兽医专业英语（扬州大学）作业2

Cytokines细胞因子Cytokinesareproteinssecretedbythecellsofinnateandadaptiveimmunity

thatmediatemanyofthefunctionsofthesecells.Cytokinesareproducedinresponsetomicrobesandotherantigens,anddifferentcytokinesstimulatediverseresponsesofcellsinvolvedinimmunityandinflammation.细胞因子是先天性和获得性免疫细胞所分泌的蛋白，调节这些细胞多种功能。细胞因子的产生是为了应答微生物和其他抗原，并且不同的细胞因子刺激参与免疫和炎症反应的细胞多种应答。

Intheactivationphaseofimmuneresponses,cytokinesstimulatethegrowthanddirrerentiation（分化）oflymphocytes,andintheeffectorphasesofinnateandadaptiveimmunity,theyactivatedifferenteffectorcellstoeliminatemicrobesandotherantigens.在免疫应答的激活阶段，细胞因子刺激淋巴细胞的发育与分化，在先天免疫和适应性免疫的效应阶段，细胞因子激活不同的效应细胞来消除微生物和其他抗原。

Cytokinesalsostimulatethedevelopmentofhematopoieticcells.Inclinicalmedicine,cytokinesareimportantastherapeuticagentsorastargetsforspecificantagonistsinnumerousimmuneandinflammatorydiseases.细胞因子也刺激造血细胞的发育。在临床医学，细胞因子作为治疗药物或特殊对抗药的靶物在多种免疫性疾病和炎症疾病中有重要作用。

Thenomenclatureofcytokinesisoftenbasedontheircellularsources.Cytokinesthatareproducedbymononuclearphagocytesaresometimescalledmonokines,andthoseproducedbylymphocytesarecommonlycalledlymphokines.cells.细胞因子是根据其细胞来源来命名。单核巨噬细胞产生的细胞因子有时候叫做单核因子，淋巴细胞产生的细胞因子通常称为淋巴因子。Withtheadventof（随着…的出现）molecularcloning,ithasbecomeclearthatthesameproteinmaybesynthesizedbylymphocytes,monocytes,andavarietyoftissuecells,includingendothelialcellsandsomeepithelialcells.随着分子克隆的出现，已逐渐明了的是，相同的细胞因子可能由淋巴细胞、单核细胞和包括内皮细胞和上皮细胞在内的多种组织细胞合成。Therefore,thegenerictermcytokineshasbecomethepreferrednameforthisclassofmediatorsbecausemanycytokinesaremadebyleukocytes(e.g.,macrophagesorTcells)andactonotherleukocytes,theyarealsocalledinterleukins(IL).

因为许多细胞因子由白细胞（如巨噬细胞或T细胞）合成并作用于其他白细胞，因此通用术语细胞因子已经成为这类介质的首选名称，它们也可称为白细胞介素。Thistermisimperfect,becausemanycytokinesthataresynthesizedonlybyleukocytesandthatactonlyonleukocytesarenotcalledinterleukins,forhistoricalreasons,whereasmanycytokines

calledinterleukins

aremadebyandactoncellsotherthanleukocytes.这种术语是不完全的，因为由于历史原因许多只由白细胞合成并且只作用于白细胞的细胞因子并不叫做白细胞介素，反而许多叫做白细胞介素的细胞因子并非由白细胞生成并不作用于白细胞。Nevertheless,thetermhasbeenusefulbecause

asnewcytokinesaremolecularlycharacterized,theyareassignedanILnumber(e.g.,IL-1,IL-2;andsoon)tomaintainasantdardnomenclature.Cytokinesarealsoincreasinglyusedinclinicalsituationsandinanimalstudiestostimulateorinhibitinflammation,immunity,andhematopoiesis.Inthissetting,cytokinesareoftenreferredtoasbiologicresponsemodifier