世界银行- 将性别平等和社会包容视角应用于跨界水环境 Applying a Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Lens to the Transboundary Water Context

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GENDERAND

SOCIALINCLUSION

APPLYINGAGENDEREQUALITYANDSOCIALINCLUSIONLENSTOTHE

TRANSBOUNDARYWATERCONTEXT

CIWALEARNINGNOTES

LEARNINGNOTEONEMARCH2023

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A.INTRODUCTION

Socialsustainabilityisaboutexpandingopportunitiesforallpeopletodayandtomorrow.Inthepast,theemphasiswasoneconomicsustainability,andthenonenvironmentalsustainability,withincreasingconcernsoverclimatechangeandbiodiversityloss.Butwithagrowingawarenessofthechallengesoffragility,persistentinequality,andracialdiscrimination,socialsustainabilityhasbeenrecognizedascentraltogrowthandpovertyreduction.Sivaraman,A.FiveThingsYouNeedtoKnowAboutSocialSustainabilityandInclusion,WorldBankBlog,September2,2020

Exclusioncanalsotriggersocialtensionswhichcanresultinviolenceandconflictleadingtofurtherlong-termsocialandeconomiccosts.²Attheindividuallevel,theeconomiccostsofsocialexclusionarefrequentlymeasuredbywageloss,lifetimeearningsgaps,poorereducation,andemploymentoutcomes.Atthenationallevel,thenegativeimpactstendtobeestimatedbycalculatinglossesingrossdomesticproduct(GDP)andhumancapitalwealth.³

Awarenessisincreasingofhowdifferentaspectsofmenandwomen’sidentitiesintersecttoconfervulnerabilityorinfluencetheiradvantages(orlackof)inlife.Disadvantagedgroupscanbediscriminatedagainstonthebasisofanumberofdifferentidentitiesrangingfromethnicity,race,religion,sexualorientation,caste,descent,gender,age,disability,HIVstatus,migrantstatus,orwheretheylive.Disadvantagesduetogroupidentitiesfrequentlyleadtoloweroutcomesintermsofincome,humancapitalendowments,accesstoemploymentandservicesaswellaslimitingaccesstodecisionmaking.¹

Whoisexcluded,whytheyareexcludedandthecommensurateimpactsoftheexclusionisheavilyinfluencedbycontextandcanthereforemanifestdifferentlyatthelocal,national,regionalorinstitutionallevel.Exclusioncanbeconnectedtoadiversityofissuesrangingfromdiscriminatorylegalorinstitutionalsystemsandstructures,lackofaccesstolandorotherresources,discriminationinlabourmarketsaswellasstigmatizingattitudes,beliefs,orperceptions.Oversimplifyinggenderissuesoroverlookingpeople’smultipleidentitiescanleadtotheapplicationofasimplisticandhomogeneousapproachtoidentifyingthedriversandpotentialsolutionstoovercominggender-basedinequalitiesinaprojectorprogram.

¹WorldBank(2013a):InclusionMatters–TheFoundationforSharedProsperity.WashingtonDC:WorldBank.

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²Khan,S.etal.SocialExclusionTopicGuide,Governance,SocialDevelopment,HumanitarianConflict(GSDRC),DFIDCrownCopyright2015.³SocialInclusion,

/en/topic/social-inclusion

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TheCooperationinInternationalWatersinAfrica(CIWA)isaWorldBankprogramthatsupportsripariangovernmentsinSub-SaharanAfricatofuelsustainable,inclusive,climate-resilientgrowthbyaddressingconstraintstocooperativemanagementanddevelopmentoftransboundarywaters.TheWorldBankpositionssocialinclusionascreatingopportunitiesforallpeopleandaddressingdeep-rootedsystemicinequalities.⁴InkeepingwiththeBank’sapproachtosocialinclusion,CIWAiscommittedtoundertakingaGenderandSocialInclusion(GESI)analysisaspartofthedevelopmentandimplementationofalloftheprojectsandprogramsthatitfunds.Inparticular,CIWArecognizestheimportanceofdeterminingatthepreliminaryphasewhethermenandwomenandthedifferentsocialidentitiestheyoccupyhavethesameaccesstoandcontrolofroles,power,andresourcesattheinstitutional,nationalandlocallevelwithinthetransboundarycontext.Attheprojectdevelopmentphase,CIWAseekstoensurethatGESIspecialistsareengagedtoworktogetherwithCIWAprojectteamstogatheranunderstandingofthepositiveandnegativeeffectsthatcanemergeasaresultsofdifferencesrelatedtogender,class,race,age,andotherintersectingsocialidentities.TheoverallobjectiveofundertakingaGESIanalysisistoensurethatCIWA’sinterventionshavethemostinclusiveeconomicandsocialimpactpossible.

TheobjectiveofthisLearningNoteistohighlightsomekeylessonslearnedandbestpracticesrelatedtotheintegrationofasocialinclusionperspectiveintoCIWA’swork.Thisapproachinvolvesamorein-depthdisaggregationofmaleandfemaletargetaudiencestoidentifyanddetermineactionsthatshouldbetakeninrelationtoidentifiedvulnerabilities.TheLearningNotedrawsuponCIWA’sownapproachandexperienceundertakingGESIanalysisbydocumentingspecificstepsthatweretakenattheprojectdevelopmentphaseoftransboundarywaterprojects.

B.KEYSTEPS

I.ConductingaGenderandSocialInclusionAnalysisorAssessment

AcomprehensiveGenderandSocialInclusionanalysisprovidesinformationthatrecognizeshowgenderintersectswithrace,ethnicity,culture,class,age,disabilityand/orothersocialidentitieswhilehelpingtounderstandthedifferentformsofinvolvement,behaviourandactivitiesthatwomenandmenhaveineconomic,social,andlegalstructures.⁵

Thistypeofanalysiscanalsouncoverdifferencesbetweenandamongwomenandmen,basedontheunequaldistributionofresources,opportunities,constraints,andpowerwhileensuringthatthedifferentneedsofwomenandmenfromadiversityofgroupsoridentitiesareclearlyidentifiedandaddressedatallstagesoftheprojectcycle.TheWorldBankhasdevelopedtheSocialInclusionAssessmentToolwhichisafour-questionmethodologytohelppolicymakersanddevelopmentpractitionersassesshowsocialinclusioncanbeaddressedinprojects,programs,policiesorinanalysis.CIWAhasdevelopedatoolkitonsocialinclusionthatincludesmeasurestodosocialinclusionanalysisthroughouttheprojectcycleandwithinthetransboundarywaterinstitutionalcontext.

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II.ConductingStakeholderMappingandEngagementtoIdentifyExcludedGroups

AcriticaldimensionwhenundertakinganyGESIanalysisistheneedtoconductastakeholdermappingtoidentifywhichdisadvantagedgroupsshouldbeconsideredbecauseoftheirpotentialtohaveapositiveornegativeimpactonachievingtheobjectivesoftheprojectorprogram.Oncepossiblestakeholdershavebeenidentifiedwhocanshedlightonthesituationfordisadvantagedgroups,stakeholderengagementisthenextstep.Targetedinterviewscanbeconductedwithindividualsandgroupsrepresentingcivilsociety,government,theprivatesectorandotherstakeholderorganizationstogatherinformationonspecificdisadvantagedgroups.Wherepossibleandappropriate,conductingcommunitydialoguesthroughtheuseofparticipatorymethodologiescanfurtherenrichandcrossvalidatethefindings.Theseengagementprocessescanincludecollectingdetailsonthevulnerabilitiesthatdisadvantagedgroupsfaceandpossibleactionsthatcanbeplannedtomitigatenegativeimpactsorleveragepositiveimpacts.WhendevelopingtheCIWA-fundedGreatLakesWaterQualityASA(AdvisoryServicesandAnalytics),astakeholdermappingwasundertakenrelatedtoalloftherelevantcountriestothetransboundaryprojectusingaweb-basedsearchtodevelopanextensivelistofstakeholdersrepresentingrelevantnationalandregionalorganizationsintheregion.

⁴WorldBank.(2009).WhatisInclusiveGrowth?Washington,DC:WorldBank.

⁵C.Jost,N.Ferdous,T.D.Spicer,2014.GenderandInclusionToolbox:ParticipatoryResearchinClimateChangeandAgriculture.CGIARResearchProgramonClimateChange,AgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS),CAREInternationalandtheWorldAgroforestryCentre(ICRAF).Copenhagen,Denmark.

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ThemappingfocusedonstakeholderswhowereconnecteddirectlyandindirectlytotheuseofwaterandwhowouldhaveknowledgeaboutthesituationofspecificvulnerablegroupswhoneededtoaccesswaterfromtheGreatLakesregionincludingchallengestheymayface.Qualitativeinterviewguidesweredevelopedtoenableteammemberstoconductinterviewsaimedatsolicitingfeedbackonhowdisadvantagedgroupsofrelevancetotheprojectusethewaterandwhatmeasuresneedtobetakentoensurethatparticulardisadvantagedgroupsarenotexcludedfromderivingbenefitsfromtheproject.Wherenecessary,informationwasalsorequestedaboutthemosteffectivestrategiesforengagingparticularvulnerablegroupssuchastime,locationanduseofappropriatemethodologies.

TheSustainableGroundwaterManagementProjectforSADC(SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity)MemberStatesPhaseIIisanotherCIWA-fundedprojectthathasprioritizedGenderandSocialInclusionwiththerationalethatgreaterinclusioninwaterresourcesmanagementcanproducesubstantialeconomic,social,environmental,andfinancialbenefits.GESImainstreamingisseenasanindispensabletoolforeffectiveimplementationofgroundwatermanagementinterventions.Thus,aGESIMainstreamingStrategywasdevelopedfortheSADCGroundwaterManagementInstitute(SADC-GMI)withCIWAsupporttobeimplementedby2025.TheprojecthasalsoundertakenacomprehensivestakeholderengagementstudytoassistintheimplementationoftheGESIMainstreamingStrategyintheintheKhakhea-BrayTBA(TransboundaryWaterAssociation).Thestudyincludedtheidentificationofrelevantstakeholdercategoriesandtheirrespectivepriorities.

Similarly,theCIWA-fundedASAUntappingResilience:GroundwaterManagementandLearningintheHornofAfrica'sBorderlands,benefitedfromaStakeholderEngagementPlan(SEP)conductedbytheIntergovernmentalAuthorityonDevelopment(IGAD)inMarch2022inthecontextoftheHornofAfricaGroundwaterforResilienceProgram.TheSEPidentifieskeystakeholdersthatareaffectedorarelikelytobeaffectedbytheprojectandthosewhohaveaninterestintheprojectbutarenotnecessarilyaffected.TheSEPalsoidentifiesthevulnerableordisadvantagedgroups(VDG),delineateshowtherelevantstakeholderswillbeengagedoverthedifferentphasesoftheprojectcycle,providesatimelineforinformationdisclosureandconsultationsandsetsthemainfunctionsoftheproject-levelGrievanceRedressMechanism(GRM).

TheearlyidentificationofthestakeholdersinvolvedinthegroundwaterspaceintheHorn’sborderlands,willcontributetothedevelopmentobjectivesoftheUntappingResilience:GroundwaterManagementandLearningintheHornofAfrica'sBorderlandsASAandtofutureCIWA-supportedeffortsintheuseandmanagementofgroundwatersources.

III.CollectQualitativeandQuantitativeData

Overall,itisimportanttocollectrelevantqualitativeandquantitativedatathatcancapturesourcesofgenderinequalityandsocialexclusionwithinagivencontext.Researchshouldthereforeseektomainstreamintersectionalgenderapproachesindatacollectionandanalysistobetterunderstandhowwomenandmenwithindifferentsocialgroupsandgeographicallocationscouldbeaffecteddifferently.

Whilenotingchallengesincollectingsex-disaggregateddatainmanyAfricancountries,effortsshouldnonethelessbetakentocollectavailabledataandinformationthatisdisaggregatedbysexandotherintersectingformsofdiscrimination,suchasage,ethnicityandanyotherfactorsdeemedofvaluetosheddinglightonintersectionalityissuesofrelevancetotheproject.WhenconductingresearchfortheSahelGroundwaterASA,researchwasconductedtocollectqualitativeandquantitativedatausingasecondaryweb-basedresearchapproachtoidentifyspecificdisadvantagedgroupsintheregionandthevulnerabilitiesthatcouldberelevanttothedesignofallthreecomponentsoftheproject.Conductingasecondaryliteraturereviewwascomplementedbyinterviewswithkeystakeholdersworkingintheregion.

TheUntappingResilience:GroundwaterManagementandLearningintheHornofAfrica'sBorderlandsprovidesanotherexamplethatillustratestheimportanceofdatacollectionrelatedtogenderandsocialinclusion.ThisASAhasthedevelopmentobjectivetoenhancetheHornofAfrica'sinstitutionalcapacityandknowledgebaseonsustainablegroundwatermanagementintheborderlands,andmorespecificallytodocumentthelessonslearnedthroughtheHornofAfricaGroundwaterforResilienceMPA.DatacollectedthroughthisASAwillbekeytostrengtheningCIWA’sworkinonGenderandSocialInclusionintheFragility,ConflictandViolence(FCV)space.

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IV.IdentifyGenderDifferencesandtheUnderlyingCausesofGenderInequalities

Oncedatahasbeencollectedandanalysed,itisimportanttoidentifyandexaminedifferencesandsourcesofinequalitiesforwomenandmenlinkedtoadiversityofidentities.Whereinequalitiesbetweenwomenandmenofdifferentgroupsarefound,theyshouldbeanalysedtoestablishboththeircausesandtheireffects.Itisthereforecriticaltouncovertheunderlyingcausesofinequalitiesrelatedtogenderandothersocialidentitiesandtoconsideroptionsthathavethepotentialtoaddressthecauseoftheproblemtobeabletofullymeetthedifferentneedsofwomenandmeninrelationtotheirmultipleidentities.Overlookingthisstepcanleadtounanticipatedconsequencesforpolicies,programmes,andprojectswhichcouldlimittheeffectsoftheinterventionorleadtofurtherinequalitiesanddiscrimination.TheSahelGroundwaterprojectincludedafocusonidentifyingthemosteffectivestrategiestobeabletoeducate,train,andrecruitlocalfemalehydrogeologists.TheprojectspecificallysoughttoidentifybarrierstoaccessingeducationinScience,Technology,EducationandMathematics(STEM)forfemalescomingfrommultiplestrataofsocietyrangingfromthepoorestgirlslivinginruralareastomiddle-classwomenbasedinurbanareasintheregion.

Thefindingsfromtheanalysiswerecomplementedbyanassessmentoftheoveralleducationchallengesthatneedtobeconsideredindevelopingacadreoflocalfemaleandmalehydrogeologists.Thisassessmentidentifiedregionalandnationalpartnersandchampionsforknowledgeexchangeandcapacitybuildingaswellaslocaluniversitiesthatcoulddeveloppotentiallytransformativestrategiestoimprovethequalityofundergraduatetraining.ThefindingsfromthisstudywerevalidatedattheCIWA-supportedroundtablediscussioninMarch2022inNouakchott,Mauritania,whichbroughttogetheracademicsresponsiblefortraininggroundwaterspecialistsinsixcountriestoidentifythemaingapsintraininganddevisethemostappropriatesolutions.Someparticipantshighlightedspecificchallengesforwomen.ThisincludedDr.SeynabouCisseFaye⁶,aseniorhydrogeologistandassociateprofessorwhoisresponsibleforhydrogeologytrainingintheDepartmentofGeologyattheCheikhAntaDiopUniversityofDakar.Asalocalchampionoffemalegeologists,sherecalledthat:“Geologywasreallybeyondthereachofwomen.Andtherewaspracticallynoenthusiasmfortrainingwomen.“Isaidtomyself,‘Whyaretherenotenoughwomen?’Thatiswhatsteeredmeintothefield.”

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⁶Dr.Faye,whoseacademicfocusisonpollutionandgroundwaterqualityaswellasconstraintsontheavailabilityofgroundwaterinurbansettings.Sheeventuallyrosetobecomeheadofthedepartmentfrom2017to2021andnowleadsthegraduateprograminhydrogeology.

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V.IdentifyTargetedInterventions

Oncecausesofgenderinequalityandsocialexclusionhavebeendocumented,itisimportanttoidentifytargetedinterventionsthatcanoffsetthesegapsandinequalities.Itisequallyimportanttodescribeintheprojectproposalhowtheprojectwillaffecttheeverydaylivesofwomenandmenorspecificgroupsofwomenandmen,takingintersectionalinequalitiesintoaccount.Aspartoftheprocesstoconsiderirrigationoptionsthatbothmenandwomenareabletoaccess,theSahelGroundwaterInitiativeassessedhowthegenderdivisionoflabourrelatedtoagriculturalproductionandpatternsofdecisionmakingcouldaffectwomen’sabilitytoaccessirrigationtechnologiesthatwerebeingconsideredforthegroundwaterproject.Theassessmentlookedatthebarriersandconstraintsthatwomenandmencomingfromadiversityofbackgroundsfaceinparticipatinginandbenefitingequallyfromtheproject.Thisincludedidentifyingthetypeofagriculturalproductionundertakenbymenversuswomen,determiningwhohasaccesstofinancialresourcestobeabletopurchasepossibleirrigationtechnologiesaswellasgatheringanunderstandingofwhocontrolsresourcesthataregeneratedthroughthesaleofanyagriculturalproducegeneratedfromtheirrigationtechnologyintheregion.

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Theactivity’sfromthegenderassessmentidentifiedthatleadersoftheplotsshouldbewomenandfarmingsystemsshouldincludewomen/mixedgender/youthcooperatives,womenfarmerswhoareheadsofhouseholds,orsingle-familyfarmers.Thecreationofwomen’scooperativeswasalsoputforwardasawaytoaddressdisadvantagesthatwomenfaceinaccessinglandownership,recognitionbylocalauthorities,financialbacking,awarenessandtraining,andagriculturalsupport.

VI.PlanningforImplementation

Under-representedgroupsshouldideallybeinvolvedinprojectimplementationtoensurethattheirdifferingneeds,preferences,andconstraintsareaddressedaswellastoensurethattheirlocalknowledgeandresiliencestrategiesareaccessedtodevelopmoreeffectiveandequitablesolutions.Considerationshouldthereforebegiventowhichgroupsofwomenandwhichgroupsofmen(basedontheirethnicity,socialstatus/economicclass,andage)mightbeexcludedbasedontheseintersectingidentities,andwhosevoicesneedtobeempoweredthroughtargetedactionstohavethemrepresentedbasedontheirroleinproject-relevantactivities.

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ForAdditionalInformationontheWorldBank’sWorkonSocialInclusion

AnewGlobalPracticecalledSocialSustainabilityandInclusion(SSI)–formerlyknownasSocialDevelopment–reflectstheimportancetheBankplacesonaddressingbarrierstodevelopmentandstrengtheningourfocusonpeoplewhohavebeenexcludedfromeconomicandsocialopportunities.TheSocialSustainabilityandInclusionGlobalPractice(GP),formerlyknownastheSocialDevelopmentGP,hasanewstrategicdirectionthatfocusesoncreatingmoreinclusivesocieties,enhancingtheempowermentofcitizens,andfosteringmoreresilientandpeacefulcommunities.

Forexample,ifaprojectidentifiesthataspecificgroupofwomen,suchaswomenfromnaturalresource-dependentcommunities,areprimarilyresponsibleforsafeguardingnaturalresources,thenimplementationmeasuresshouldbeplannedtoaddressthebarriersthatspecificallyhinderthemfromfullyparticipatingandbenefitingfromrelevantinterventions.⁸

REFERENCES

WorldBank(2013a):InclusionMatters–TheFoundationforSharedProsperity.

WashingtonDC:WorldBank.

Khan,

S.et

al.SocialExclusionTopicGuide,Governance,SocialDevelopment,

HumanitarianConflict(GSDRC),DFIDCrownCopyright2015.³SocialInclusion,

/en/topic/social-inclusion

WorldBank.(2009).WhatisInclusiveGrowth?Washington,DC:WorldBank.

C.Jost,N.Ferdous,T.D.Spicer,2014.GenderandInclusionToolbox:Participatory

ResearchinClimateChangeandAgriculture.CGIARResearchProgramonClimateChange,AgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS),CAREInternationalandtheWorldAgroforestry

Centre(ICRAF).Copenhagen,Denmark.

Dr.Faye,whoseacademicfocusisonpollutionandgroundwaterqualityaswellas

constraintsontheavailabilityofgroundwaterinurbansettings.Sheeventuallyroseto

becomeheadofthedepartmentfrom2017to2021andnowleadsthegraduateprograminhydrogeology.

CIVICUSGenderandSocialInclusionToolKit,

/index.php/es/centro-de-medios/recursos/manuales/3764-the

-gender-and-social-inclusion-toolkit

Sivaraman,A.FiveThingsYouNeedtoKnowAboutSocialSustainabilityandInclusion,WorldBankBlog,September2,2020

/en/news/feature/2020/09/02/five-things-about-social

-sustainability-and-inclusio

CIWAprioritizedGenderandSocialInclusioninPhaseIIoftheSustainableGroundwaterManagementprojectinSADCmemberstatesbecausetheteamdeterminedthatgreaterinclusioninwaterresourcesmanagementwascriticaltoproducingsubstantialeconomic,social,environmental,andfinancialbenefitsaswellasbeingabletofostereffectiveimplementationofgroundwatermanagementinterventions.Theprojectalsoaimedtopromotetheroleofwomenandvulnerablepopulationsasprincipaleducatorsandleadersofhome-andcommunity-basedwaterandsanitationpractices.CIWAsupportedthedevelopmentofaGESIMainstreamingStrategyforSADC-GMI,whichhasbeenunderimplementationsincelater2021.SomeoftheindicatorsforimplementationoftheGESIStrategyaremainstreamedinthesubgrantManualthatwillbeusedbytheMemberStatestorolloutimplementationofthepilotinfrastructureprojectsatcommunitylevels.

CONCLUSION

C