高二英语上学期期末真题分类汇编《阅读理解之说明文》含答案

高二英语上学期期末真题分类汇编《阅读理解之说明文》含答案说明：本汇编精选全国各地区高二英语上学期期末真题中的说明文篇目，涵盖科普知识、社会现象、科技发明、文化习俗等高频话题，贴合高二英语教学重点和考试趋势。每篇文章配套完整题目、标准答案及详细解析，助力学生针对性突破阅读理解说明文题型，提升解题能力和应试技巧。第一部分经典基础题（适配基础巩固）Passage1（23-24高二上·湖南娄底·期末）原文Manypeoplecannotlivewithoutmoderntechnologyproducts,especiallytheirsmartphones.Theyusedevicestostayincontactwithfamilyandfriendswhiledriving.Themostcommonmethodofcommunicationisbysendingwrittenmessages,acustomknownastexting.AnewstudysuggeststhatmorethanhalfofU.S.parentsbelievetextingwhiledrivingacarorothervehiclesisunsafe.Yetmostofthosequestionedsaidtheydoitanyway.Thefindingwasreportedearlierthismonthinascientificpublication.Researchersquestioned435parentsfromacrosstheUnitedStates.ReganBergmark,wholedthesurvey,saidthatmanypeoplebelievetextingwhiledrivingisunsafebuthavealsolikelydoneit.Infact,thesurveyfoundthat52percentofmillennial(千禧年的)parentssaidtheythoughtitwas“never”safetotextanddrive.Thesamegoesfor58percentofolderparents.Butalmosttwo-thirdsofparentsreportedreadingtextswhiledriving,andmorethanhalfofthemhavealsowrittentexts.Millennialparentsweremorelikelytouseemailwhiledrivinganddrivefasterthanthespeedlimit.“Theproblemwithsmartphonesisthattheyhavebecomeanunavoidablepartofdailylifeformostpeople,”Regansaid.“Manypeopleareexpectedtobereachablebyphoneoremailimmediately,tobereachablefortheirchildrenorwork.Beingaresponsibleadultthereforeoftenmeansalwaysbeingreachable-yetwealsoknowthatwhiledriving,beingreachablecarrieswithittheriskofacrash.”Ingeneral,itisneversafetouseasmartphonewhiledriving.ThereareanumberofAPPsthatcanhelptolimitdistracted(分心的)drivingbydisablingphonefeatureswhenthevehicleisinmotion.Thesimplestthingtodoisputthephoneoutofsightandoutofreachtoreducethetemptation(诱惑)todrivedistractedly.题目WhatisthemainproblemdescribedinParagraph2?

A．Peopleusesmartphonestokeepintouchwithothers.

B．Peopletendtodrivefasterthanthespeedlimit.

C．Peopletendtowritetextmessagesratherthanuseemail.

D．Peopleusesmartphoneswhiledrivingdespitethedanger.

WhatcanweinferfromRegan’swords?

A．Peopleinmodernsocietycan’tlivewithoutsmartphones.

B．Peopleareexpectedtobereachableeverysecond.

C．It’sunwisetobealwaysreachablewhiledriving.

D．It’sdangeroustodrivebecauseoftheriskofacrash.

Inthelastparagraph,theauthormeansto.

A．summarizethepreviousparagraphs

B．providesomeadviceforthereaders

C．addsomebackgroundinformation

D．introduceanewtopicfordiscussion

Whereisthetextmostlikelyfrom?

A．Anovel.

B．Aguidebook.

C．Ascientificreport.

D．Amedicalmagazine.

答案1.D2.C3.B4.C解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“AnewstudysuggeststhatmorethanhalfofU.S.parentsbelievetextingwhiledrivingacarorothervehiclesisunsafe.Yetmostofthosequestionedsaidtheydoitanyway.”可知，第二段主要描述的问题是：尽管知道开车时使用手机不安全，但大多数人仍然这样做。D选项符合文意，其余选项均未体现“明知危险仍为之”的核心，故选D。推理判断题。根据第四段Regan的话“Beingaresponsibleadultthereforeoftenmeansalwaysbeingreachable-yetwealsoknowthatwhiledriving,beingreachablecarrieswithittheriskofacrash.”可知，Regan认为，人们希望随时能被联系到，但开车时保持可联系状态会带来撞车风险，由此可推断，他认为开车时始终保持可联系状态是不明智的。C选项正确；A选项是原文直接陈述的内容，并非推断；B选项“everysecond”过于绝对，原文未提及；D选项曲解文意，原文强调的是“开车时使用手机”有危险，而非“开车本身有危险”，故选C。推理判断题。最后一段提到“itisneversafetouseasmartphonewhiledriving”，并给出了具体建议：使用APP限制手机功能、将手机放在视线外和够不到的地方，由此可知，作者在最后一段的目的是给读者提供避免开车分心的建议。B选项正确，其余选项均不符合段落内容，故选B。推理判断题。文章围绕一项关于“开车时使用手机”的研究展开，引用了研究负责人的话、研究数据，并在最后给出建议，符合科学报告的文体特征。A选项“小说”、B选项“指南手册”、D选项“医学杂志”均不符合文意，故选C。Passage2（23-24高二上·内蒙古呼和浩特·期末）原文Metal-organicframeworks(MOFs)arecompounds(化合物)thataresettosolvesometoughchallenges:producingwaterinthedesert,removinggreenhousegasesfromtheairandstoringdangerousgasesmoresafely.ThedesertinArizonaisreallydry.Anyonestuckinitwithoutwaterwoulddiefromdehydration(脱水)withinthreedaysunlesshehadoneofOmarYaghi'snextgenerationwaterharvesters,whoisachemistatUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Althoughdaytimehumidity(湿度)isonlyabout10percent,thisrisesto40percentatnight,whichmeansthere'senoughwaterintheatmospheretosupportlife—ifitcanbetransformedintotheliquidform.That'sexactlywhatYaghi'sinventiondoes.It'saboutthesizeofasmallmicrowaveoven,designedtosuckwaterfromtheairatnightandturnitintodrinkingwaterthenextdayusingonlytheheatofthesunasitspowersource.WhatmakesitworkisaspecialmaterialcalledaMOF,whichatnormaltemperaturesattractswatermolecules(分子)ontothesurfaceofitsinternalsmallholes.Warmitupandyoucangetthewater,andeachharvesterproducesonethirdofacupofpuredrinkingwater.“Adeviceaboutthesizeofawashingmachinecouldproduceenoughwaterforthebasicneedsofahousehold,”saysYaghi.Thesecrystalline(结晶的)groupsofmetalslinkedbyorganicmoleculescanbemadeintomaterialswithanextremelyhighabsorptionability,attractingspecificmoleculestotheirsurfaces.Inthisway,MOFsclingtoavarietyofliquidsandgases.MOFsworkthankstotheirdistinctivestructures.Infact,oneMOFaboutthesizeofasugarcubehassomanysmallholesthattheywouldcoveranareaaslargeassixfootballfields.MOFsarealsoextremelystable,lightandhavemanydifferentuses:Theirmolecularstructurescanbevariedtoattractspecificmolecules.AddingasmallamountofheatorpressurecausestheMOFtogivewhatit'sholding.Morethan70,000differentMOFshavebeenproducedforvariousapplications.题目WhyisthedesertinArizonamentionedinthesecondparagraph?

A．Tointroducewaterharvesters.

B．Tostresstheimportanceofwater.

C．Toshowtheseverityofitscondition.

D．Toexpresstheurgentneedforwaterthere.

Whatplaysavitalroleinwaterharvesters?

A．Solarenergy.

B．Watermolecules.

C．Metal-organicframeworks.

D．Internalsmallholes.

Whichcanexplaintheunderlinedphrase“clingto”inParagraph4?

A．Referto.

B．Tendto.

C．Holdonto.

D．Turninto.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A．TheintroductiontotheMOFtechnology.

B．ThefutureoftheMOFtechnology.

C．TheimprovementtotheMOFtechnology.

D．ThefunctionsoftheMOFtechnology.

答案1.A2.C3.C4.A解析推理判断题。第二段先描述了亚利桑那州沙漠极度干燥的环境，随后引出OmarYaghi的下一代集水器，说明该集水器能在沙漠中将空气中的水分转化为饮用水，由此可知，提及亚利桑那州沙漠是为了引出集水器这一发明。A选项正确；其余选项均未体现“引出发明”的核心目的，故选A。细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“WhatmakesitworkisaspecialmaterialcalledaMOF”可知，使集水器发挥作用的关键是一种名为MOF（金属有机框架）的特殊材料，即MOF在集水器中起着至关重要的作用。C选项正确，其余选项均不是核心关键，故选C。词义猜测题。根据前文“Thesecrystallinegroupsofmetalslinkedbyorganicmoleculescanbemadeintomaterialswithanextremelyhighabsorptionability,attractingspecificmoleculestotheirsurfaces.”可知，MOF具有极高的吸收能力，能将特定分子吸引到其表面，由此可推断，“clingto”在此处意为“吸附、附着”，与“Holdonto”（抓住、附着）意思相近。A选项“参考”、B选项“倾向于”、D选项“变成”均不符合语境，故选C。主旨大意题。文章开篇介绍MOF是一种能解决多种难题的化合物，随后通过集水器的例子说明MOF的作用，接着详细介绍了MOF的工作原理、结构特点和多种用途，整体围绕MOF技术展开介绍。A选项“MOF技术介绍”符合主旨；B选项“MOF技术的未来”、C选项“MOF技术的改进”原文未提及；D选项“MOF技术的功能”只是文章的部分内容，并非主旨，故选A。第二部分优选提升题（适配能力拔高）Passage3（23-24高二上·江苏南通·期末）原文Asageothermal(地热)scientist,Iknowthatboilingriversexist—buttheyarealwaysnearvolcanoes.Youneedalotofheattomakethatmuchwaterboil.Wewereworkinginthevolcanicgap,a950-mile-longareathatcoversmostofPeru,wheretherehaven’tbeenvolcaniceruptionsforthepasttwomillionyears.Yet,we’dfoundtheShanaya,anameoriginatedfrom“heatingthing”.Mymeasurementsaveraged190°F-195°F.Thelocalsthinkit’ssohotbecauseoftheYacumama,or“watermother”—aspiritwhogivesbirthtowaters—representedbyasnake-head-shapedrockattheoriginoftheheatedwater.Ihadtocutmywaythroughthebushatthesideoftherivertotaketemperaturereadings.Allthewhile,rightnexttomewasthisveryhot,fast-flowingbodyofwater.Afriendatthenearestvillagehadtoldme,“Useyourfeetlikeeyes.”Youcan’tseeheat,butyoucanfeelitwhenyoustepnearit.Iworesandals(凉鞋).Iwasatapartoftherivermeasuring210°F,standingonarockthesizeofasheetofpaper,whentherainfell.Itwaslikeacurtainrising.Thetemperaturedifferencebetweentherainandtherivercausedawhiteout(临时性失明).Icouldn’tsee,butIwhistledtoletmypartnerknowIwasOK.At130°F,fleshcooks,andthewateraroundmewasnearingtwicethat.Myeyeswouldhavecookedinlessthanaminute,andIcouldn’thaveseenhowtogetout.Isawratsfallin,theireyesturningmilkywhite.Ikeptwhistling.After15minutestherainstoppedandthesteamcleared.Aheavyraininmostsituationswouldhavebeennothingimportant.Here,foramatterofminutes,itthinnedthelinebetweenresearchingandbeingboiledalive.题目Whatdothelocalsthinkcausesthewatersohot?

A．Thehightemperature.

B．Animaginarycreature.

C．Thevolcaniceruptions.

D．Thegeologicalconditions.

Whydidtheauthorcuthiswaythroughthebushbesidetheriver?

A．Togetsomerelateddata.

B．Tolookintowildlifearoundtheriver.

C．Toknowaboutthequalityofthewater.

D．Toappreciatethebeautifulscenerythere.

Forwhatreasondidtheauthorwhistlewhenitrained?

A．Hewasintrouble.

B．Hecouldstandonarock.

C．Nothingwaswrongwithhim.

D．Helikedthenaturalphenomenon.

Whatisthebesttitleforthearticle?

A．AHardRain

B．MilkyWhiteEyes

C．BoilingRiver

D．WaternearVolcanoes

答案1.B2.A3.C4.C解析细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Thelocalsthinkit’ssohotbecauseoftheYacumama,or‘watermother’—aspiritwhogivesbirthtowaters—representedbyasnake-head-shapedrockattheoriginoftheheatedwater.”可知，当地人认为河水滚烫是因为“水母亲”（Yacumama），这是一种虚构的神灵，即一种想象中的生物。B选项正确；A选项“高温”是河水的特征，并非原因；C选项“火山爆发”，原文提到该地区两百万年没有火山爆发，排除；D选项“地质条件”是科学家研究的方向，并非当地人的观点，故选B。细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Ihadtocutmywaythroughthebushatthesideoftherivertotaketemperaturereadings.”可知，作者穿过河边的灌木丛是为了测量河水的温度，即获取相关数据。A选项正确，其余选项均不符合文意，故选A。细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Icouldn’tsee,butIwhistledtoletmypartnerknowIwasOK.”可知，下雨时作者看不见，但他吹口哨是为了让同伴知道自己没事。C选项正确，其余选项均不符合文意，故选C。主旨大意题。文章围绕作者发现的一条滚烫的河流（Shanaya）展开，介绍了河流的温度、当地人对其的认知，以及作者在河边测量温度时遇到的危险经历，核心话题是“滚烫的河流”。C选项“BoilingRiver”（滚烫的河流）适合作为标题；A选项“一场大雨”、B选项“乳白色的眼睛”只是文章中的细节；D选项“火山附近的水”与原文不符，原文提到该河流所在地区没有火山爆发，故选C。Passage4（23-24高二上·浙江湖州·期末）原文Withtherapiddevelopmentofdigitaltechnology,moreandmorepeopleareturningtodigitalreading,suchasreadinge-books,newsonmobilephonesandarticlesonsocialmedia.However,agrowingnumberofstudieshaveshownthatdigitalreadingisnotaseffectiveasprintreadingintermsofcomprehensionandmemory.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Thisleadstoshallowercomprehensionandweakermemoryofthecontent.Forexample,whenreadinganovelonamobilephone,peoplearemorelikelytoskipparagraphs,checkmessagesorswitchtootherapps,whichinterruptstheirreadingprocessandreducestheirabilitytounderstandtheplotandcharacters.Anotherreasonforthedifferenceisthephysicalnatureofprintmaterials.Paperhasatangible(可触摸的)qualitythatdigitalscreenslack.Whenreadingabook,peoplecanfeeltheweightofthebook,thetextureofthepaperandthepositionofthepages,whichhelpsthemformamentalmapofthecontent.Thismentalmapmakesiteasierforpeopletorecallinformationlater.Incontrast,digitalscreensareflatanduniform,providingfewersensorycues(感官提示)forthebraintoprocess.Furthermore,thedesignofdigitaldevicesalsoaffectsreadingefficiency.Manydigitalplatformsarefilledwithpop-upads,notificationsandlinks,whicheasilydistractreaders.Thesedistractionsmakeitdifficultforpeopletofocusonthecontentanddeeplyengagewiththetext.Ontheotherhand,printbookshavenosuchdistractions,allowingreaderstoconcentratefullyonthereadingmaterial.Itisimportanttonotethatdigitalreadingisnotcompletelyuseless.Itisconvenientandefficientforquickaccesstoinformation,suchascheckingnewsheadlinesorlookingupaword.However,forin-depthreadingandlong-termmemory,printreadingisstillabetterchoice.Educationexpertssuggestthatpeople,especiallystudents,shouldbalancedigitalreadingandprintreadingtogetthemostoutoftheirreadingexperience.题目Whatdoesthe“shallowinghypothesis”mainlyexplain?

A．Whydigitalreadingislesseffectivethanprintreading.

B．Howpeopledevelopamindsetforsocialmedia.

C．Whatinterruptsthereadingprocessondigitaldevices.

D．Howtoimprovecomprehensionindigitalreading.

Whatadvantagedoprintmaterialshaveoverdigitalscreens?

A．Theyaremoreconvenienttocarry.

B．Theyprovidemoresensorycues.

C．Theyareeasiertoreadforalongtime.

D．Theyhavemoreinterestingcontent.

Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsdigitalreading?

A．Critical.

B．Supportive.

C．Objective.

D．Doubtful.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A．Thebenefitsofprintreading.

B．Theriseofdigitalreading.

C．Thedifferencesbetweendigitalandprintreading.

D．The