2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题

2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork.Todayisnodifferent,withacademics,writers,andactivistsonceagain______thattechnologyisreplacinghumanworkers.Someimaginethatthecomingwork-freeworldwillbedefinedby______.Afewwealthypeoplewillownallthecapital,andthemasseswillstruggleinanimpoverishedwasteland.Adifferentandnotmutuallyexclusive______holdsthatthefuturewillbeawastelandofadifferentsort,one______bypurposelessness:Withoutjobstogivetheirlives______,peoplewillsimplybecomelazyanddepressed.______,today’sunemployeddon’tseemtobehavingagreattime.OneGalluppollfoundthat20percentofAmericanswhohavebeenunemployedforatleastayearreporthavingdepression,doubletheratefor______Americans.Also,someresearchsuggeststhatthe______forrisingratesofmortality,mental-healthproblems,andaddictionamongpoorly-educatedmiddle-agedpeopleisshortageofwell-paidjobs.Perhapsthisiswhymany______theagonizingdullnessofajoblessfuture.Butitdoesn’t______followfromfindingslikethesethataworldwithoutworkwouldbefilledwithunease.Suchvisionsarebasedonthe______ofbeingunemployedinasocietybuiltontheconceptofemployment.Inthe______ofwork,asocietydesignedwithotherendsinmindcould______strikinglydifferentcircumstancesforthefutureoflaborandleisure.Today,the______ofworkmaybeabitoverblown.“Manyjobsareboring,degrading,unhealthy,andawasteofhumanpotential,”saysJohnDanaher,alecturerattheNationalUniversityofIrelandinGalway.Thesedays,becauseleisuretimeisrelatively______formostworkers,peopleusetheirfreetimetocounterbalancetheintellectualandemotional______oftheirjobs.“WhenIcomehomefromahardday’swork,Ioftenfeel______,”Danahersays,adding,“InaworldinwhichIdon’thavetowork,Imightfeelratherdifferent”—perhapsdifferentenoughtothrowhimself______ahobbyorapassionprojectwiththeintensityusuallyreservedfor______matters.1.[A]boasting[B]denying[C]warning[D]ensuring2.[A]inequality[B]instability[C]unreliability[D]uncertainty3.[A]policy[B]guideline[C]resolution[D]prediction4.[A]characterized[B]divided[C]balanced[D]measured5.[A]wisdom[B]meaning[C]glory[D]freedom6.[A]Instead[B]Indeed[C]Thus[D]Nevertheless7.[A]rich[B]urban[C]working[D]educated8.[A]explanation[B]requirement[C]compensation[D]substitute9.[A]leavebehind[B]makeup[C]worryabout[D]setaside10.[A]statistically[B]occasionally[C]necessarily[D]economically11.[A]chances[B]downsides[C]benefits[D]principles12.[A]absence[B]height[C]face[D]course13.[A]disturb[B]restore[C]exclude[D]yield14.[A]model[B]practice[C]virtue[D]hardship15.[A]tricky[B]lengthy[C]mysterious[D]scarce16.[A]demands[B]standards[C]qualities[D]threats17.[A]ignored[B]tired[C]confused[D]starved18.[A]off[B]against[C]into[D]behind19.[A]technological[B]professional[C]educational[D]interpersonalSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1EverySaturdaymorning,at9am,morethan50,000runnerssetofftorun5kmaroundtheirlocalpark.TheParkrunphenomenonbeganwithadozenfriendsandhasinspired400eventsintheUKandmoreabroad.Eventsarefree,staffedbythousandsofvolunteers.Runnersrangefromfouryearsoldtograndparents;theirtimesrangefromAndrewBaddeley’sworldrecord13minutes48secondsuptoanhour.ParkrunissucceedingwhereLondon’sOlympic“legacy”isfailing.TenyearsagoonMonday,theOlympicGamesopenedinLondontothesoundofmillionsofvoicescheering.Butthelegacyofthe2012Games—intendedtomaketheUKamoreactivenation—hasbeendisappointing.EvidencesuggeststhatnotonlydidalotofpeoplenottakeupsportaftertheGames,butthatparticipationratesinsomesportshaveactuallyfallen.Sportsparticipationhasdroppedamong16-to24-year-oldsinparticular.OfficialretrospectionscontinueastowhyLondon2012failedto“inspireageneration.”ThesuccessofParkrunoffersanswers.Parkrunisnotaracebutatimetrial:Youronlycompetitoristheclock.Theethosisinclusion:thereisnoqualifyingtime,nooneisexcluded.Asparticipantscompletetheir5kmrun,theygetatimeandtheirnamesappearonaresultspageonline.Theeventsarefree,accessibletoeveryone,andaresafeandfun.Itisasimple,low-costformula,butitworks.Parkrun’sreachisgrowing.Everyweek,morethan1,000peopleregisterforthefirsttime.Parkrunisalsoagoodexampleofhowtousesporttobridgethegapbetweendifferentagesandsocialclasses.It’sarun,notarace.UnliketheLondonOlympics,whichcostbillionstostage,Parkruneventsarecheaptoorganizeandarerunbyvolunteers.Perhapsmostimportantly,Parkrunworksbecauseitisnottiedtoasingleoutcome.Itisnotaboutwinninggoldbutaboutfinishing.TheOlympiclegacywassupposedtobeaboutmorethanjustsport—itwassupposedtobeaboutaculturalshift.Parkrunhasachievedthat.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Parkrunfeatures______.[A]itsscaleandpopularity[B]itsvarietyandinnovation[C]itsritualandregularity[D]itsaccessibilityandlowcost22.TheauthorbelievesthatLondon’sOlympic“legacy”hasfailedto______.[A]boostpopulationgrowth[B]promotesportparticipation[C]improvethecity’simage[D]increasesporthoursinschools23.ParkrunisdifferentfromOlympicGamesinthatit______.[A]aimsatdiscoveringtalents[B]focusesonmassparticipation[C]doesnotemphasizeelitism[D]doesnotattractfirst-timers24.WhydoesParkrunworkaccordingtotheauthor?[A]Itisnotlimitedtoaparticulargroupofpeople.[B]Ithasgainedgreatsupportfromthegovernment.[C]Itisoperatedbyprofessionalathletes.[D]Itappealstoawiderangeofpeople.25.Theauthor’sattitudetoParkrunis______.[A]critical[B]supportive[C]tolerant[D]uncertainText2Withsomuchfocusonchildren’suseofscreens,it’seasyforparentstoforgetabouttheirownscreenuse.“Techisdesignedtoreallysuckyouin,”saysJennyRadeskyinherstudyofdigitalplay,“anddigitalproductsaretheretopromotemaximalengagement.Itmakesithardtodisengage,andleadstoalotofbleed-overintothefamilyroutine.”Radeskyhasstudiedtheuseofmobilephonesandtabletsatmealtimesbygivingmother-childpairsafood-testingexercise.Shefoundthatmotherswhouseddevicesduringtheexercisestarted20percentfewerverbaland39percentfewernonverbalinteractionswiththeirchildren.Duringaseparateobservation,shesawthatphonesbecameasourceoftensioninthefamily.Parentswouldbelookingattheiremailswhilethechildrenwouldbemakingexcitedbidsfortheirattention.Infantsarewiredtolookatparents’facestotrytounderstandtheirworld,andifthosefacesareblankandunresponsive—astheyoftenarewhenabsorbedinadevice—itcanbeextremelydisconcertingforthechildren.Radeskycitesthe“stillfaceexperiment”devisedbydevelopmentalpsychologistEdTronickinthe1970s.Init,amotherisaskedtointeractwithherchildinanormalwayforafewminutes,thentoblankoutherfaceandnotgiveanyvisualorverbalfeedback.Thechildquicklybecomesdistressedandlooksawayorshowssignsofanger.Ontheotherhand,Tronickhimselfisconcernedthattheworriesaboutkids’screentimearebornoutofan“oppressiveideologythatdemandsthatparentsshouldalwaysbeinteracting”withtheirchildren:“It’sbasedonasomewhatfantasized,verywhite,verymiddle-classideologythatsaysifyou’refailingtoexposeyourchildto30,000wordsyouareneglectingthem.”Tronickbelievesthatjustbecauseachildisn’tlearningfromthescreendoesn’tmeanthere’snovaluetoit—particularlyifitgivesparentstimetohaveashower,dohouseworkorsimplyhaveabreakfromtheirchild.Parents,hesays,cangetalotoutofusingtheirdevicestospeaktoafriendorgetsomeworkdone.Thiscanmakethemfeelhappier,whichletsthembemoreavailabletotheirchildtherestofthetime.26.AccordingtoJennyRadesky,digitalproductsaredesignedto______.[A]simplifyroutinematters[B]absorbusers’attention[C]betterinterpersonalrelations[D]increaseworkefficiency27.Radesky’sfood-testingexerciseshowsthatmothers’useofdevices______.[A]takesawaybabies’appetite[B]distractschildren’sattention[C]reducesmother-childcommunication[D]slowsdownbabies’verbaldevelopment28.Whatdoesthe“stillfaceexperiment”suggestaboutchildren?[A]Theyaresensitivetoadults’emotionalsignals.[B]Theyarenotgoodattellingrightfromwrong.[C]Theyrelyonphysicalcontactforemotionalsupport.[D]Theycaneasilygetusedtoblankexpressions.29.TheoppressiveideologymentionedbyTronickrequiresparentsto______.[A]protectkidsfromexposuretowildfantasies[B]teachtheirkidsatleast30,000wordsayear[C]ensureconstantinteractionwiththeirchildren[D]remainconcernedaboutkids’useofscreens30.AccordingtoTronick,kids’screentimemay______.[A]giveparentssomefreetime[B]makeparentsmorecreative[C]helpkidswiththeirhomework[D]helpparentswiththeirhouseworkText3Today,widespreadsocialpressuretoimmediatelygotocollegeinconjunctionwithincreasinglyhighexpectationsinafast-movingworldoftencausesstudentstocompletelyoverlookthepossibilityoftakingagapyear.Afterall,ifeveryoneyouknowisgoingtocollegeinthefall,itseemssillytostaybackayear,doesn’tit?Andaftergoingtoschoolfor12years,itdoesn’tfeelnaturaltospendayeardoingsomethingthatisn’tacademic.Butwhilethismaybetrue,it’snotagoodenoughreasontocondemngapyears.There’salwaysaconstantfearoffallingbehindeveryoneelseonthesociallyperpetuated“racetothefinishline,”whetherthatbetowardgraduateschool,medicalschooloralucrativecareer.Butdespitecommonmisconceptions,agapyeardoesnothinderthesuccessofacademicpursuits—infact,itprobablyenhancesit.StudiesfromtheUnitedStatesandAustraliashowthatstudentswhotakeagapyeararegenerallybetterpreparedforandperformbetterincollegethanthosewhodonot.Ratherthanpullingstudentsback,agapyearpushesthemaheadbypreparingthemforindependence,newresponsibilitiesandenvironmentalchanges—allthingsthatfirst-yearstudentsoftenstrugglewiththemost.Gapyearexperiencescanlessentheblowwhenitcomestoadjustingtocollegeandbeingthrownintoabrandnewenvironment,makingiteasiertofocusonacademicsandactivitiesratherthanacclimationblunders.Ifyou’renotconvincedoftheinherentvalueintakingayearofftoexploreinterests,thenconsideritsfinancialimpactonfutureacademicchoices.AccordingtotheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics,nearly80percentofcollegestudentsendupchangingtheirmajorsatleastonce.Thisisn’tsurprising,consideringthebasicmandatoryhighschoolcurriculumleavesstudentswithapoorunderstandingofthevastacademicpossibilitiesthatawaitthemincollege.Manystudentsfindthemselveslistingonemajorontheircollegeapplications,butswitchingtoanotheraftertakingcollegeclasses.Takingagapyeartofigurethingsoutinitiallycanhelppreventstressandsavemoneylateron.31.Oneofthereasonsforhigh-schoolgraduatesnottakingagapyearisthat______.[A]theythinkitacademicallymisleading[B]theyhavealotoffuntoexpectincollege[C]itfeelsstrangetododifferentlyfromothers[D]itseemsworthlesstotakeoff-campuscourses32.StudiesfromtheUSandAustraliaimplythattakingagapyearhelps______.[A]keepstudentsfrombeingunrealistic[B]lowerrisksinchoosingcareers[C]easefreshmen’sfinancialburdens[D]relievefreshmenofpressures33.Theword“acclimation”(Line6,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto______.[A]adaptation[B]application[C]motivation[D]competition34.Agapyearmaysavemoneyforstudentsbyhelpingthem______.[A]avoidacademicfailures[B]establishlong-termgoals[C]switchtoanothercollege[D]decideontherightmajor35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsgapyearis______.[A]critical[B]supportive[C]neutral[D]ambiguousText4Thoughoftenviewedasaproblemforwesternstates,thegrowingfrequencyofwildfiresisanationalconcernbecauseofitsimpactonfederaltaxdollars,saysProfessorMaxMoritz,aspecialistinfireecologyandmanagement.In2015,theUSForestServiceforthefirsttimespentmorethanhalfofits$5.5billionannualbudgetfightingfires—nearlydoublethepercentageitspentonsuchefforts20yearsago.Ineffect,fewerfederalfundstodayaregoingtowardstheagency’sotherwork—suchasforestconservation,watershedandculturalresourcesmanagement,andinfrastructureupkeep—thataffectthelivesofallAmericans.Anothernationwideconcerniswhetherpublicfundsfromotheragenciesaregoingintoconstructioninfire-proneareas.AsMoritzputsit,howoftenarefederaldollarsbuildinghomesthatarelikelytobelosttoawildfire?“It’salreadyahugeproblemfromapublicexpenditureperspectiveforthewholecountry,”hesays.Weneedtotakeamagnifyingglasstothat.Like,“Waitaminute,isthisOK?”Dowewanttobesubsidizingthat?SuchaviewwouldrequireacorrespondingshiftinthewayUSsocietytodayviewsfire,researcherssay.Foronething,conversationsaboutwildfiresneedtobemoreinclusive.Overthepastdecade,thefocushasbeenonclimatechange—howthewarmingoftheEarthisleadingtoconditionsthatworsenfires.Whileclimateisakeyfactor,Moritzsays,itshouldn’tcomeattheexpenseoftherestoftheequation.“Thehumansystemsandthelandscapesweliveonarelinked,andtheinteractionsgobothways,”hesays.Failingtorecognizethat,henotes,leadsto“anoverlysimplifiedviewofwhatthesolutionsmightbe.Ourperceptionoftheproblemandofwhatthesolutionisbecomesverylimited.”Atthesametime,peoplecontinuetotreatfireasaneventthatneedstobewhollycontrolledandunleashedonlyoutofnecessity,saysProfessorBalchattheUniversityofColorado.Butacknowledgingfire’sinevitablepresenceinhumanlifeisanattitudecrucialtodevelopingthelaws,policies,andpracticesthatmakeitassafeaspossible,shesays.“We’vedisconnectedourselvesfromlivingwithfire,”Balchsays.“Itisreallyimportanttounderstandandtryandteaseoutwhatisthehumanconnectionwithfiretoday.”36.Morefrequentwildfireshavebecomeanationalconcernbecausethey______.[A]causeahugeriseinfederaltax[B]consumeagreatdealoffederalfunds[C]severelydamagetheecosystem[D]endangermanypeople’slives37.Moritzcallsfortheuseofa“magnifyingglass”to______.[A]raisemorefundsforfire-proneareas[B]avoidtheredirectionoffederalfunds[C]findwildfire-proneareasintheUS[D]examinethemisuseoffederalfunds38.Whileadmittingthatclimateisakeyfactor,Moritzarguesthat______.[A]publicdebateshavenotsettledyet[B]fire-fightingconditionsareimproving[C]otherfactorsshouldnotbeoverlooked[D]morefundsshouldbeusedforresearch39.Balchpointsoutthatfireissomethinghumanbeings______.[A]shouldgiveupcontrolover[B]cannolongerlivewithout[C]havetolivewith[D]mustkeepawayfrom40.Thepassageismainlyabout______.[A]thegrowingthreatofwildfiresintheUS[B]thehumanimpactonwildfires[C]thenecessityoffightingwildfires[D]thecontrolofwildfiresintheUSPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ThedeclineinAmericanmanufacturingisacommonrefrain,particularlyfromDonaldTrump.“Wedon’tmakeanythinganymore,”hetoldFoxNews,whiledefendinghisownmade-in-Mexicoclothingline.Withoutquestion,manufacturinghastakenasignificanthitduringrecentdecades,andfurthertradedealsraisequestionsaboutwhethernewshockscouldhitmanufacturing.Butthereisalsoadifferentwaytolookatthedata.Whilethemanufacturingsectorhasshrunkasashareoftheeconomy,ithasgrowninabsoluteterms,accordingtotheBureauofEconomicAnalysis.Manufacturingoutputhasrisenby50percentsince1987,afteradjustingforinflation.Andwhilethenumberofmanufacturingjobshasfallenbyaboutathirdsince1980,non-manufacturingjobshaveincreasedbyroughlytwicethatamount.Keepinmindthatimportsarenottheonlyreasonforthedeclineinmanufacturingjobs.Competitionfromabroadhasforcedmanufacturingtobecomemoreefficient.ForfactoriesthatremainintheUS,workersaremoreproductivethanever.Manufacturingproductivityhasincreasedby50percentsince1987.Ifyoucanmakemorestuffwithfewerpeople,youdon’tneedasmanyworkers.Atthesametime,someofthejobsthatwereoncedonebymanufacturingworkershavebeenautomated.Forexample,thefirstautomaticelevatorwasintroducedin1900.Beforethat,elevatoroperatorswereneededineverybuildingwithanelevator.Today,thosejobsaregone.Overall,theUSeconomyhasseenashiftfrommanufacturingtoservices.Since1980,theservicesectorhasgrownfrom64percentofGDPto79percent.ButthisshiftisnotuniquetotheUS.Otherdevelopedeconomieshaveseensimilarchanges.Ifanything,theUShasdonebetterthanmost.From1990to2015,manufacturingemploymentfellby31percentintheUS,comparedwith18percentinJapanand30percentinGermany.Also,thedeclineinmanufacturingjobshasbeenoffsetbyotherjobgains.EmploymentintheUSisactuallyatanall-timehigh.So,whiletherearerealchallengesinAmericanmanufacturing,itisalsoimportanttorecognizethatitisnotincompletedecline.41.DonaldTrump42.TheBureauofEconomicAnalysis43.Competitionfromabroad44.Thefirstautomaticelevator45.Otherdevelopedeconomies[A]notesthattheUSmanufac