工程硕士研究生英语基础教程unit6

Unit6PartAText(Engineering)PartBGrammar(动名词)PartCSupplementaryReading(ThisTITANICFLOATS!)CompanyLogoI.

BackgroundInformation

1.

IndustrialRevolution

TheIndustrialRevolutionwasaperiodfromthe18thtothe19thcenturywheremajorchangesinagriculture,manufacturing,mining,transportandtechnologyhadaprofoundeffectonthesocioeconomicandculturalconditionsstartingintheUnitedKingdom,thensubsequentlyspreadingthroughoutEurope,NorthAmerica,andeventuallytheworld.TheonsetoftheIndustrialRevolutionmarksthemajorturningpointinhumanhistory;almosteveryaspectofdailylifewaseventuallyinfluencedinsomeway.Mostnotably,averageincomeandpopulationbegantoexhibitunprecedentedsustainedgrowth.Inthetwocenturiesfollowing1800,theworld'saverageincomeincreasedover10-fold,whiletheworld'spopulationincreasedover6-fold.Startinginthelaterpartofthe18thcenturytherebeganatransitioninpartsofGreatBritain'spreviouslymanuallaboranddraft-animal–basedeconomytowardsmachine-basedmanufacturing.CompanyLogoItstartedwiththemechanisationofthetextileindustries,thedevelopmentofiron-makingtechniquesandtheincreaseduseofrefinedcoal.Tradeexpansionwasenabledbytheintroductionofcanals,improvedroadsandrailways.Theintroductionofsteampowerfuelledprimarilybycoal,widerutilizationofwaterwheelsandpoweredmachinery(mainlyintextilemanufacturing)underpinnedthedramaticincreasesinproductioncapacity.Thedevelopmentofall-metalmachinetoolsinthefirsttwodecadesofthe19thcenturyfacilitatedthemanufactureofmoreproductionmachinesformanufacturinginotherindustries.TheeffectsspreadthroughoutWesternEuropeandNorthAmericaduringthe19thcentury,eventuallyaffectingmostoftheworld,aprocessthatcontinuesasindustrialisation.Theimpactofthischangeonsocietywasenormous.CompanyLogoThefirstIndustrialRevolution,whichbeganinthe18thcentury,mergedintotheSecondIndustrialRevolutionaround1850,whentechnologicalandeconomicprogressgainedmomentumwiththedevelopmentofsteam-poweredships,railways,andlaterinthe19thcenturywiththeinternalcombustionengineandelectricalpowergeneration.TheperiodoftimecoveredbytheIndustrialRevolutionvarieswithdifferenthistorians.SometwentiethcenturyhistorianssuchasJohnClaphamandNicholasCraftshavearguedthattheprocessofeconomicandsocialchangetookplacegraduallyandthetermrevolutionisnotatruedescriptionofwhattookplace.Thisisstillasubjectofdebateamonghistorians.GDPpercapitawasbroadlystablebeforetheIndustrialRevolutionandtheemergenceofthemoderncapitalisteconomy.TheIndustrialRevolutionbegananeraofper-capitaeconomicgrowthincapitalisteconomies.EconomichistoriansareinagreementthattheonsetoftheIndustrialRevolutionisthemostimportanteventinthehistoryofhumanitysincethedomesticationofanimalsandplants.CompanyLogo

2.TheMiddleAges

TheMiddleAges(adjectivalform:medievalormediæval)isaperiodofEuropeanhistoryfromthe5thcenturytothe15thcentury.TheperiodfollowedthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpirein476,andprecededtheEarlyModernEra.Itisthemiddleperiodinathree-perioddivisionofhistory:Classical,Medieval,andModern.Theterm"MiddleAges"wascoinedinthe15thcenturyandreflectstheviewthatthisperiodwasadeviationfromthepathofclassicallearning,apathsupposedlyreconnectedbyRenaissancescholarship.CompanyLogoTheEarlyMiddleAgessawthecontinuationoftrendssetinLateAntiquity,depopulation,andincreasedbarbarianinvasion.NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast,oncepartoftheEasternRomanEmpire,wereconqueredbyIslam.Laterintheperiod,theestablishmentofthefeudalsystemallowedareturntosystemicagriculture.TherewassustainedurbanizationinnorthernandwesternEurope.DuringtheHighMiddleAges(c.1000-1300),Christian-orientedartandarchitectureflourishedandCrusadesweremountedtorecapturetheHolyLand.Theinfluenceoftheemergingnation-statewastemperedbytheidealofaninternationalChristendom.Thecodesofchivalryandcourtlylovesetrulesforproperbehavior,whiletheScholasticphilosophersattemptedtoreconcilefaithandreason.OutstandingachievementinthisperiodincludestheCodeofJustinian,themathematicsofFibonacciandOresme,thephilosophyofThomasAquinas,thepaintingofGiotto,thepoetryofDanteandChaucerandthearchitectureofmanygreatcathedralssuchasNotreDamedeParis.CompanyLogo3.JamesWatt,FRS,FRSE(19January1736–25August1819)wasaScottishinventorandmechanicalengineerwhoseimprovementstotheNewcomensteamenginewerefundamentaltothechangesbroughtbytheIndustrialRevolutioninboththeKingdomofGreatBritainandtheworld.WhileworkingasaninstrumentmakerattheUniversityofGlasgow,Wattbecameinterestedinthetechnologyofsteamengines.Herealizedthatcontemporaryenginedesignswastedagreatdealofenergybyrepeatedlycoolingandre-heatingthecylinder.Wattintroducedadesignenhancement,theseparatecondenser,whichavoidedthiswasteofenergyandradicallyimprovedthepower,efficiency,andcost-effectivenessofsteamengines.Hedevelopedtheconceptofhorsepower.TheSIunitofpower,thewatt,wasnamedafterhim.Wattattemptedtocommercializehisinvention,butexperiencedgreatfinancialdifficultiesuntilin1775heenteredapartnershipwithMatthewBoulton.ThenewfirmofBoultonandWattwaseventuallyhighlysuccessfulandWattbecameawealthyman.Inretirement,Wattcontinuedtodevelopnewinventionsthoughnonewereassignificantashissteamenginework.Hediedin1819attheageof83.CompanyLogoII.LanguagePoints1.Engineeringistheprofessionthatputsscientificknowledgetopracticaluse.

profession:(i)anoccupationrequiringspecialeducation(especiallyintheliberalartsorsciences)n.职业,自由职业e.g.Medicineisherdestinedprofession.医学是她命中注定要从事的职业。(ii)thebodyofpeopleinalearnedoccupation同业,同行e.g.Thelegalprofessionhas[have]alwaysresistedchange.法律界人士对变革总是加以抵制。

parctical:guidedbypracticalexperienceandobservationratherthantheoryadj.

明智的,

实际的,

实用的,

事实上的e.g.Apracticalpersondoesnotspendhismoneyandtimefoolishly.一个有头脑的人是不胡乱花钱和虚度光阴的。(ii)n.

实践考试

e.g.Hispracticalatthehospitalwentwellenough.他在医院的实习进行得相当好。CompanyLogo2.

Engineershavehadadirectroleinthecreationofmostofmoderntechnology—thetools,materials,techniques,andpowersourcesthatmakeourliveseasier.Here“thetools,materials,techniques,andpowersourcesthatmakeourliveseasier”isesedasanappositive,inwhichehereisanattributiveclause,“thatmakeourliveseariser.CompanyLogo3.Forexample,engineeringprojectsrangefromtheconstructionofhugedamstothedesignoftinyelectroniccircuits.range/rangefrom…to…:(i)n.①.一系列e.g.Arangeofbuildingshavesprungupalongtheriver.沿河建起了一排楼房。②变化幅度,范围e.g.Severalcarsareavailablewithinthispricerange.在这个价格范围内,有好几种汽车可供选购。(ii)vi.①.变化e.g.Pricesrangefrom￡6to￡10.价钱从六英镑到十英镑不等。②延伸；伸展；排成一排e.g.Highwillowsrangedalongthehighway.高大的柳树排列在公路两旁。CompanyLogo4.Theydevelopcomplexscientificequipmenttoexplorethereachesofouterspaceandthedepthsoftheoceans.

thereachesofouterspace:theareasofouterspace5.

Theymayworktoreduceenvironmentalpollution,increasetheworld'sfoodsupply,andmaketransportationfasterandsafer.

Thissentenceisnotedthattherearethreeinfinitivesusedasadverbialofpurpose,inwhichtwo“to”havebeenomittedtoavoidrepetition.CompanyLogoCompanyLogo7.Peopleinventedfarmingtools,designedelaborateirrigationnetworks,andbuiltthefirstcities.

elaborate:(i)markedbycomplexityandrichnessofdetailadj.

详尽的

e.g.Helaunchedintoanelaborateexplanationofhistheory.他开始详尽地阐发他的理论。(ii)adddetails,astoanaccountoridea;clarifythemeaningofanddiscourseinalearnedway,usuallyinwritingv.

详细地说明

e.g.Shewentontoelaborateherargument.她进而详尽阐述了她的论点。Usefulexpression:elaborateon

详细说明elaborateupon详细说明CompanyLogoirrigation:supplyingdrylandwithwaterbymeansofditchesetc.n.

灌溉

e.g.Waterischannelledthroughaseriesofirrigationcanals.把水引入一系列灌溉渠中。Weusedthemoneytosetupanirrigationproject.我们把钱用在兴建灌溉工程上了。Usefulexpression:floodingirrigation

洪水灌溉;溢流灌溉sewageirrigation

污灌CompanyLogoCompanyLogo9.Earlyengineersusedsuchsimplemachinesastheinclinedplane,wedge,andwheelandaxle.Herearethreeexamplesofsimplemachines,whichare1)inclinesplane,2)wedgeand3)wheelandaxle.plane（i)水平,程度;标准;（思想、存在或发展的）水平,程度,阶段e.g.Keepyourworkonahighplane.把你的工作保持在高水平上。(ii).平面e.g.Parallellinesare,bydefinition,linesonthesameplanethatneverjoin.按照定义说,平行线是在同一平面上永不相交的线。(iii)木工刨；刨子wedge：n.

楔e.g.Putawedgeunderthedoorsothatitwillstayopen.在门下面插个楔,好让门开着。axle：

n.1.轮轴,车轴e.g.Awheelspinsonanaxle.轮子在轴上旋转。CompanyLogo10.ThegrowinginterestinnewtypesofmachinesandnewsourcesofpowertodrivethemhelpedbringabouttheIndustrialRevolutionofthe1700sand1800s,duringwhich,theirroleexpandedrapidly.

bringabout:causetomoveintotheoppositedirection;

causetohappen,occurorexist;produce,giverisev.

带来,

引起e.g.Hiswiseinvestmentofhiscapitalhadbroughtaboutagreatchangeinhislife.他对资本的精明投放已使他的生活发生巨变。Thedoctorscouldn'tbringaboutareal(iepermanent)cure.这些医生都无根治良方。CompanyLogo11.DistinctbranchesofengineeringbegantodevelopduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

distinct:clearlyorsharplydefinedtothemind,clear-cut,trenchantadj.

明显的,

清晰的,

不同的e.g.Althoughtheylooksimilar,theseplantsareactuallyquitedistinctfromeachother.尽管这些植物看去来很相似,实际上却属于不同的种类。Thereisadistinctposibilitythatshe'llbeyourteachernextterm.她下学期当你们的老师的可能性非常大。Usefulexpression:distinctfrom

与...截然不同

bedistinctfrom

与...有差别CompanyLogo【词义辨析】apparent,

obvious,

evident,

clear,

plain,

distinct,

definite,

manifest这些形容词均含“清楚的，明白的，明显的”之意。

apparent:

强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。

obvious:

语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。

evident:

指根据事实成为显然的。

clear:

普通用词，侧重清楚明白。

plain:

普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。

distinct:

较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。

definite:

语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。

manifest:

语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。CompanyLogo12.Mechanicalengineersemergedasspecialistsinindustrialmachinery,andminingandmetallurgicalengineerswereneededtosupplymetalsandfuels.

metallurgical:oforrelatingtometallurgy;metallurgicadj.

冶金的,

冶金学的e.g.Amaterialaddedinsmallamountsduringachemicalormetallurgicalprocesstoabsorbimpurities.吸气剂以少量加入化学或冶金过程中用来吸收杂质的物质Ametallurgicalcoatingprocessinwhichironorsteelisimmersedinapowderofanothermetal,suchaszinc,chromium,oraluminum,andheatedtoatemperaturebelowthemeltingpointofeither.渗碳处理一种冶金镀膜工序，在此工序中把钢或铁浸入另一种金属如锌、铬或铝的粉剂里，并加热至这一金属的熔点温度以下

CompanyLogo13.Artificialhearts,airplanes,computers,lasers,nuclearenergy,plastics,spacetravel,andtelevisionareonlyafewofthescientificandtechnologicalbreakthroughsthatengineershavehelpedbringaboutinthiscentury.

Theclause,“thatengineershavehelpedbringaboutinthiscentury”istheattributivepartwhichmodigies“breakthroughs”CompanyLogo14.Becausescienceandtechnologyareprogressingandchangingsorapidly,today'sengineersmuststudythroughouttheircareerstomakesurethattheirknowledgeandexpertisedonotbecomeobsolete.

obsolete:nolongerinus;e

disusedadj.

已废弃的,

过时的e.g.Thearmyplanstophaseouttheequipmentasitbecomesobsolete.军队计划淘汰这些设备，因为它们已经报废了。Ourserviceisobsolete,requiringrootandbranchreform.我们的服务已经过时，需要从根本上进行改革。

CompanyLogoCompanyLogo17.Manyengineersworkonprojectsinteamsthatincludescientists,technicians,andotherengineers,however,someengineersactasindependentconsultantswhoselltheirservicestopeoplewhoneedengineeringassistance.Inthesentencetherearethreeattributiveclauses,“thatincludescientists,technicians,andptherengineers”areusedtomodify“teams”,“whoselltheirservicestopeople”nad“whoneedengineeringassistance”aretomodify“consultants”and“people”respectively.CompanyLogo

consultant:anexpertwhogivesadvice,adviser,advisorn.

顾问,咨询者

e.g.Ofalltheconsultants,onlyMr.Wanggaveussomeproposalsinpoint.所有的顾问当中，只有王先生提了一些中肯的建议。Theconsultantwasawomanwhohadmanyunansweredquestions.这个女性咨询者有许多有待解决的问题。Usefulexpression:technicalconsultant

技术顾问

consultantservice咨询服务CompanyLogo18.Theyshouldbecuriousaboutthe"how"and"why"ofnaturalandmechanicalthingsandcreativeinfindingnewwaysofdoingthings,abletoanalyzeproblemssystematicallyandlogicallyandtocommunicatewell—bothorallyandinwriting,andwillingtoworkwithinstrictbudgetsandmeettightdeadlines.

Inthislongsentence,“theyshouldbe”isfollowedby3predicatives,1)“curiousabout…”2)“ableto…”and3)“willingto…”,“the‘how’and‘why’of”means“thewayandreasonof..”CompanyLogobudget:n.

预算

Congresshasapprovedtheneweducationalbudget.国会通过了新的教育预算。vt.

编预算,

为...做预算;为...做预算Thegovernmenthasbudgeted10000000poundsforeducationspending.政府将1千万英镑编入教育预算。Thegovernmentplanstobudgetanewhospital.政府计划在预算中拨款建一家新医院。vi.

节省开支

Ifwebudgetcarefully,we'llbeabletoaffordanewhouse.如果我们精打细算就能买一座新房子了。adj.

廉价的,

不贵的Youcanbuyhigh-qualitygoodsatbudgetpricesthere.你可以在那买到物美价廉的商品。CompanyLogo

deadline:thepointintimeatwhichsomethingmustbecompleted

n.

最后期限

e.g.Ihopewecanfinishthisbeforethedeadline.我希望我们能在最后期限之前完成这项工作。Shewasworkinginhastetomeetthedeadline.她匆忙工作是为了赶上最后期限。Wepulledoutallthestopstomeetthedeadline.我们竭尽全力在截止日期前完成了工作。CompanyLogoPartBGrammar(Gerunds动名词）动名词如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词，那么这个词称动名词。动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。由于动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍保留着动词的某些特征，具有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。

CompanyLogo动名词的结构1.动名词的否定结构动名词的否定结构由not动名词组成。如：

Tryingwithoutsuccessisbetterthannottryingatall.实验没有成功也比不实验好。

Ifancyithasdoneyoualotofgoodnotgoing.我看不去对你倒好了。（notgoing是动名词一般式的否定形式）

Thereisnodenyingthefactthathesidiligent.（nodenying也是动名词一般式的否定）。CompanyLogo2.动名词复合结构通常情况下，动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构，这种结构在句中可以作主语，宾语等。（1）逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。如：

Doyouthinkmygoingtherewillbeofanyhelp?你看我去会有什么帮助吗？（宾语）

Thestudent’sknowingEnglishwellhelpshiminlearningFrench.这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。（主语）（2）逻辑主语是无生命名词是，通常只用名词普通格。如：

Doyouheartherainpatteringontheroof?你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗？(3)

逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词thisthat,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时，只用普通格。如：

Shewaswokenupbysomebodyshoutingoutside.她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

CompanyLogo动名词的形式动名词的形式有三种：一般式，完成式和被动式(1)动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓areveryinterestedincollectingstamps.我们对集语动词表示的动作之后。如：

We邮很感兴趣。但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词after,on,upon,或for之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：

IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。(2)动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。

Heregretsnothavingtakenpartinthework.他后悔没有参加这项工作。(3)动名词的被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时，用被动语态。如：

Ilikebeinggivenharderwork.我喜欢接受难点的工作。CompanyLogo动名词的逻辑主语

带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如：Hercomingtohelpencouragedallofus.他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。(=Thatshecametohelpencouragedallofus.)在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：

Wouldyoumindmy/meusingyourcomputer?用下你的电脑介意吗？在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：

a.无命名词

Thebabywasmadeawakebythedoorsuddenlyshutting.这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。

b.有生命名词但表示泛指意义

Haveyoueverheardofwomenpractisingboxing?你听说过妇女练拳击吗？

c.两个以上的有生命名词并列

Doyourememberyourparentsandmetellingaboutthis?你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？CompanyLogo动名词的时态和语态

时态一般式

writing

beingwritten完成式

havingwritten

havingbeenwritten

其否定形式是在doing前加上not

1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如：

Ihatetalkingwithsuchpeople.我讨厌与这样的人说话。

Beingcarelessisnotagoodhabit.粗心不是一个好习惯。

2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：

Idon’trememberhavingmethimbefore.我记不得以前见过他。

Thankyouforhavingtakingsomuchtroubletohelp.谢谢你费力帮忙。CompanyLogo3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。

（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：

Idon’tlikebeinglaughedatinpublic.在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：

Iamverypleasedatyourhavingbeenhonouredwithamedal.我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：

Excusemeforbeingla