形而上学专题培训

UnmovedmoverinMetaphysicsAristotleWhatisMetaphysics?Thestudyofbeingasbeing.FirstphilosophyThestudyofprinciplesorcausesofallthingsThestudyofsubstance(本体）DifferentcategariesofbeingsSubtance,quality,quantity,location,relation,etc.Substanceisthemostimportantandpriortoanyother.Substanceisindependenttoanyotherandotherattributesaredependentonsubtance.SubstanceSomethingmustfirstexisttostandundertheattributespredicatedofit.Whatallthingshaveincommoninsofarastheyexististhattheyareindividualthingsorsubstances;tobeistobeasubstance.CharactersofSubstancesallessentialattributeofsubstanceisunity,whatisoneisthesethingsall.(inseperarable)eachindividualthingorsubstanceissomethingindividual.(numericalllyone).becapableofrecevingdifferencesandcontrary.(discrete,离存性）Primacysubstance第一实体Inthetruestandprimaryandmostdefinitesenseoftheword,isthatwhichisneitherpredicableofasubjectnorpresentinasubject;forinstance,theindividualmanorhorse.Theindividualthingisaprimarysubstance.Secondarysubtance第二实体Thatwhichispredicableofasubjectisitshigherclassifications,thespeciesandgeneraofasubject;theseAristotlecallssecondarysubstance.SocratesPhilosopher(species)Man(genus)Animal(genus)Threetypesofsubstancessensibleandperishable.sensibleandeternal.immovable,non-sensibleandeternal.FourtypesofchangesWhat------becomesomethingelsequality------alterationwithrespecttonon-essentialattributesquantity-------increaseanddiminutionplace-------motion,locomotionChange---fromcontrarytocontrarynothingcomeintobeingfromabsolutenon-being.Theremustbeathirdelementinthechangeprocess----thematter(质料）.Thematteristhethingthatundergoeschangefromcontrarytocontrary.beableofrecevingbothcontrariesFourCausesofSubstancesmatter(质料因）form（形式因）privation（动力因）efficientcause（目旳因）Beingexistsintwosensesexistingpotentially(potentiality)--matter,beingcomesintobeingfrombeingaspotential,matterpre-existsitschange.existingactually(actualization)--form,thepurposeofchangeofmatter,thereforemustpre-existsitschange.Threemeaningsoftheterm"substance"Itcanmean"matter"inthesensethatitisthatwhichunderliesthechange.Itcanmeannature,inthesenseoftheformoressenceofthething,the"positivestatetowardswhichmovementtakesplace".onecouldcallthe