被动语态用法详解

ThePassiveVoice(一)语态分类

英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：

Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：

助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。Shewaterstheflowerseveryday.TheflowersWhatdoesshedoeveryday?everyday.arewateredbyher主动句与被动句之间的转换

We

bought

somebooks.

主语谓语动词主动语态的过去式宾语

Somebooks

werebought(byus)

主语谓语动词被动语态的过去分词介词+宾语

Mymothersweepstheflooreveryday.Thefloorissweptbymymothereveryday.jacketThejacketisusedforkeepingwarm.ThejacketismadeinGuangzhou.Guangzhoukeepingwarmsummary英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,在被动语态中动作的执行者有时用by短语表示出来.一般现在时(simplepresent)：S(主语)+am/is/are+过去分词(done)一般过去时(simplepast)：S+was/were+过去分词(done)

Anncantakegoodcareof

thecats

．Thecats

canbetakengoodcareof

byAnn.情态动词(modelverb)：

S+can/must/should等情态动词+be+过去分词Theycansingsomebeautifulsongs.Somebeautifulsongscanbesungbythem.(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化

主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：一般现在时： 一般过去时： 一般将来时：

含有情态动词 现在进行时： 过去进行时： 现在完成时： 过去完成时： 将来完成时： 过去将来完成时：

［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。

主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：1把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语。2把动词变为被动形式即be+过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。3原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。4其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。被动语态的几种句型1肯定句主语+be+过去分词+(by…)Asweetsongwassungbyheronthestage.2否定句主语+be+not+过去分词+(by…)3一般疑问句

Be+主语+过去分词+(by…)

Asweetsongwasn’tsungbyheronthestage.Wasasweetsongsungbyheronthestage?4特殊疑问句疑问词+be+主语+过去分词+(by…)Where

wasasweetsongsungbyher?

(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态1.一般现在时：(1)Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.

Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.

(2)Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.

Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态

2.一般过去时：(1)Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.

Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.(2)Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.

Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态3.一般将来时：

(1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.

Carswillbesentabroadbysea.(2)Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.

Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态4.过去将来时：(1)Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.

Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.

(2)Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.

Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态5.现在进行时：

(1)TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.

Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.(2)Wearepaintingtherooms.

Theroomsarebeingpainted.(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态6.过去进行时：

(1)Theworkersweremendingtheroad.

Theroadwasbeingmended.

(2)Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.

Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.

(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态7.现在完成时：

(1)Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.

Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.(2)Hehasbroughthisbookhere.

Hisbookhasbeenbrought

here.(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态8.过去完成时：(1)WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.

WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.

(2)Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.

Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.(四）含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。(1)Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.

Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.(2)Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.

Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.(五)被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by

短语。

“Mr.White,thecupwasbrokenafterclass.”2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by

短语。

TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by

短语。

ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法（1）Myaunt

invited

me

toherdinnerparty.

主语谓语宾语→

I

wasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.

主语谓语宾语（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by

的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by

短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。(六)语态转换时所注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。

Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)

2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。

Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.

如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：

Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.保留宾语×注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词

to，如：

bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell

等。(1)Thebookwasshowedtotheclass.(2)Mybikewaslenttoher.

2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词

for,如：

build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing

等。(1)Anewskirtwasmadeforme.(2)Themeatwascookedforus.(3)Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.

3.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：

不及物动词+介词，如:

agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.4.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：

(1)Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.

→Theclassroom

isalways

kept

clean.(2)Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.

→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。

Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.

→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.5.当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：

Nobodycananswerthisquestion.

误：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.

正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.

×6.当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：

Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.误：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.7.以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句首：

Whowrotethestory?误：Whowasthestorywritten?

正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?

8.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词