【光催化技术概述2900字】

光催化技术概述半导体光催化反应机理及影响因素反应机理半导体是一种具有特殊导电性质的材料，通常被应用在光电材料方面，比如集成电路和光催化等应用领域。半导体可以被研究者们广泛应用在光催化领域，半导体在参与其中主要通过自身材料的电子变化来实现的。当太阳的光线照射到光催化剂的外表面时，半导体类的光催化剂会与附着在其上面的待降解物质反生氧化还原反应，实现能源的转换ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>刘鸣</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>245</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>245</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617955153">245</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘鸣</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">二硫化钼/石墨烯作为助催化剂提高体系光催化性能的研究</style></title></titles><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">硕士</style></volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">吉林大学</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]。REF_Ref67337062\h图1-1描述了半导体光催化剂在光照射下的条件下，受到光的激发时材料的电子性能的变化以及对于目标降解物的催化过程展示。图1-SEQ图1-\*ARABIC1半导体光催化剂光激发作用机理示意图ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>刘鸣</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>245</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>245</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617955153">245</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘鸣</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">二硫化钼/石墨烯作为助催化剂提高体系光催化性能的研究</style></title></titles><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">硕士</style></volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">吉林大学</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]Figure1-1Diagramofphotoexcitationmechanismofsemiconductorphotocatalyst光线照射到半导体的表面，会发生如下过程：A：半导体光催化材料受到了太阳光或者实验室模拟太阳光的适度照射，半导体光催化材料能够吸收其对应禁带宽度的光子能量，受到激发后活化成功的电子从价带开始跃迁，行至相应的导带上面并且在价带上留下相对应的空穴；B：在A这一步骤中产生的电子与空穴在迁移至材料表面的途径中发生了复合；C：在A这一步骤中产生的电子，与其当时留下的空穴在内部又发生了重组的过程；D：在A过程中产生的电子被传输到了光催化剂的表面，并成功地与吸附在材料上面的待降解物质发生还原反应；E：在A过程中生成的空穴也顺利迁移到了光催化剂的表层，并与其材料表面的待降解物质发生氧化反应。举个例子来解释说明，当利用光催化剂在使用光催化这一技术时，是如何一步步降解有机污染物的。当有光线照射时，半导体光催化剂材料中的光生载流子受到活化后进行一系列的后续过程。上述半导体光催化过程可以通过使用下列呈现的反应式ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>刘鸣</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>245</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>245</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617955153">245</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘鸣</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">二硫化钼/石墨烯作为助催化剂提高体系光催化性能的研究</style></title></titles><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">硕士</style></volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">吉林大学</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]来表示其整个流程：影响因素（1）晶体结构半导体光催化剂的晶体结构通过都会影响着其质量密度和化学吸附的能力等各种各样不同的性质（即结构决定性质）ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>陈秀芳</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>228</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>228</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617877641">228</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">陈秀芳</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">石墨相氮化碳的制备、表征及其光催化性能研究</style></title></titles><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">博士</style></volume><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">福州大学</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[4]。锐钛矿型的TiO2和金红石晶型TiO2的晶型虽然都是归属于相同的一个晶系，但是由于它们两者各自拥有不同的晶型，所以它们两个所具备的性质特点也均有较多差异，比如说二者之间的质量密度就有很大不同，锐钛矿型的TiO2材料的质量密度就比较低。从禁带宽度这一个方面来看又有相对比较宽，这也是二氧化钛带的锐钛矿型光催化活性要比金红石晶型光催化活性高的核心机制。（2）表面结构半导体材料一般的组成形式就是包括了晶体和界面这两个组分，半导体光催化剂的表面结构通常也会影响着材料的光催化性能。一般来讲，TiO2材料晶体中的钛元素和氧元素这两种组分，都非常规整地处在各自对应的理想化晶格位置上面。在半导体光催化材料中，通常情况下，界面原子含量则与晶粒尺寸成负相关性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>高濂</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>227</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>227</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617877189">227</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">高濂,</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">郑珊,</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">张青红</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">纳米氧化钛光催化材料及应用</style></title></titles><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">化学工业出版社</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[5]。纳米材料表面上的原子一般具有比较高的表面能，随着离子半径的减小，材料表面的原子数增多，那么通常情况下可以配位的原子数会增多，材料的比表面能和表面自由能也会随之增加。（3）粒径尺寸材料的粒径尺寸大小一般会影响材料的比表面积的大小。材料的粒径越小，给待降解的物质提供了越多可以附着的位置，在材料的表面越是容易发生更加高效的光催化反应ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>OllisD.F.</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>229</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[6,7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>229</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617879995">229</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>OllisD.F.,PelizzettiE.,SerponeN</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Heterogeneousphotocatalysisintheenvironment:applicationtowaterpurification,photocatalysis,fundamentalsandapplication.</title><secondary-title>NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons</full-title></periodical><pages>609-637</pages><dates><year>1989</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>HoffmannM.R.</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>230</RecNum><record><rec-number>230</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617880073">230</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HoffmannM.R.,MartinS.T.,ChoiW.,etal.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmentalapplicationsofsemiconductorphotocatalysis</title><secondary-title>Chem.Rev.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chem.Rev.</full-title></periodical><pages>69-96</pages><volume>95</volume><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[6,7]。半导体粒径的小幅度减小就能够缩短了光生载流子的迁移路径，它的速度也得到了提升，这样它就能够更有效地和表面被吸附的待降解物质发生反应，那么它的最终降解效率就会得以提升。（4）能带位置从理论计算方面的分析不难知道，半导体的能带所在的位置能够影响它相对应的光响应范围的大小，这就带来了半导体光催化应用效率区间的不同。目前适合的禁带宽度主要集中在1~3eV区间，例如光催化降解六价铬用的BiOI材料禁带宽度为1.73eV，黄等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Huang</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>97</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>97</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617687615">97</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Huang,Yongkui</author><author>Zhang,Xiaoting</author><author>Zhang,Kai</author><author>Lu,Peili</author><author>Zhang,Daijun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Facilefabricationofsandwich-likeBiOI/AgI/g-C</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">N</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">4</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">compositesforefficientphotocatalyticdegradationofmethylorangeandreductionofCr(VI)</style></title><secondary-title>J.Nanopart.Res.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J.Nanopart.Res.</full-title></periodical><pages>1-14</pages><volume>20</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>fabricationphotocatalyticdegrdnbismuthoxyiodidesilveriodidecarbonitridenanocomposite</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>//</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Springer</publisher><isbn>1388-0764</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s11051-018-4431-z</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]通过制备三明治结构的BiOI/AgI/g-C3N4样品对甲基橙和六价铬进行降解，发现均具有较好的光催化效果且材料的稳定性较高。光催化材料在废水处理方面的研究进展过去常用到的一些污水处理方法其实在应用时效果比较差ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>杜仰民</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>252</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>252</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618485812">252</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">杜仰民</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">造纸废水治理进展与评述</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">工业水处理</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>工业水处理</full-title></periodical><pages>1</pages><volume>17</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]。因此，需要着手研究发展新型实用经济的环保处理技术。自从二氧化钛材料被Fujishima和Honda等人作为电极材料实现光电催化分解水制得氢气（H2）和（O2）氧气以来，从此研究者们就把研究目光聚集过来，于是基于半导体材料作为光催化剂的技术研究成果大量涌现。其中TiO2、g-C3N4、BiOI、ZnO、Fe2O3、WO3、CdS、CdSe、CuO、Nb2O5和Ag3PO4等为常用的半导体光催化材料。与耗费大且处理不彻底的旧式环境污染处理方法相比，以太阳光为能量的光催化降解技术是比较新式且绿色环保的解决方法之一。半导体光催化技术在几十年的研究和发展下，部分应用已实现工业化、市场化。在空气治理、光解水产氢（H2）、光催化还原二氧化碳（CO2）、生物杀菌、废水（H2O）处理等方面都有较好的应用前景。其中光催化处理重金属废水、医用废水、焦化废水和印染废水等领域应用较为常见ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ku</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[10,11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617637430">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ku,Young</author><author>Leu,RenMing</author><author>Lee,KuenChyr</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Decompositionof2-chlorophenolinaqueoussolutionbyUVirradiationwiththepresenceoftitaniumdioxide</title><secondary-title>WaterResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WaterResearch</full-title></periodical><pages>2569-2578</pages><volume>30</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>1996</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00147-9</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Chatterjee</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1617638864">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chatterjee</author><author>Debabrata</author><author>Dasgupta</author><author>Shimanti</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Visiblelightinducedphotocatalyticdegradationoforganicpollutants</title><secondary-title>JournalofPhotochemistryandPhotobiology,C:PhotochemistryReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPhotochemistryandPhotobiology,C:PhotochemistryReviews</full-title></periodical><pages>186-205</pages><volume>6</volume><number>2-3</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1389-5567</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.09.001</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[10,11]。重金属废水石墨相氮化碳g-C3N4对重金属离子处理的机制，主要是研究重金属离子的还原。六价铬（Cr）离子可以作为重金属离子还原研究中的代表。铬及其相应的化合物作为大多数工业生产的基本原料，所以需求量比较大，生产废液中残余的Cr(VI)也随之增多，如果不进行适当的处理，直接排放就会对人类赖以生存的水资源造成了不可忽视的污染。目前，研究方面去除Cr(VI)的常用方式主要包含化学方式沉淀六价铬离子ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>b</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>255</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>255</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618486594">255</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gheju,M</author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">Balcu,I</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>RemovalofchromiumfromCr(VI)pollutedwastewatersbyreductionwithscrapironandsubsequentprecipitationofresultedcations</title><secondary-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>131-138</pages><volume>196</volume><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.002</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[12]、进行六价铬离子的交换ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yunqing</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>256</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>256</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618486761">256</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Xing</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">，</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Yunqing</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Chen</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">，</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Xueming</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Wang</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">，</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Dahui</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ElectricallyregeneratedionexchangeforremovalandrecoveryofCr(VI)fromwastewater</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>1439-43</pages><volume>41</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/es061499l</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]、电解ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Korzenowski</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>257</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>257</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618487076">257</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Korzenowski</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">C</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Rodrigues</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">MAS</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Bresciani</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">L</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Bernardes</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">AM</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Ferreira</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">JZ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Purificationofspentchromiumbathbymembraneelectrolysis</title><secondary-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>960-967</pages><volume>152</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]、直接对六价铬离子进行吸附ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>258</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>258</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618487454">258</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Zhang</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Qingrui</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Li</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Yixuan</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Yang</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">,</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Qinggang</style></author><author>Chen,He</author><author>Chen,Xinqing</author><author>Jiao,Tifeng</author><author>Peng,Qiuming</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>DistinguishedCr(VI)capturewithrapidandsuperiorcapabilityusingpolydopaminemicrosphere:Behaviorandmechanism</title><secondary-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>732-740</pages><volume>342</volume><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]、反渗透ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>259</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>259</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618487678">259</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Kaiyu</author><author>Chung,Taishung</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fabricationofpolybenzimidazole(PBI)nanofiltrationhollowfibermembranesforremovalofchromate</title><secondary-title>JournalofMembraneScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMembraneScience</full-title></periodical><pages>307-315</pages><volume>281</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]和泡沫浮选ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zouboulis</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>260</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>260</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618488980">260</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zouboulis,AI</author><author>Lazaridis,NK</author><author>Zamboulis,D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PowderedActivatedCarbonSeparationfromWaterbyFoamFlotation</title><secondary-title>Sep.Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sep.Sci</full-title></periodical><pages>385-400</pages><volume>29</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]等。相对于上述方式，通过光催化技术还原将Cr(VI)离子还原为Cr(III)离子ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>261</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>261</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618489099">261</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,LM</author><author>Wang,N</author><author>Zhu,LH</author><author>etal.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">PhotocatalyticreductionofCr(VI)overdifferentTiO</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">2</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">photocatalystsandtheeffectsofdissolvedorganicspecies</style></title></titles><pages>93-99</pages><volume>152</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]，整体应用不仅耗费小而且去除的效率也高。Li等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>X</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>262</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>262</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618489891">262</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,KX</author><author>Huang,ZY</author><author>Zhu,SY</author><author>etal.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="TimesNewRoman"size="100%">RemovalofCr(VI)fromwaterbyabiochar-coupledg-C</style><styleface="subscript"font="TimesNewRoman"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="TimesNewRoman"size="100%">N</style><styleface="subscript"font="TimesNewRoman"size="100%">4</style><styleface="normal"font="TimesNewRoman"size="100%">nanosheetscompositeandperformanceofarecycledphotocatalystinsingleandcombinedpollutionsystems</style></title><secondary-title>Appl.Catal.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Appl.Catal.</full-title></periodical><pages>386-396</pages><volume>243</volume><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]采用简单的两步煅烧法，制备了一系列生物炭偶联石墨氮化碳纳米片复合材料。并以上述制备的复合材料作为光催化剂，吸附结合水中的Cr(VI)以光催化还原机制去除。医用废水医疗服务是人民群众健康需求的重要保证。当今社会，人们对医疗健康的需求越来越大，医药用量也随之增加，医用残余药剂的处理任务就会越来越大艰巨。医用废水中的抗生素的降解去除是研究领域的热门之一。Xu等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xu</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>263</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>263</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618490391">263</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xu,Yuanguo</author><author>Ge,Feiyue</author><author>Chen,Zhigang</author><author>Huang,Shuquan</author><author>Wei,Wei</author><author>Xie,Meng</author><author>Xu,Hui</author><author>Li,Huaming</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">One-stepsynthesisofFe-dopedsurface-alkalinizedg-C</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">N</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">4</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">andtheirimprovedvisible-lightphotocatalyticperformance</style></title><secondary-title>AppliedSurfaceScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedSurfaceScience</full-title></periodical><pages>739-746</pages><volume>469</volume><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]合成了含有Fe元素掺杂的表面碱化g-C3N4，该材料对四环素进行降解研究。掺杂非常微量的Fe不仅可以提升电子-空穴对的分离效率而且能够增加活性物质的数量，从而大大提升了四环素的降解率。焦化废水焦化废水中的有机污染种类非常多，而氯酚是实验室科研过程中最常用到的有机污染物之一。氯酚的高稳定性决定了其难以被降解，尤其是2,4-二氯苯酚这种典型的氯酚，它具有的致癌性结合其极高的稳定性，使研究者们迫切又艰巨的去解决这一难题。Li等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>264</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>264</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618491025">264</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,J</author><author>Zhang,X</author><author>Raziq,F</author><author>etal.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">Improvedphotocatalyticactivitiesofg-C</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">3</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">N</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">4</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">nanosheetsbyeffectivelytrappingholeswithhalogen-inducedsurfacepolarizationand2,4-dichlorophenoldecompositionmechanism</style></title><secondary-title>Appl.Catal.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Appl.Catal.</full-title></periodical><pages>60-67</pages><volume>218</volume><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]通过卤素阴离子改性g-C3N4材料，并将其应用在降解2,4-二氯苯酚等有机污染物的研究当中。主要是通过卤素阴离子诱导的表面极化机制达到提高光生电子-空穴对分离的目的，进而高效的降解掉2,4-二氯苯酚。印染废水染料和染料降解后的各种产物大多都是有毒的，研究表明ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Rafatullah</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>265</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>265</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="z2w5xdffzxvs20e2rpapptzbf5f5rpvxwse0"timestamp="1618491562">265</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rafatullah,M</author><author>Sulaiman,O</author><author>Hashim,R</author><author>etal.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Adsorptionofmethyleneblueonlow-costadsorbents:Areview</title><secondary-title>J.Hazard.Mater</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J.Hazard.Mater</full-title></periodical><pages>70-80</pages><volume>177</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndN