mckinsey- 健康跨度科学可以让所有人过上更健康的生活 Healthspan science may enable healthier lives for all

Mckinsey

HealthInstitute

Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall

Biomedicalinterventionsthatmateriallyaffecttheagingprocessandimprovehealthoutcomesmayemergeinthefuture.Stakeholderscanshapetheirrolesinthispotentiallytransformativefieldnow.

August2025

Contents

2

Executivesummary

5

Chapter1:Healthspanscienceisanincreasinglyplausiblefieldforinvestment

13

Chapter2:Sevenshiftscanhelp

advancethefield

25

Chapter3:Broadstakeholderinvolvementcould

accelerateprogresstowardenhancedhealthspanforall

32

Glossary

2Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall

3Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall

Executivesummary

Authors

ChrisAnagnostopoulosHemantAhlawat

LarsHartensteinRachelMoss

“Healthspan”referstotheyearsoflifespentingoodorgreathealthand

freefromseriousdiseasesordisabilities.Anestablishedbodyofevidence

showsthatnutrition,sleep,physicalactivity,appropriatestresslevels,social

connection,andaconduciveenvironmentallowpeopletolivemoreyearsingoodhealthandimprovetheiroveralllongevity.Now,innovatorsareinvestigating

complementarybiomedicaltoolsintendedtohelppeopleremainhealthyfor

longer.TheMcKinseyHealthInstitute(MHI)hasextensivelyexaminedthe

driversthatincreasehealthspan,withparticulardeepdivesonthefocusareasofbrainhealth,metabolichealth,andwomen’shealth.Thisspecificreportwillnotlookatbehavioralorecosystemdriversofhealthandinsteadfocusentirelyon

biomedicalinnovationtargetingbiologicalagingprocesses—whichcouldhaveimplicationsformanyanglesofhumanhealth,includingtheseareas.

Healthspanscience,1whichfocusesonbiomedicalinnovationsthattargetthe

biologicalagingprocessandcontributetohealthylongevity,isafast-growing

field.Thefive-yearaverageforinvestmentquadrupledinthepastdecade,and

clinicaltrialinitiationhasgrown27percentoverfiveyears,leadingtoapipelineofseveralhundreddrugcandidates.2Thefieldisexpectedtocontinuegrowing,butthereisnoconsensusonwhenbiomedicalinnovationsthatcanmeaningfullytargetfundamentalagingprocessesarelikelytoemerge.

Improvedhealthspanscouldhaveenormousbenefitsonsociety.Age-related

diseases—includingcancers,neurodegenerativeconditionssuchasAlzheimer’s,andmusculoskeletalconditionssuchasarthritis—accountformorethan600

milliondisability-adjustedlifeyears(DALYs)3annually,orone-thirdofthetotal

globalburdenofdisease.4Addressinghalfofthisburdencouldleadtofewer

earlydeathsandlesstimespentinpoorhealth,anditcouldtranslatetoasmuchasabout$2trillion5inannualGDPupliftduetoincreasedemploymentfrom

1Inthisreport,weusetheterm“healthspanscience”torefertobiomedicalinnovationsthattargettheagingprocess.Othertermsinclude“geroscience,”“precisiongeromedicine,”and“healthylongevityscience.”

2McKinseyanalysisof2024longevityandhealthspandatafromClinicalTandPitchBook.

3OneDALYrepresentsthelossofoneyearoffullhealth.DALYsarethesumofyearsoflifelostduetoprematuremortalityandyearsoflifelivedwithdisability.

4McKinseyHealthInstituteanalysisofGlobalBurdenofDisease2022data;AngelaY.Chang,“Measuringpopulationageing:AnanalysisoftheGlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2017,”TheLancetPublicHealth,

March2019,Volume4,Number3.

5MHIanalysis.Calculatedinascenario-basedsimulationsizingthreeeffects:increaseoflifeexpectancy

(“extending”),decreaseoflifetimespentinpoorhealth,anddecreaseoflifetimeinmoderateratherthan

goodhealth(“lifting”and“squaringthecurve”).Datasourcescomprisehealthylifeexpectancydata,WHOdata,healthsystemdata,life-expectancydataformorethan20,000administrativeregionsglobally,and

Prioritizinghealth:Aprescriptionforprosperity,McKinseyGlobalInstitute,July8,2020.TheMcKinsey

HealthInstitute’saspirationtoaddsixyearsofhigher-qualitylifeonaveragegoessignificantlybeyond

delayingtheaverageonsetofdiseasefrom,forexample,55to65yearsmentionedinthePrioritizinghealthreport.

anexpandedadultworkforce.Thepotentialtoenablepeopletolivehealthierforlongerthroughnewtoolsismorerelevantnowassocietieslooktoaddressshiftingdemographics,lowerbirthrates,andsmaller

dependencyratios,whichareputtingsocialsecurityandhealthsystemsatrisk.6

Toaccelerateprogressinhealthspanscienceandrealizethepotentialbenefitstheseinnovationscouldhaveonsociety,thefieldcouldadvanceeffortsacrosssevendimensions:

1.Fielddefinitionandperception.Stakeholderscanalignwithoneanothertoestablishanarrativefocusedonhealthspanthathelpsconveymeasuredoptimismandisfullybackedbyscience.

2.Fundamentalunderstandingofagingbiology.Stakeholderscanorchestrateaglobalresearchagenda

thatfocusesonareaswiththemostpotentialanddetermineshowtoacceleratethem.ThisresearchcanbesupportedbyAI,machinelearning(ML),andcomprehensivedatasets.

3.Biomarkerconsensus.Stakeholderscouldbuildaconsensusonwhichprioritybiomarkerscouldserveassurrogateendpointsforclinicaltrialstobenchmarkinterventions.

4.Translationandclinicaldevelopment.Healthspanscienceneedsmoreclinical-developmentexpertise.

EmbeddingAIandcutting-edgeR&Dapproaches,suchasAI-driveniterativetestingsystems,

innovativetrialdesign,and“reversetranslating”bymakingbiospecimensanddatafromtrialsavailabletobasicscientistscanenablediscoveriesofnewclinicaltargetsandtheunderlyingcausesofage-

relateddiseases.

5.Regulatorypathways.Healthspan-relatedtherapiesneedaneworexistingcharteredapprovalpathtoenablepopulationstoaccesssafeandeffectiveinnovativesolutions.

6.Deriskedinvestment.Researchfunders,pharmaceuticalcompanies,andblue-chiplifescienceinvestorscouldworkalongsideventurecapitalistsandhigh-net-worth-individualsorphilanthropiststoprovide

expertise,scale,andstability.

7.Evidence-basedpracticeandtalent.Stakeholderscanhelpdeveloppractitionertalentglobally,

includinghealthspan-orientedcliniciansandresearchersaswellasamongacademicleaders(for

example,universitypresidents,deans,healthsystemCEOs),tofacilitateclinicaldevelopmentandpublicaccesstoinnovativehealthspaninterventions.

Ofcourse,progressonbiomedicaltoolsshouldnotreducethefocusonbetteraddressingandrefiningpotentiallifestyledriversofhealthspan,suchassleep,exercise,stress,andnutrition.Theseshould

continuetobeexploredinconjunctionwithanyemergingtools.

It’sworthaskingwhethernowistherighttimeforabroadersetofstakeholderstoinvestinhealthspan

science.Ontheonehand,thepotentialislarge;ontheotherhand,thereareuncertaintiesthatare

difficultforanyindividualplayertomanage.Concertedactionandcoalitionsacrosssectorscouldbethe

6“Dependencyanddepopulation?Confrontingtheconsequencesofanewdemographicreality,”McKinseyGlobalInstitute,January15,2025.

Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall4

5Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall

mosteffectivewaytoadvancethefield.Eachstakeholdercouldcontributeitsuniquecapabilities—for

example,thedevelopmentexpertiseofpharmaceuticalcompanies;theinnovationcapabilitiesandagilityofbiotechcompanies;thetrainingandresearchcapabilitiesofuniversitiesandhospitals;thescaleand

experienceoftraditionallifesciencesinvestors;thepolicy,regulatory,andfundingrolesofgovernment;andthefinancialresourcesthatphilanthropistsandfoundationscanaccess.

Moreover,technologycompaniescanadvanceAIanddatacapabilitiesinthefield,andpayerscanprovidecommercialmodelswhilestewardingthepopulationhealthimpactofinterventions.Thepubliccanalso

haveavoiceinthefield—consumersarebecomingincreasinglyinterestedinmarketsrelatedtohealthylongevity,suchassupplementsandhealth-relatedwearables.

Togetstarted,cross-stakeholdercollaborationcouldaddressspecificthemes,potentiallyunderthe

umbrellaofanaccelerationcoalition.Forexample,blendedfinancecanscaleinvestmentinhealthspan

sciencebyimprovingriskprofilesforinvestors.Aglobaldatacollaborationcouldhelpdevelopandconnectdatasetstoestablishfit-for-purposeendpointsandsignal-seekingtrialsontheinterventionswiththe

mostpotential.

Mainstreamlifesciencesinvestors,governments(includingregulators),researchfunders,mediaoutlets,

ethicists,andthepublichaveanopportunitytobetterunderstandhealthspanscience,realizetheconcrete

benefitsofinvestinginthefield,andprepareforapossiblefutureinwhichbiomedicalinterventionswillhaveameaningfulimpactontheagingprocessandthemultipledisordersanddiseaseslinkedtofundamentalagingmechanisms.

Thisreportisintendedtoinitiateaconversationonthepotentialchoicesahead,bringingtogether

stakeholderswithinthefieldandthosecurrentlyoutside.Allhaverolestoplay,andallstandtobenefitfrominvestinginhealthylongevity.

Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall6

fieldforinvestment

1

Healthspanscienceisanincreasinglyplausible

It’scommonknowledgethat“lifespan”referstohowlongapersonlives.Alessdiscussed,

complementary,andincreasinglyimportanttimeframeis“healthspan,”ortheperiodoflifeapersonspendsingoodorgreathealth.TheMcKinseyHealthInstitute(MHI)hasidentifiedanopportunityforhumanitytoaddasmanyas45billionextrayearsofhigher-qualitylifeoverthenextdecade,which

isroughlysixyearsperperson,onaverage.

7

Theopportunitymaybegreaterforspecificgroups.Forexample,womenlivelongerthanmenbutspendmoreyearsinpoorhealth.

8

Healthspanandtheimpactofage-relateddiseases

Age-relateddiseasesandconditions,suchascardiovascular,cancer,orsenseorgandiseases,accountforapproximately633milliondisability-adjustedlifeyears(DALYs)

9

annually,orone-thirdofthetotal

globalburdenofdisease,accordingtoMHIanalysis(Exhibit1).

Ifinterventionscouldaddresshalfofthisburden,ashareachievedbymaturetherapeuticareas(TAs)

suchascardiovasculardisease,theycouldhelprecoverabout$2trillion

10

inGDP.Thiswouldresultfromfewerprematuredeathsandimprovedfunctionalhealthinlaterlife.Inturn,agreaternumberofolder

adultscouldenjoyhealthierlivesinthecommunity,contributingmeaningfullytosociety—including,butnotlimitedto,extendedparticipationintheworkforce.

Almost15percentoftheglobalpopulationisexpectedtobe65orolderby2040,upfrom10percent

today.

11

Arapidlyagingpopulationmeansitismoreimportantthanevertofocusnotonlyonlifespanbutalsoonincreasingthenumberofyearspeoplespendingoodhealth.

12

Thetopicisrisingontheglobal

agenda:InternationalbodiessuchastheUnitedNationsandtheWorldEconomicForumhavebeen

activelypromotinghealthylongevityasatopic,makingthefieldmorerelevantthaneverandpotentiallyripeforinvestment.

Inaddition,latentconsumerdemandforsolutionsthataddressage-relatedpoorhealthishuge.Peoplewanttobuyproductsthathelpthemstayingoodhealthforlonger.AccordingtoMcKinsey’s2025FutureofWellnessSurvey,upto60percentofconsumerrespondentsconsiderhealthyagingorlongevitytobea“top”or“very

important”priority.

13

7Calculatedinascenario-basedsimulationsizingthreeeffects:increaseoflifeexpectancy(“extending”),decreaseoflifetimespentinpoorhealth,

anddecreaseoflifetimeinmoderateratherthangoodhealth(“lifting”and“squaringthecurve”).Datasourcescomprisehealthylifeexpectancydata,WHOdata,healthsystemdata,life-expectancydataformorethan20,000administrativeregionsglobally,andPrioritizinghealth:Aprescriptionforprosperity,McKinseyGlobalInstitute,July8,2020.TheMcKinseyHealthInstitute’saspirationtoaddsixyearsofhigher-qualitylifeonaveragegoessignificantlybeyonddelayingtheaverageonsetofdiseasefrom,forexample,55to65yearsmentionedinthePrioritizinghealthreport.

8KweilinEllingrud,LucyPérez,AnoukPetersen,andValentinaSartori,Closingthewomen’shealthgap:A$1trillionopportunitytoimprovelivesandeconomies,McKinseyHealthInstitute,January2024.

9OneDALYrepresentsthelossofoneyearoffullhealth.DALYsarethesumofyearsoflifelostduetoprematuremortalityandyearsoflifelivedwithdisability.

10MHIanalysisbasedonascenario-basedsimulationleveragingWorldBankGDPpercapitadata(2022)andInternationalLabour

Organizationlaborforceparticipationrateandunemploymentratedata(2022).Calculatedusingthreefactors:boostedlaborsupply

fromlowermortality(additionalpopulationavoidedforages15andupmultipliedbylaborforceparticipation,employmentrate,andGDPperemployedperson);boostedlaborsupplyfromlowermorbidity(additionaltimeinyearslivedwithdisabilitysavedforages15andup

multipliedbyemploymentrateandGDPperemployedperson);andgrowthinworkforcesupplyfromincreasedlaborforceparticipationinoldercohorts(increaseinparticipationof65–69agegroupmultipliedbyincrementallaborforceparticipationrate,employmentrate,andGDPperemployedperson,witha50percentdiscountfactor).

11“UNPopulationDivisionDataPortal,”UnitedNations,accessed2022;MartinDewhurst,KatherineLinzer,MadelineMaud,andChristophSandler,“Livinglongerinbetterhealth:Sixshiftsneededforhealthyaging,”McKinseyHealthInstitute,November11,2022.

12AndrewScottpositsthatmorehealthyyears—referredtoasacompressionofmorbidity—ismorevaluabletopeopleandsocietythan

extendedlifeexpectancies;seeAndrewScott,MartinEllison,andDavidSinclair,“Theeconomicvalueoftargetingaging,”NatureAging,2021,Volume1.Scott’scalculationsaremadebasedonwillingnesstopay,whichtakesintoaccountthevalueofeachreminingyearoflife,includingqualityoflife(forexample,health,consumption,andleisure),andsurvivalrate(todiscounttopresent-dayconsiderations).

13“The$2trillionglobalwellnessmarketgetsamillennialandGenZglow-up,”McKinsey,May29,2025.

7Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall

Exhibit1

Age-relateddiseasesaccountforone-thirdofthetotalglobalburdenofdisease.

Age-relatedDALYburdenbreakdownbytherapeuticarea(TA),2022,1million

Contributionto

overallTADALYs,%

Cardiovascular

Cancer

Senseorgandiseases

Neurologicaldisorders

Chronic

respiratorydisease

Injuries

Communicablediseases(inclmaternal)

Diabetesand

kidneydisease

Other2

Total

249

140

47

46

37

36

26

23

28

57

54

61

41

34

16

9

18

13

633

633

millionDALYs

~Totalage-related

DALYs~2.5xgreater

thanthoseofoncology

Note:DALYsaredisability-adjustedlifeyears.Figuresdonotsumtototal,becauseofrounding.

1CalculatedbytakingtheDALYsof92age-relateddiseasesoutlinedin2019Lancetpaperwithagegroups<5excluded(eg,maternalandneonataldisorders),thenremovingnon-age-relatedDALYsattributedtoenvironmentalandoccupationalfactors(eg,pollution,chemicalexposure)andselectedbehavioralfactors(eg,smoking,alcoholabuse),andfinallyremovingremainingbaselineDALYsnotlinkedtoaging(forages<40).

2Includesdigestivediseases,skinandsubcutaneousdiseases,andothernoncommunicablediseases.

Source:“GlobalBurdenofDisease,”InstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation,2022;D.ScottKehler,“Age-relateddiseaseburdenasameasureofpopulationageing,”TheLancetPublicHealth,March2019,Volume4,Number3;McKinseyHealthInstituteanalysis

McKinsey&Company

Healthspanscienceasacomplementarytoolforhealthylongevity

Healthspanscienceisthepursuitofextendinghealthspanandimprovingfunctionbyusingbiologicalormedicaltoolstointerveneintheprocessesofaging.

Individualscurrentlyhaveaccesstoawealthofevidence-basedstrategiesthatcanextendtheir

healthspananddelaytheonsetofage-relateddiseases,butthesestrategiescanbechallengingtoadopt.

14

Changesinhabits,suchasmaintainingabalanceddietandgettingregularexercise,areoftendifficultto

committo,canbemorechallengingforsomepeoplethanothersbasedonsocioeconomicstatusandothersocialdeterminantsofhealth,andcancometoolateforindividualswhohavebeenlesshealthyforalong

time.Healthspanscienceaimstocomplementandexpandtheseexistingtools.

14Ofthe20-plusmodifiabledriversofhealthidentifiedbytheMcKinseyHealthInstitute,themajoritysitoutsidehealthcaresystemsandrequireavirtuouscircleofindividualandinstitutionalactions.SeeLarsHartensteinandTomLatkovic,“Thesecrettogreathealth?Escapingthe

healthcarematrix,”McKinseyHealthInstitute,December20,2022.

Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall8

Healthspanscienceisthepursuit

ofextending

healthspan

andimproving

functionbyusingbiologicalor

medicaltoolsto

interveneinthe

processesofaging.

9Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall

Researchershaveoutlined14interactingbiologicalprocessesthatcontributemosttoaging,dubbed

the“hallmarksofaging”(Exhibit2).

15

Therapeuticinterventionsthattargetthehallmarksofagingcould

potentiallyhelpslowdownbiologicalagingprocesses.Forexample,theassociationbetweencellular

senescenceandmultiplediseases,suchasAlzheimer’s,Parkinson’s,andkidneydiseases,

16

hasspurred

researchonsmallchemicalcompoundsthatselectivelykillsenescentcellsthatcouldotherwiseacceleratetheprogressionofage-relateddiseases.

17

Typically,interventionsononehallmarkalsoactonother

hallmarks.

Agingisasystemicprocess,andhallmarksareonlypartofthepuzzle.Asresearchadvances,additionalprocessescontinuetobediscovered,suchasaperson’sinfectionresilienceandtheroleofgerogenes

andgerosuppressors.

18

Beyondcellularpathways,psychosocialisolationisalsoconsideredahallmarkofaging,emphasizingtheimportanceofparticipatinginsocietyforolderadults.

19

Nonetheless,thehallmarksareacceptedasahelpfulframeworkwithinhealthspanscience,particularlytoidentifypotentialtargetsinclinicaldevelopment.Severalongoingclinicaltrialshavefocusedondrugsthattargetspecificage-relateddiseases—forexample,senolyticsandrapalogs,whicheliminateorsuppresssenescentcells.

20

Humanshavehistoricallyshownahope-inducedsusceptibilitytolongevitycures,fallingvictimtoclaimsaboutreversedagingwithnoscientificbacking.

21

Ourjudgmentisbiasedwhenitcomestotopicssoclosetothe

coreofourexistenceandmortality.Itisthereforecriticaltoengagewithhealthspansciencetodifferentiateevidencefromhypeandcultivateaclearunderstandingofthecurrentstateofthefield,itspractical

applications,andthemostpromisingdirectionsforfuturedevelopment(seesidebar“Healthspanthroughapublichealthlens”).

Healthspanscienceisgrowingfastyetstillinearlystages

Thehealthspanfieldisnascentandalongwayfrommaturity:Forexample,nohealthspan-relateddrugorclinicalinterventionhasyetreachedthemarket,andthereismuchmoretounderstandaboutthebiologyofaging.Atthesametime,therearepocketsofconcreteopportunityacrossdrugrepurposing,

22

using

existingmechanismsofaction(MOAs)forhealthspan-relatedpurposes,andexploringnewMOAs.

Still,healthspansciencehasgrownquicklyandhasacommittedcoreecosystemofstakeholders.Progresshasbeenmaderecentlyinthefieldacrossscience,clinicaltrials,andinvestment:

—Thefirstninehallmarksofagingwereconceptualizedin2013.Thankstoasignificantuptakeinresearchactivity,thelistwasexpandedin2023and2025.

23

In2013,approximately180publishedpapers

referencedhealthylongevity.Approximately1,300referencedthetopicin2024.

24

15CarlosLópez-Otínetal.,“Hallmarksofaging:Anexpandinguniverse,”Cell,January2023,Volume186,Number2.

16MozhdehMehdizadehetal.,“Theroleofcellularsenescenceincardiacdisease:Basicbiologyandclinicalrelevance,”NatureReviewsCardiology,October19,2022.

17YiZhuetal.,“TheAchilles’heelofsenescentcells:Fromtranscriptometosenolyticdrugs,”AgingCell,August2015,Volume14,Number4(reportsthediscoveryofsenolytics).

18GuidoKroemeretal.,“Fromgerosciencetoprecisiongeromedicine:Understandingandmanagingaging,”Cell,2025,Volume188,Number8.

19“Agingwithpurpose:Whymeaningfulengagementwithsocietymatters,”McKinseyHealthInstitute,October23,2023;YiZhuetal.,“TheAchilles’heelofsenescentcells:Fromtranscriptometosenolyticdrugs,”AgingCell,August2015,Volume14,Number4.

20CarlosLópez-Otínetal.,“Hallmarksofaging:Anexpandinguniverse,”Cell,January2023,Volume186,Number2.

21Historicalandmythologicalpursuitsoflongevityfrequentlyledtoextraordinarybutmisguidedefforts.Notably,MesopotamianKingGilgamesh’squestforeternalyouthendedindisappointmentwhenhelostthemythicalyouth-restoringplant.Similarly,LinusPauling’swidelypublicizedvitaminCregimeninthe1980s,initiallypromisingsignificantlifespanextension,waslaterscientificallydisproven,underscoringtheimportanceofevidence-basedapproachesinlongevityresearch.

22Includingdrugsindevelopmentpipelines.

23CarlosLópez-Otínetal.,“Thehallmarksofaging,”Cell,June2013,Volume153,Number6;CarlosLópez-Otínetal.,“Hallmarksofaging:Anexpandinguniverse,”Cell,January2023,Volume186,Number2.

24MHIanalysisbasedonPubMedsearch.

Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall10

Exhibit2

Fourteenbiologicalprocessescontributethemosttoagingandaffectdifferentsystems.

Hallmark

Definition

Genomicinstability

AccumulationofDNAdamageandthelossofabilitytorepairdamage

Telomereattrition

Telomereshorteningwitheachcelldivisioncycle,compromisinggenomicintegrity

Epigeneticalterations

Changestohowgenesareexpressedovertime,triggeredbyenvironmentalinfluences

Lossofproteostasis

Reducedregulation,causingreducedcellviabilityandmisfoldedproteins

Disabledmacro-autophagy

Declineincellularabilitytodeliverdamagedorganellesandproteinsfordegradation

Stemcellexhaustion

Declineintissuerenewalaswellasimpairedtissuerepairuponinjury

Alteredintercellularcommunication

Loss,misinterpretation,orignoringofthesignalingbetweencells,interruptingnormaltissuefunctionandrepair

Chronicinflammation

Increaseininflammatorycytokinesandbiomarkerswithimmunedecline

Dysbiosis

Disruptioningutbacterialcomposition,distribution,andactivities

Extracellularmatrix(ECM)changes

Deposition,degradation,andmodificationofECMcomponents

Deregulatednutrientsensing

Cellularinabilitytosensewhatnutrientsareathandandcommunicatewithothersystems

Mitochondrialdysfunction

Functionaldeterioration,causinganincreaseinreactiveoxygenspecies

Cellularsenescence

Cessationofcelldivisionwhilemetabolicallystillactive,damagingotherhealthytissues

PsychosocialisolationEnfeeblementofsocialandaffectivebonds,aswellastheirpsychologicalorpsychiatricconsequences

Note:Aginghallmarksarenotexhaustive,andunderstandingofotherbiologicalprocessesofagingcontinuestoevolve(eg,understandingoftheroleofextracellularmatrixgeneexchange).

Source:GuidoKroemeretal.,“Fromgerosciencetoprecisiongeromedicine:Understandingandmanagingaging,”Cell,2025,Volume188,Number8

Mckinsey&company

11Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall

—Investmenthasincreased,withthefive-yearaverageforbiotechfinancingquadruplingoverthepastdecadefromarangeofinvestortypes—predominantlyventurecapital(VC)firms(Exhibit3).25

—Thefive-yearaveragefortrialinitiationinthefieldofhealthylongevityhasgrownbyapproximately27percentsincethe2013–17period.Drugtrialsrepresent74percentofthisactivity,whiletheremainingactivityisdedicatedtosupplements,digitalsolutions,andlifestyleinterventions.26

25MHIanalysisof2024longevityandhealthspandatafromClinicalTandPitchBook.

26“TheRejuvenationRoadmap,”LifespanResearchInstitute,updatedAugust27,2024.

Exhibit3

Investmentinhealthspansciencehasincreasedsignificantlysince2013.

Healthspanscienceclinicaltrialsinitiatedin5-yearhorizons,cumulative,phasesI–IV,2013–22

Biotechfinancinginthe

healthspanfield,5-yearaverage

+27%

2013–172018–22

4×

increasefrom

$1billionduring2013–17to

$3.9billion

in2018–22

Source:ClinicalT

;PitchBook

McKinsey&Company

Healthspanthroughapublichealthlens

Becausethehealthspansciencefieldisinearlystageswithoutapprovedbiomedicalinnovations,healthspan-relatedproductsandmarketsavailabletodayhavebeendrivenbyconsumerdemand.Accesstodriversofhealthylongevitysuchasgoodnutritionisalreadyunequalwithinandacrosssocieties,andifhealthspansciencesolutionsarenotwidelyaccessible,innovationscouldexacerbatetheseinequitiesandbenefitonlythefewwhocanaffordthem.

Tomaximizesocietalbenefit,anymeaningfuladvancesinhealthspanscienceshouldbemadewithaviewtopublichealth.Earlyexam-plesofthisparityincludereflectionsonhowtoprovidehealthy-longevitymedicalservicesinpublichospitals.1Asthefielddevelops,

concertedeffortswillberequiredtopragmaticallyaddresspotentialinequities(includinginR&Dtoensurethatemergingtoolsworkfordiversepopulations,thatsex-baseddifferencesaretakenintoaccount,andthatpeoplehaveequitableaccesstothesetools)andethicalconcerns(includingthebiologicalpurposeofdeathandbroadersocietalconsiderationsoflongerlives).

1SaraL.R.Bonnesetal.,“Establishinghealthylongevityclinicsinpubliclyfundedhospitals,”GeroScience,October2024,Volume46,Number5.

Healthspansciencemayenablehealthierlivesforall12