothe

absenceofhumanauthorship.

•MixedhumanandAIinvolvement.Conversely,iftheAIGCinvolvesacombinationofhumanandAIinput,

Chinesecourtswillconductacase-by-caseanalysistoassesswhetherthereissufficienthumancreativecontrolinthegenerationoftheAIGC.

Forexample,inLivLiu,China'sfirstcaseconcerningthecopyrightabilityofAI-generatedpictures,theBeijingInternetCourtruledthat,sincetheplaintiffhad"inputover150promptsandexperimentedvariousparametersmultipletimes"whenusingStableDiffusiontogeneratetheAIpicture,theplaintiffhasexercised"aestheticchoicesandpersonaljudgmentintheentiregenerationprocess,"thusfindingtheAI-generatedpicturetobeacopyrightablework(see

LivLiu(AIGCCopyrightability

-Copyrightable)

).

TheideathatAIGCmaybecopyrightableisalsoaffirmedinsimilarcasesdecidedbyotherChinesecourts.Forexample:

•InLinvAirMembraneCompanyandRealEstateCompany,theChangshucourtruledthat,theplaintiff'sAI-

generatedartworkissubjecttocopyrightprotectionbecausetheplaintiff"selected,coordinated,andarranged

keyelementsintheartwork,suchasthecityscape,water,buildings,reflections,colours,lightandshadow,"thus

findingtheAI-generatedpicturedemonstratedsufficientoriginalityandqualifiedasaworkoffineartunderChinesecopyrightlaw.(SeeLinvAirMembraneCompanyandRealEstateCompany[2024]JiangsuChangshuPeople'sCourt(Su0581MinChuNo.6697)((2024)苏0581民初第6697号).)

•InWangvWuhanTechnologyCompany,theWuhancourtalsoheldthattheAI-generatedpicturecreatedbytheplaintiffartistreflectedtheplaintiff'saestheticchoices,individualexpressionandintellectuallabour,thusfindingtheplaintiff'sAIGCpicturecopyrightable.(SeeWangvWuhanTechnologyCompany[2024]WuhanEastLakeHigh-techDevelopmentZonePeople'sCourt(E0192ZhiMinChuNo.968)((2024)鄂0192知民初第968号).)

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•However,inotherAIGCcopyrightabilitycases,wheretheplaintiffscouldnotrecreatethesameAIGCusingthe

samepromptsorprovidesufficientdocumentationorevidencetodemonstratetheircreativeauthorship,courtshavetypicallydeniedthecopyrightstatusfortheAIGConthegroundsthattheplaintiffsdidnotexercisecreativecontrolovertheAIGC.Forexample:

•InFengvDongshanCompany,theZhangjiagangcourtheldthattheAI-generatedpictureswerenotcopyrightablebecausetheplaintiffadmittedthatshecouldnotregeneratetheexactsameAI-generatedpicturesusingthe

sameprompts,duetorandomnessinMidjourney'sgenerativeprocess.(See

FengvDongshanCompany(AIGC

Copyrightability-NotCopyrightable)

.)

•InZhouvBeijingTechnologyCompany,theBeijingInternetCourtalsoheldthattheAI-generatedpicturewasnotcopyrightablebecausetheplaintiffcouldnotrecreatethesameAI-generatedpictureusingthesameprompts.(See

ZhouvBeijingTechnologyCompany(AIGCCopyrightability-NotCopyrightable)

.)

•Inthesetwocases,theplaintiffsfailedtoprovidedocumentationorotherevidencesufficienttodemonstratetheirauthorshipingeneratingtheAIGC.

OwnershipofCopyrightinAIGCOutputs

CopyrightOwnership:DefaultRulesUnderChineseLaw

Withregardtotheownershipofcopyrightableworks,thedefaultruleunderthe2020CopyrightLawisthataworkvestsitscopyrightownershipinitscreators(Article11),withafewexceptionssuchasworkscreatedinthecourseofemployment(employmentwork)(Article18),commissionedwork(Article19),computersoftware,andaudio-visualwork(Article17).

Thecopyrightownerofaworkmayeitherbeanaturalperson(thatis,ownershipbelongstotheauthorwhocreatesthework)oralegalentity(thatis,ownershipbelongstotheemployerorcommissioner).Article9ofthe2020CopyrightLawprovides:

"Copyrightownersincludeauthors,andothernaturalpersons,legalentitiesandunincorporatedorganisationsthatenjoycopyrightinaccordancewiththislaw."

Thedefaultruleregardingcopyrightownershipisthataworkvestsitsownershipwithitsauthor,whocreatesthework.Article11ofthe2020CopyrightLawprovides:

"Exceptotherwiseprovidedinthelaw,thecopyrightinaworkbelongstoitsauthor,andthattheauthorofaworkisthenaturalpersonwhocreatedthework."

Intermsoflegalpersons'work,Article11ofthe2020CopyrightLawprovides:

"Whereaworkiscreatedaccordingtotheintentionandunderthesupervisionandresponsibilityofalegalentityorunincorporatedorganisation,thelegalentityorunincorporatedorganisationistheauthorofthework."

Intermsofemploymentwork,Article18ofthe2020CopyrightLawprovides:

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"Aworkcreatedbyanaturalpersoninfulfilmentoftasksassignedbyalegalentityoranunincorporatedorganisationisdeemedtobeanemploymentwork.UnlessotherwiseprovidedinParagraph2ofthisArticle,thecopyrightofsuchaworkisenjoyedbytheauthor,butthelegalentityorunincorporatedorganisationhasapriorityrighttoexploittheworkwithinthescopeofitsprofessionalactivities."

Intermsofcommissionedwork,Article19ofthe2020CopyrightLawprovides:

"Theownershipofcopyrightinacommissionedworkcanbeagreeduponinacontractbetweenthecommissioningpartyandthecommissionedparty.Intheabsenceofsuchacontractorofanexplicitagreementinthecontract,thecopyrightinsuchaworkbelongstothecommissionedparty."

Intermsofaudio-visualwork,Article17ofthe2020CopyrightLawprovides:

"Amongaudio-visualworks,thecopyrightofcinematographicworksandtelevisionprogramsisenjoyedbyproducers,butthescriptwriter,director,photographer,composerandlyricistenjoytherightofauthorshipandtherighttoreceivecompensationfromtheproducer.

Thecopyrightownershipofaudio-visualworksotherthanthosespecifiedintheprecedingparagraphwillbeagreeduponbytheparties;wherethereisnoagreementortheagreementisunclear,thecopyrightisenjoyedbytheproducer,buttheauthorshavetherightofauthorshipandtherighttoreceivecompensation.

Theauthorsofscript,musicandotherworksthatmaybeusedseparatelyfromtheaudio-visualworkhavetherighttoseparatelyexercisetheirrightofcopyright."

Intermsofcomputersoftware,Article9ofthe

RegulationsfortheProtectionofComputerSoftware2013

provides:"Exceptwhereotherwiseprovidedintheseregulations,thecopyrightinthesoftwarebelongstoitsdeveloper.

Intheabsenceofprooftothecontrary,thenaturalperson,legalentityorotherorganisationwhosenameappearsonthesoftwarewillbeitsdeveloper."

CopyrightOwnership:ApplicationinAIGCOutputs

WhereanAIGCoutputmaybesubjecttocopyrightprotectioninChina,thenextquestionistodeterminewhoownsthecopyrighttotheAIGCoutput.

InadditiontotheframeworkforcopyrightownershipvestingunderChinesecopyrightlaw,thetermsofuseagreementspostedbyChineseAIGCprovidersmayalsoprovideaglimpseintotheindustrypractices(see

CopyrightOwnership:Default

RulesUnderChineseLaw

).

Thereareusuallythreescenarios.Asummaryoftheexampletermsissetoutbelow:

•AIGCoutputsownedbyAIGCusers.[CompanyA]:"Unlessotherwiseagreedorstipulatedbytheapplicablelawsandregulations,you(user)owntheintellectualpropertyright(IPR)tothecontentgenerated[bythisAIGCtool]

basedonthecontentuploadedbyyouthatislegallyownedbyorauthorisedtoyou.Youalsoagreetoauthorise

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us([CompanyA])tousethecontentthatyouupload,generate,andsynthesiseforthepurposeofprovidingthisservice."ThisappearstobeacommonapproachadoptedbymanyAIGCproviders.

•AIGCoutputsownedbyAIGCproviders.[CompanyB]:"AllIPRsrelatedtothisplatform,includingbutnot

limitedtocopyrights,trademarks,patents,tradesecrets,andallinformationandcontentgeneratedbythisservice(including,butnotlimitedto,texts,images,audios,videos,graphics,interfacedesigns,layoutframeworks,relevantdataorelectronicdocuments),areprotectedbylawsandregulations,andbelongto[CompanyB]anditsaffiliatedentities,whohavethecompletelegalrights,ownershipandotherlawfulrights.Usersonlyhavetherightand

permissiontousethisserviceanditsrelatedcontentinaccordancewiththetermsofthisagreement."

•Silent.[CompanyC]:"[CompanyC]istheprincipalentityresponsibleforthedevelopmentandoperationofthisService.[CompanyC]ownsalltherights,withinthescopeallowedbytheapplicablelawsandregulations,toalldata,information,outputs,andotherproductsgeneratedduringthedevelopmentandoperationofthisservice,exceptfortherightsthatareexpresslypreservedbytheotherrightsholdersunderthelaw."

InLivLiu,theBeijingInternetCourtheldthattheplaintiffwhousedanAItooltogenerateAI-generatedpicturesistheauthorofthesubjectpicture,asthepicturewasgeneratedasaresultoftheplaintiff'sintellectualinputandreflectedtheplaintiff'spersonalisedexpressions(see

LivLiu(AIGCCopyrightability-Copyrightable)

).Thecourtalsoindicatedthat:

•AnAIserviceitselfcouldnotbeconsideredasanauthorofacopyrightableworkbecauseanAIisnotahumanbeing.

•NeitherthedevelopersnorprovidersofAIservicescouldbeconsideredastheauthorinthiscasebecausetheyhadnointenttocreatethesubjectpictureandtheyhadnotactuallyparticipatedinthesubjectpicturecreationprocess.

•Basedonthetermsofuseagreementposted