2026届高三英语二轮复习讲义：第2部分　阅读能力突破篇　专题1　阅读理解　类型2　体裁破解　第3讲　说明文

第3讲说明文说明文通常运用举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手法，描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，以及介绍场馆，分析社会现象、语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等，用平实的语言客观地说明事物、解释现象。事物说明文常用“总—分”式或“总—分—总”式结构；事理说明文采用由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理的递进式结构；文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分时常用并列式结构；如果需要通过两个事物的对照和比较来说明其异同时常用对照式结构。说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。●辨明题类说明文阅读理解主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况，阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读说明文时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。●技法点拨1．抓首尾段：首段往往提出文章的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。2．细读重点：就原文而言，重点就是文章的基本结构、内容和态度；就答题而言，重点就是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量的话，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多了。3．略读或跳读：在快速浏览题干、初步把握文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆进行有选择性地略读或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易地从总体上把握全文。在略读过程中，要特别注意对解题有重要意义的词、句、段等，并将其储存在大脑里，以免回头再查看时费时费力。(1)繁琐的例证：为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，需要花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过详读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较明了，则例子部分可一带而过。(2)多项列举：有时许多功能相同的项目列举，那么只需读其中一两项即可。(3)生僻词汇：阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。(4)较长的人名、地名：有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替。●真题体验(2025·浙江1月卷·阅读理解D)Asnewtechnologiestakeonincreasinglyhumanlikequalities,there'sbeenapushtomakethemgenderless.“Peoplearestereotyping(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways，”saysAshleyMartin,aStanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikeasimplewaytofixthis.YetasMartinhasfoundinherwork,genderisoneofthefundamentalwayspeopleformconnectionswithobjects,particularlythosedesignedwithhumancharacteristics.Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistantandaself-drivingcarknownas“Miuu”．Itwasfoundthatgenderincreasedusers'feelingsofattachmenttothesedevicesandtheirinterestinpurchasingthem.Forexample,participantssaidtheywouldbelesslikelytobuyagenderlessvoiceassistantthanversionswithmaleorfemalevoices.Whilegenderingaproductmaybegoodmarketing,itmayalsostrengthenoutdatedorharmfulideasaboutpowerandidentity.Thestereotypescommonlyassociatedwithmen,suchascompetitivenessanddominance,aremorevaluedthanthoseassociatedwithwomen.Thesequalities,inturn,aremappedontoproductsthathavebeenassignedagender.Martin'sstudyalsofoundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,ifanobject'snamewasmeanttosoundgenderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstillassignagendertoit—theywouldassumeMiuuwasa“he”or“she”．Martinseesasilverlining,however：Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism(拟人化)“providesanopportunitytochangestereotypes”．Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadershiplikerunningcompanies,itreducesnegativestereotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorphizedproductscouldbecreatedtotakeonstereotype-inconsistentroles—amalerobotthatassistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelpsdocalculations,forinstance.32．Whatisthepurposeofmakingnewtechnologiesgenderless?A．Toreducestereotypes. B．Tomeetpublicdemand.C．Tocutproductioncosts. D．Toencouragecompetition.33．Whatweretheparticipantsprobablyaskedtodointhestudy?A．Designaproduct. B．Respondtoasurvey.C．Workasassistants. D．Takealanguagetest.34．Whyisitdifficulttocreategenderlessobjects?A．Theycannotbemass-produced. B．Namingthemisachallengingtask.C．Peopleassumetheyareunreliable. D．Genderisrootedinpeople'smind.35．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Thequalityofgenderlessproducts. B．Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.C．Themeaningofanthropomorphism. D．Thestereotypesofmenandwomen.【解题示范】第一步：浏览全文，把握主旨大意：文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。第二步：细审题干，定位原文：第32小题：根据题干信息newtechnologiesgenderless，定位到文章的第一段。第33小题：根据题干信息theparticipantswereaskedtodo，定位到文章的第二段。第34小题：根据题干主要信息difficult和creategenderlessobjects，定位到文章的第四段。第35小题：根据题干主要信息lastparagraph，定位到文章的最后一段。第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。在文中找到信息区间后，再仔细对比各选项，确定答案。32．细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘Peoplearestereotyping(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways，’saysAshleyMartin,aStanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikeasimplewaytofixthis.”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A。33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistantandaselfdrivingcarknownas‘Miuu’．”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B。34．细节理解题。根据第四段“Martin'sstudyalsofoundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,ifanobject'snamewasmeanttosoundgenderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstillassignagendertoit—theywouldassumeMiuuwasa‘he’or‘she’．”可知，因为性别观念在人们的脑海中根深蒂固，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D。35．段落大意题。根据最后一段中“Martinseesasilverlining,however：Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism(拟人化)‘providesanopportunitytochangestereotypes’．”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B。A(2025·内蒙古自治区赤峰市高三一模)Anexperimentalscreeningmethodthatpairedthedogswithartificialintelligencewasabletodetectthesmellofcancercarriedonpatients'breaths.Thecanine(犬科的)-AIpairwashighlyaccurateandsensitive,successfullyspottingfourtypesofcancerin94%ofcases,accordingtoareportpublishedonNovember15inScientificReports.“Thescreeningworkedjustaswelldetectingearlystagecancersasitdidlaterstagecancers，”saysAssafRabinowicz,chieftechnologyofficeratSpotitEarly,thecompanythatdevelopedthemethod.“That'scrucialbecauseearlydetectioncansubstantiallycontributetoincreasingcancersurvivalrates.”Themethodemploysdogs'“amazingsenseofsmell”，Rabinowiczsays.Caninescanactlikediseasedetectives,findingfaintsmellsthatserveascancer'ssmellsignature.Forthisstudy,Rabinowicz'steamtrainedLabradordogstosmellbreathsamplesandsitiftheydetectedbreast,lung,colorectal(直肠的)orprostate(前列腺)cancer.However,readingdogs'bodylanguagecanbehard,sotheresearcherstrainedanAImodelusingmachinelearningandcomputervisiontointerpretthedogs'signals.TheteampartneredwithmedicalcentersinIsraeltotesttheirsystemonbreathsamplesfromnearly1,400participants,261ofwhomhadtestedpositiveforoneofthefourcancertypes.WithAI,thedoggydetectorsidentified245caseswithonly60falsepositivesoutof1,048negativesamples.SpotitEarlyisplanningalargerclinicaltrialintheUnitedStatesandaimstoreportearlyresultsin2026.ThecompanyisnowworkingwithBeagledogsforcancerdetection,partlybecausethey'resmallerandeasiertotrain.ButtheLabradorswhoworkedinthestudyarestilltopdogsandcontinuetocontributetoresearchanddevelopment,Rabinowiczsays.1．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthescreeningmethod?A．Itcuresfourkindsofcancers. B．Itreducescancertreatmentcosts.C．Itremoveshumaninvolvementintesting. D．ItcombinesdogsandAItodetectcancer.2．Whatisthebasisofthescreeningmethod,accordingtoRabinowicz?A．Cancer'svisiblesigns. B．Dogs'senseofsmell.C．AI'scalculatingsystem. D．Patients'medicalrecords.3．Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefutureofthedetectionsystem?A．Itwillbewidelypromotedin2026. B．Biggerdogswilljoinintheresearch.C．Furtherresearchisrequiredtotesttheresults. D．Itwillreplacetraditionaldetectionmethods.4．Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?A．Adog-raisingguide. B．Asciencemagazine.C．Amedicaltextbook. D．Atechnologybrochure.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种将犬类与人工智能相结合的实验性筛查方法，该方法能够检测患者呼出的气息中的癌症气味，具有高度的准确性和敏感性。1．D推理判断题。根据第一段中“Anexperimentalscreeningmethodthatpairedthedogswithartificialintelligencewasabletodetectthesmellofcancercarriedonpatients'breaths.”可知，这种筛查方法是将犬类和人工智能结合起来检测癌症。2．B细节理解题。根据第二段中“Themethodemploysdogs'‘amazingsenseofsmell’，Rabinowiczsays.Caninescanactlikediseasedetectives,findingfaintsmellsthatserveascancer'ssmellsignature.”可知，筛查方法的基础是犬类的嗅觉。3．C推理判断题。根据最后一段中“SpotitEarlyisplanningalargerclinicaltrialintheUnitedStatesandaimstoreportearlyresultsin2026.”可推知，关于检测系统的未来，还需要进一步的研究来测试结果。4．B语篇出处题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一种将犬类与人工智能相结合的实验性筛查方法，该方法能够检测患者呼出的气息中的癌症气味，具有高度的准确性和敏感性，这属于科学研究范畴，所以这段文字可能来自科学杂志。B(2025·河南省安阳市高三一模)Mostofususetoomuchlaundrydetergent(洗涤剂),whichcanpresentallkindsofproblems.Whateveramountofdetergentyouuse,itmustbecompletelyrinsed(漂洗)away.Therearesomanyvariables.Generally,forastandard-sizewashingmachineinareaswithsoftwater,use1tablespoonofhigh-efficiencydetergentperwashload.Ifyouhavehardwater,use2tablespoons.Thentherecomesthequestion,“HowdoIknowifmywaterishardorsoft？”Callyourwatercompanyorgotoitswebsitetolearnaboutthegrainsofhardnessperliterinyourlocalwatersupply.Ifthewaterqualityisalittlebithardandyouwantprecisecontrol,use1.5tablespoonsofhigh-efficiencydetergentperload.Anotherimportantvariableisthemachinecapacity.Ifit'sasuper-sizemachine,youneedtoadjusttheamountofdetergentaccordingly.Checktheinstructionsforguidance.Also,youmayneedtousemoreorlessdetergentifyou'rerunningaheavilysoiledloadoraverysmallload.Aboveall,themostimportantthingtoconsiderwhenitcomestolaundrydetergentiswhetherornotthedetergentgetscompletelyrinsedawaybeforethatloadoflaundryisfinished.Thenexttimeyoudoaloadofwash,takeawashclothoutofthedryerwhenitisfinishedandputitinawarmdishofwater.Ifthewaterremainsclean,itmeansyouhavenotusedtoomuchdetergent.Ifthewaterturnsevenslightlycloudy,itmeansallthedetergenthasnotbeenremovedandyou'reusingtoomuchdetergent.Findingtheexactamountoflaundrydetergentyouneedbasedonthehardnessofyourwater,thesizeofyourwashingmachineandthesizeofthelaundryloadmaytakeexperimentation.Butonceyoudiscoverwhat'srightforyou—andyouaregettingallthatdetergentoutoftheclothes,too—you'regoingtobepleasantlysurprisedbythefantasticresults.5．Howcanoneknowthehardnessofwaterinhisarea?A．Bycountingthegrainsinthewater. B．Bycheckingthewatercolor.C．Bycommunicatingwithneighbors. D．Byconsultingthewatercompany.6．Whatisthepurposeofusingawashclothaccordingtoparagraph6?A．Toseewhetherthedryerworkswell.B．Toshowhowtodeterminetheloadproperly.C．Tojudgewhetherthelaundrydetergentistotallyrinsedaway.D．Toprovewaterhardnessinfluenceshowmuchwaterisused.7．Whatconclusioncanbedrawnaboutlaundrydetergent?A．Themore,thecleaner. B．Moreisn'tnecessarilybetter.C．Theusershavethefinalsay. D．Qualityismoreimportantthanquantity.8．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．TheScienceofLaundryDetergentB．TheImpactofLaundryDetergentontheEnvironmentC．HowtoFigureOuttheRightAmountofLaundryDetergentD．WhattoTakeintoConsiderationWhenChoosingaWashingMachine【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了使用过多洗衣液会有问题，阐述了根据水质硬度、洗衣机容量等确定洗衣液用量的方法及检测洗衣液是否漂洗干净的方式。5．D细节理解题。根据第三段中“Callyourwatercompanyorgotoitswebsitetolearnaboutthegrainsofhardnessperliterinyourlocalwatersupply.”可知，通过咨询供水公司可以知道所在地区水的硬度。6．C细节理解题。根据第六段“Thenexttimeyoudoaloadofwash,takeawashclothoutofthedryerwhenitisfinishedandputitinawarmdishofwater.Ifthewaterremainsclean,itmeansyouhavenotusedtoomuchdetergent.Ifthewaterturnsevenslightlycloudy,itmeansallthedetergenthasnotbeenremovedandyou'reusingtoomuchdetergent.”可知，使用毛巾的目的是判断洗衣液是否被完全漂洗干净。7．B推理判断题。根据第一段中“Mostofususetoomuchlaundrydetergent(洗涤剂),whichcanpresentallkindsofproblems.”以及全文内容可知，使用过多洗衣液会有问题，所以洗衣液并非越多越好。8．C标题归纳题。根据第二段“Therearesomanyvariables.Generally,forastandardsizewashingmachineinareaswithsoftwater,use1tablespoonofhighefficiencydetergentperwashload.Ifyouhavehardwater,use2tablespoons.”、第四段中“Anotherimportantvariableisthemachinecapacity.”以及最后一段中“Findingtheexactamountoflaundrydetergentyouneedbasedonthehardnessofyourwater,thesizeofyourwashingmachineandthesizeofthelaundryloadmaytakeexperimentation.”等内容可知，文章主要围绕如何确定合适的洗衣液用量展开。C项“HowtoFigureOuttheRightAmountofLaundryDetergent”能概括文章内容，最适合作文章标题。C(2025·东北三省四市教研联合体高三模拟预测二)Manyoftheastronautsgoinguptospaceareamongthesmartestpeopleontheplanet.However,anewNASAstudyhasfoundasurprisingeffectofspacetravel—itmayactuallyslowdownthehumanbrain.Contrarytowhatyoumightexpect,researchersdiscoveredthatwhilespacetravelersorbittheEarth,theyexperiencesometemporarymentalslowdowns,includingprocessinginformationsloweranddifficultieswithattentionandmemory.Luckily,thestudyalsofindsspendingmonthsinspacedoesn'tpermanentlyscramble(打乱)anastronaut'scognitive(认知的)abilities.Theiroverallbrainperformanceremainsremarkablyresilient(有适应力的)．Thestudyexamined25professionalastronautswhospentanaverageofsixmonthsaboardtheInternationalSpaceStation.Scientiststrackedtheircognitiveperformancethroughaseriesofrigorous(谨慎的)testsdesignedtomeasureeverythingfromprocessingspeedtomemoryandattention.“WeshowthatthereisnoevidenceofanysignificantcognitiveimpairmentorneurodegenerativedeclineinastronautsspendingsixmonthsontheISS，”explainsDr.SheenaDev,thestudy'sleadresearcher,inamediarelease.Sowhatexactlychanged？Thinkofitlikeyourbrainrunningin“lowpowermode”．AstronautscompletedtasksjustasaccuratelyastheywouldonEarth,buttheytookslightlylongertoprocessinformation.Processingspeed,workingmemory,andattentionwerethemostaffectedcognitivefields—similartohowyoumightfeelafterastressfuldaywithoutenoughsleep.Themostinterestingbutunusualfindingishowquicklythebrainadapts.Someperformancechanges,likeslowerattentionspans,wereonlynoticeableearlyinthemission.Others,likereducedprocessingspeed,tookabitlongertoreturntonormalaftertheastronautsreturnedtoEarth.Theseinsightsaremorethanjustscientificcuriosity.AshumanitylookstowardambitiousmissionstotheMoonandMars,understandinghowthehumanbrainrespondstoextremeenvironmentsbecomescrucial.Thisresearchprovidesabaselineforfuturespaceexplorers,helpingmissionplannerspredictandreducepotentialcognitivechallenges.9．Howmayastronautsperformduringspacetravel?A．Theytakelongertorespondtothetasks. B．Theycompletetasksasquicklyasonearth.C．Theircognitiveabilitiesaredamagedheavily. D．Theyspendyearsrecoveringtheirphysicalhealth.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“impairment”inparagraph4probablymean?A．Improvement. B．Damage.C．Development. D．Change.11．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Astronauts'cognitiveabilitiesremainstablewherevertheyare.B．Astronauts'performanceinspaceismuchworsethanthatonEarth.C．Astronauts'attentionspanswerealwaysslowerinthespace.D．Astronauts'brainperformancecanreturntonormallater.12．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thelaterplansforspacemissions. B．Thedevelopmentofcognitivestudy.C．Thesignificanceofthestudy. D．Thefutureofspaceexploration.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了NASA的一项新研究发现，太空旅行可能导致宇航员出现短暂的认知减缓，但不会造成永久性损伤，且大脑具有恢复能力，最后强调了该研究对未来太空任务的意义。9．A细节理解题。根据第二段“Contrarytowhatyoumightexpect,researchersdiscoveredthatwhilespacetravelersorbittheEarth,theyexperiencesometemporarymentalslowdowns,includingprocessinginformationsloweranddifficultieswithattentionandmemory.”和第五段中的“AstronautscompletedtasksjustasaccuratelyastheywouldonEarth,buttheytookslightlylongertoprocessinformation.”可知，宇航员在太空旅行时完成任务的准确性和在地球上一样，但处理信息需要更长时间，也就是对任务的反应时间变长。10．B词句猜测题。根据第三段“Luckily,thestudyalsofindsspendingmonthsinspacedoesn'tpermanentlyscramble(打乱)anastronaut'scognitive(认知的)abilities.Theiroverallbrainperformanceremainsremarkablyresilient(有适应力的)．”可知，在太空待几个月不会永久性地损害宇航员的认知能力。11．D细节理解题。根据第三段“Luckily,thestudyalsofindsspendingmonthsinspacedoesn'tpermanentlyscramble(打乱)anastronaut'scognitive(认知的)abilities.Theiroverallbrainperformanceremainsremarkablyresilient(有适应力的)．”以及第五段中“Others,likereducedprocessingspeed,tookabitlongertoreturntonormalaftertheastronautsreturnedtoEarth.”可知，宇航员的大脑表现之后可以恢复正常。12．C段落大意题。根据最后一段“Theseinsightsaremorethanjustscientificcuriosity.AshumanitylookstowardambitiousmissionstotheMoonandMars,understandinghowthehumanbrainrespondstoextremeenvironmentsbecomescrucial.Thisresearchprovidesabaselineforfuturespaceexplorers,helpingmissionplannerspredictandreducepotentialcognitivechallenges.”可知，本段强调了这项研究的重要性。D(2025·河北省沧州市运东五校联考高三二模)Anewstudysuggestspeoplemightlikechatbot-producedpoemsfortheirsimpleandstraightforwardimages,emotionsandthemes.Inarecentexperiment,theresearcherstaskedOpenAI'sChatGPTwithgeneratingpoemsinthestylesoffamouspoets,thenpresented1,634participantswithtenpoems—fivehuman-writtenandfivechatbot-generated—andassessedhowpeopleratedthepoemsbasedon14qualities,includingrhythmandoriginality.Interestingly,theytendedtoratetheAI-generatedpoemshigheronaverage,suggestingapreferencefortheirstraightforwardnessandclarity.WhyreadersseemtopreferAI-generatedpoetryisnotentirelyclear,buttheresearchers'bestguessisthattheAIpoemsmaybemoreappealingbecausetheyarerelativelystraightforwardandsimpletocomprehend.“EmilyDickinsonsometimesbreakstheexpectedrhymescheme(韵律)onpurpose，”saysBrianPorter,aresearcherattheUniversityofPittsburgh,“ButtheAI-generatedpoemsinherstyleneverdidthatonce.”Besides,modernreadersdon'tseemtowanttobotherthemselvestoreaddeeptothinkcritically.Instead,theyprefertextsgivingtheminstantanswers.“WhenreaderssaytheypreferAIpoetry,theywouldseemtobeshowingtheirfrustrationwhenfacedwithwritingthatdoesnotyieldtotheirattention，”headds.WhilethefindingsraiseconcernsaboutAIpotentiallyreplacinghumanartistsandputtingthemoutofworkoneday,DorotheaLasky,theonlylivingpoetwhosewritingswereincludedintheexperiments,saysit'snotnecessarilyabadthingthatreadersenjoyedtheAI-generatedpoems.“Poetrywillalwaysbenecessary，”Laskysays,“IftheyreadAIpoemsandlikethatpoembetterthanahuman-generatedpoem,thenthat,tome,isbeautiful.Theyhaveagoodexperiencewithapoem,andIdon'tcarewhowroteit.Ifeelthereisroomforallpoets—evenrobotpoets.”Thisstudyprovidedaplatformfortheintersectionoftechnologyandcreativity,promptingreflectiononthefutureofpoetryandartisticexpression.13．Whydidtheresearchersconducttheexperiment?A．Tocreateatechnique. B．Toclarifyaconcept.C．Todetailanexample. D．Toconfirmafinding.14．WhatdoestheexampleofEmilyDickinsonimply?A．Robotsaremorecomplicatedthanhumans. B．AImeetsmodern