2024 岛礁水域生物资源调查评估技术规范

GB/T45058—2024

目次

前言··························································································································Ⅲ

1范围·······················································································································1

2规范性引用文件········································································································1

3术语和定义··············································································································1

4总体要求·················································································································1

5海洋生态调查···········································································································2

6海藻或海草调查········································································································2

6.1站点布设···········································································································2

6.2调查时间···········································································································2

6.3调查方法···········································································································2

7鱼卵、仔鱼和稚鱼调查································································································2

8游泳动物调查···········································································································2

8.1声学调查···········································································································2

8.2刺网调查···········································································································3

8.3水下视频调查·····································································································3

8.4钓具调查···········································································································4

8.5笼壶调查···········································································································4

9资源评估·················································································································4

9.1叶绿素a及初级生产力·························································································4

9.2浮游植物···········································································································4

9.3浮游动物···········································································································4

9.4大型底栖动物·····································································································4

9.5潮间带生物········································································································5

9.6海藻或海草········································································································5

9.7鱼卵、仔鱼和稚鱼·································································································5

9.8游泳动物···········································································································5

10资料归档···············································································································5

附录A（资料性）海藻或海草调查样带和样方设置·······························································6

附录B（资料性）数据记录表··························································································7

附录C（规范性）生物多样性评估参数指标计算公式··························································10

C.1物种优势度······································································································10

C.2物种多样性指数································································································10

C.3物种丰富度指数································································································10

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C.4物种均匀度指数································································································10

C.5辛普森优势度指数·····························································································11

附录D（规范性）海藻或海草资源评估参数指标计算公式·····················································12

D.1株高···············································································································12

D.2密度···············································································································12

D.3生物量············································································································12

附录E（规范性）水下视频游泳动物资源密度评估计算公式··················································13

参考文献····················································································································14

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GB/T45058—2024

前言

本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《标准化工作导则第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则》的规定

起草。

请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利。本文件的发布机构不承担识别专利的责任。

本文件由中华人民共和国农业农村部提出。

本文件由全国水产标准化技术委员会（SAC/TC156）归口。

本文件起草单位：中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所、广东海洋大学、中国水产科学研究院南海

水产研究所深圳试验基地、三亚热带水产研究院。

本文件主要起草人：刘永、肖雅元、王腾、王学锋、李纯厚、林琳、吴鹏、陈国宝、刘玉、马振华、邹剑、

黄小林。

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岛礁水域生物资源调查评估技术规范

1范围

本文件规定了岛礁水域生物资源调查的总体要求，海洋生态、海藻或海草、鱼卵、仔鱼和稚鱼、游泳

动物等调查和评估以及资料归档的技术要求，描述了对应的证实方法。

本文件适用于海岛、珊瑚礁和岩礁等岛礁水域生物资源调查与评估。

2规范性引用文件

下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文

件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于

本文件。

GB/T12763.1海洋调查规范第1部分：总则

GB/T12763.6—2007海洋调查规范第6部分：海洋生物调查

GB/T12763.10海洋调查规范第10部分：海底地形地貌调查

HY/T082—2005珊瑚礁生态监测技术规程

SC/T9403—2012海洋渔业资源调查规范

3术语和定义

下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

3.1

岛礁islandandreef

海洋中四周环水、露出水面的陆地或受潮汐影响现出水面的岩石。

注：岛和礁的合称。

3.2

岛礁水域islandandreefwaters

岛礁（3.1）周围一定范围内具有相对独立生态系统特征的水域。

3.3

岛礁水域生物资源biologicalresourceinislandandreefwaters

岛礁水域（3.2）中具有开发利用价值的动植物的总称。

4总体要求

岛礁水域生物资源调查应包括海洋生态调查，海藻或海草调查，鱼卵、仔鱼和稚鱼调查和游泳动物

调查。

岛礁水域生物资源调查的基本程序、调查质量控制、调查计划编制、调查人员和海上作业按GB/T12763.1

的规定执行。

调查的一般规定按GB/T12763.6的规定执行。

水下视频调查应由具备相应潜水资质的专业人员操作，专业人员在操作过程中严格把握作业

安全。

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5海洋生态调查

海洋生态调查包括叶绿素a及初级生产力、浮游植物、浮游动物、大型底栖生物和潮间带生物调

查，其按GB/T12763.6—2007中第5章、第7章、第8章、第10章和第12章的规定执行。

6海藻或海草调查

6.1站点布设

根据海藻或海草的分布范围，在低潮时，选取有代表性的站点，每个站点设定3条垂直岸线的平行

样带，固定样带一端置于低潮线处，另一端随海底地形的高低起伏自然延伸至海藻或海草生长区域边

缘。样带根据水深从岸边至海藻或海草区域外缘设置3个采样区，每个采样区至少采集3个平行样，

调查样带设置见附录A。

6.2调查时间

宜为每年的海藻或海草生长茂盛期，依据调查目的不同，可适当调整。

6.3调查方法

6.3.1声学侧扫

采用声呐法调查海藻或海草的分布状况。声呐调查按GB/T12763.10的规定执行。侧扫船速不

超过3节。

野外调查结束后，采用地理信息系统对野外调查的图像进行空间分析，绘制海藻或海草的分布范

围，计算海藻或海草的分布面积。

6.3.2潜水调查

每个采样区采用水下固定样方形式调查样方内的所有海藻或海草，样方大小为50cm×50cm，可

根据实际情况适当调整样方大小。每个样方分成4个25cm×25cm的拍摄区域，通过原位生态拍摄，

记录海藻或海草调查站点位置信息，记录表见附录B中表B.1。对样方内的所有生物进行现场拍照、

记录样方内出现的藻类或海草物种，采集样方内海草或海藻样品，测定生物体的株高，然后清洗干净生

物体，吸水纸吸干生物体表面水分，称重，计算生物量并记录在表B.2中。在样带固定样方外的附近区

域，拍照和收集出现的海藻或海草种类，作为定性分析结果。

6.3.3礁石表生藻席调查

按GB/T12763.6—2007中第12章规定的潮间带硬相生物调查执行。

7鱼卵、仔鱼和稚鱼调查

按SC/T9403—2012中5.6的规定执行。

8游泳动物调查

8.1声学调查

按SC/T9403—2012中5.3的规定执行。

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8.2刺网调查

8.2.1断面布设

宜结合调查水域地形、水深、海流、风向，按垂直岛礁岸线向外或环绕岛礁分断面设置，一般至少设

置3个断面。对特定游泳动物种类的专项调查可按其栖息地生境和习性补充调查断面。

8.2.2调查时间

每断面刺网作业时间不少于4h且不宜超过15h，每断面的调查应包括白天、晚上。时间记录以

放网开始时计时至起网开始时止。总体调查的时间和次数依据调查任务和目标确定，逐月或分季度月

进行，逐月调查一般在3月至翌年2月，分季度月调查一般在5月（春）、8月（夏）、11月（秋）和翌年

2月（冬）。

8.2.3渔具操作

抵达布设断面位置后开始放刺网；调查完成后，按先放先起的顺序依次起网。若遇起网困难，可留

作最后处理，若网具缠绕障碍物，不能正常起网的，需派潜水员将网具全部回收至甲板，不应弃置在自

然海域。

8.2.4网具规格参数

8.2.4.1网具类型选择

根据调查海域主要使用的作业类型、目标种类的生物学特征（体型、游泳行为、栖息习性）和岛礁水

域生境特点（地形、水深、海流等）及其调查任务目的，选择以下刺网类型。

a）漂流刺网：适用于水深分布较均匀、海流流向较稳定海域，适于总体调查或随机抽样调查。

b）定置刺网：适用于穴居或礁栖性鱼类等生物资源的调查。

8.2.4.2网具参数选择

网具尺寸选择应符合调查海域实际。调查中应记录刺网的主要规格参数，包括类型及网片长度、

高度、数量及网目尺寸等；每断面调查网具规格和数量应保持一致。

漂流刺网，网高不低于1.5m，每断面调查网具网片总长度不少于300m，网目尺寸可选30mm、45mm、

60mm或70mm~80mm等；定置刺网，内网目尺寸按漂流刺网，外网目尺寸不小于120mm。

8.2.5渔获物处理分析

按SC/T9403—2012中5.2.4.2和5.2.5的规定执行；相关调查数据记录表见表B.3。

8.3水下视频调查

8.3.1调查准备

水下视频调查准备应包括调查样带、内容、时间、频次、预期成果、专业配置、人员潜水专业技术水

平、船只及其他器材设备等。

8.3.2设施设备

按HY/T082—2005中5.2.2的规定执行。

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8.3.3数据采集

8.3.3.1目标种确定

调查区域内明显可见物种应全部拍摄；拟态、穴居物种宜尽可能拍摄。

8.3.3.2调查区域和样带设置

按HY/T082—2005中5.2.2的规定执行。每个调查区域均匀布设调查样带，样带长度不少于50m，

数量不低于4处，每处布设水深分别为5m、10m、15m，每处不少于3个水深带，根据需要可增设；每

样带分别设置50m×5m为常规物种监测和50m×2m为隐秘物种监测。

8.3.3.3调查步骤

样带布设结束15min以后下水，手握水下数码相机沿着样带游动（或移动）到另一端，相机仰角为

60°左右，覆盖样线左右各2.5m范围，距离水底1m，游动（或移动）速度为7m/min~8m/min，相机视

频最低要求为2K分辨率、60帧。

8.3.3.4数据记录

根据专业文献资料对视频影像中鱼类进行鉴定，记录不同鱼类的数量，采用专业影像长度测量软

件测量每种鱼的体长范围。

8.4钓具调查

按SC/T9403—2012中5.4的规定执行。

8.5笼壶调查

按SC/T9403—2012中5.5的规定执行。

9资源评估

9.1叶绿素a及初级生产力

主要评估叶绿素a的浓度和初级生产力，按GB/T12763.6—2007中5.6.1和5.6.2的规定执行。

9.2浮游植物

主要评估种类组成、丰度、优势度和生物多样性。丰度按GB/T12763.6—2007中7.4.1的规定执

行；优势度和生物多样性计算按附录C的规定执行。

9.3浮游动物

主要评估种类组成、生物量、个体密度、优势度和生物多样性。生物量按GB/T12763.6—2007中

8.4.1的规定执行；个体密度按GB/T12763.6—2007中8.4.2的规定执行；优势度和生物多样性计算按

附录C的规定执行。

9.4大型底栖动物

主要评估种类组成、生物量、栖息密度、优势度和生物多样性。生物量和栖息密度按GB/T12763.6—

2007中10.4的规定执行；优势度和生物多样性计算按附录C的规定执行。

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9.5潮间带生物

主要评估种类组成、生物量、栖息密度、优势度和生物多样性。生物量和栖息密度按GB/T12763.6—

2007中12.3的规定执行；优势度和生物多样性计算按附录C的规定执行。

9.6海藻或海草

主要评估种类组成、株高、密度、生物量和优势度。株高、密度、生物量计算按附录D的规定执行；

优势度计算按附录C的规定执行。

9.7鱼卵、仔鱼和稚鱼

主要评估种类组成和丰度。丰度按GB/T12763.6—2007中9.4的规定执行。

9.8游泳动物

9.8.1声学评估

主要评估资源量，按SC/T9403—2012中5.3.4的规定执行。

9.8.2刺网评估

主要评估种类组成、数量分布、种群结构、生物学特征、生物多样性。数量分布以每1000m2网片

面积的渔获重量或数量表示，单位为千克每千平方米或尾每千平方米（kg/1000m2或ind/1000m2）；生

物学特征按SC/T9403—2012中5.2.5.3的规定执行；生物多样性计算按附录C的规定执行。

9.8.3水下视频评估

主要评估种类组成、数量分布、资源密度。资源密度计算按附录E的规定执行。

9.8.4钓具评估

主要评估种类组成、数量分布、生物学特性。数量分布以每百钓钩的渔获重量或数量表示，单位为

千克每百枚钓钩或尾每百枚钓钩（kg/100hk或ind/100hk）；生物学特征按SC/T9403—2012中

5.2.5.3的规定执行。

9.8.5笼壶评估

主要评估种类组成、数量分布、生物学特性。数量分布以每百笼壶的渔获重量或数量表示，单位为

千克每百个笼壶或尾每百个笼壶（kg/100p或ind/100p）；生物学特征按SC/T9403—2012中5.2.5.3

的规定执行。

10资料归档

按SC/T9403的规定执行。

5

GB/T45058—2024

附录A

（资料性）

海藻或海草调查样带和样方设置

图A.1给出了岛礁水域海藻或海草调查样带和样方设置示意图。

标引序号说明：

1——平行样带；

2——50cm×50cm样方。

图A.1海藻或海草调查样带和样方设置

6

GB/T45058—2024

备注

定位方式

调查时间

调查日期

：

记录时间

终点水深

起点水深

B

）

）

N

（

资料性

终点纬度

附录

（

数据记录表

海藻或海草调查位置记录

1

）

.

E

B

（

终点经度

表

：

）

。

N

（

起点纬度

）

E

（

起点经度

样带编号

：

给出了海藻或海草调查位置记录内容

校对者

1

.

：

站点编号

B

调查区域

记录者

表

1

.

序号

B

7

GB/T45058—2024

编号

海藻样品

种类

主要海藻

：

海藻

覆盖度

记录时间

编号

海草样品

：

种类

主要海草

海草

覆盖度

）

N

（

纬度

）

E

（

经度

调查日期

海藻或海草现场采集记录

：：

2

.

B

表

校对者

调查时间

调查区域潮汐

。

视频编号

/

照片

样方编号

样带编号

：

给出了海藻或海草现场采集记录内容

2

：

.

站点编号

B

表

采样地点