2026年全国教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力考试能力提升卷（详细参考解析）

姓名:_________________编号:_________________地区:_________________省市:_________________ 密封线 姓名:_________________编号:_________________地区:_________________省市:_________________ 密封线 密封线 2026年教师资格考试重点试题精编注意事项:1.全卷采用机器阅卷，请考生注意书写规范；考试时间为120分钟。2.在作答前，考生请将自己的学校、姓名、班级、准考证号涂写在试卷和答题卡规定位置。

3.部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂;非选择题部分必须使用黑色签字笔书写，字体工整，笔迹清楚。

4.请按照题号在答题卡上与题目对应的答题区域内规范作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效:在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。(参考答案和详细解析均在试卷末尾)一、选择题

1、Inapre-listeningactivity,studentsneedtolearntocopewithsomeambiguityinlisteningandrealizethattheycanstilllearnevenwhentheydonotunderstandeverysingleword.Theaimofthisactivityistodeveloptheskillof__________.A.listeningforspecificinformationB.listeningforgistC.listeningforstructureD.listeningforvocabulary

2、WhatpurposedoesNOTpost-listeningactivitiesserve?A.HelpingstudentsrelatethetextwiththeirpersonalexperienceB.OfferingstudentstheopportunitiesofextendingotherlanguageskillsC.Practicingstudents'abilityofmatchingthepre-listeningpredictionswithcontentsofthetextD.Givingtheanswerdirectlytostudentsandnottoexplain

3、Whichofthefollowingwords’pronunciationshowsdeletion?A.designB.signatureC.paradigmatiCD.designation

4、Whichofthefollowingwordshasadifferentstresspattern?A.FacilityB.CaterpillarC.CommunityD.Accompany

5、Themeaningofthesentenceis__________.A.relatedtoitssyntacticstructureB.independentofitsstructureC.thesumtotalofthewordsusedinitD.unrelatedtothecontext

6、Whatstagecanthefollowinggrammaractivitybeusedat?Theteacheraskedstudentstoarrangethewordsofsentencesintodifferentcolumnsraarkedsubject,predicate,object,objectcomplement,adverbialandsoon.A.PresentationB.PracticeC.ProductionD.Preparation

7、请阅读短文，完成此题。Whatshouldyouthinkaboutintryingtofindyourcareer?Youareprobablybetteratsomeschoolsubjectsthanothers.Thesemayshowstrengthsthatyoucanuseinyourwork.Aboywhoisgoodatmathematicscanusethatinanengineeringcareer.AgirlwhospellswellandlikesEnglishmaybegoodatofficework.Soitisimportanttoknowthesubjectsyoudowellinatschool.Ontheotherhand,youmaynothaveanyspeciallystrongorweaksubjectsbutyourrecordsshowageneralsatisfactorystandard.Althoughnotallsubjectscanbeuseddirectlyinajob,theymayhaveindirectvalue.Knowledgeofhistoryisnotrequiredformostjobsbutifhistoryisoneofyourgoodsubjectsyouwillhavelearnedtorememberfactsanddetails.Thisisanabilitythatcanbeusefulinmanyjobs.Yourschoolmayhavetaughtyouskills,suchastypingortechnicaldrawing,whichyoucanuseinyourwork.Youmaybegoodatmetalworkorcookeryandlookforajobwhereyoucanimprovetheseskills.Ifyouhavehadapart-timejobonSaturdaysorinthesummer,thinkwhatyougainedfromit.Ifnothingelse,youmayhavelearnedhowtogettoworkontime,tofollowinstructionsandtogetonwitholderworkers.Youmayhavelearnedtogivecorrectchangeinashop,forexample.Justasimportant,youmaybecomeinterestedinaparticularindustryorcareeryouseefromtheinsideinapart-timejob.Facingyourweakpointsisalsopartofknowingyourself.Youmaybeallthumbswhenyouhandletools;perhapsyouareapoorspellerorcannotaddupacolumnoffigures.Itisbittertofaceanyweaknessesthantopretendtheydonotexist.Yourschoolrecord,forinstance,maynotbetoogood,yetitisanimportantpartofyourbackground.Youshouldnotbeapologeticaboutitbutinsteadrecognizethatyouwillhaveachanceofafreshstartatwork.Thewholepassagecenterson__________.查看材料A.choosingacareeraccordingtowhatoneisskilledinB.acquiringknowledgebyworkinghardatschoolC.findingone'sstrongandweakpointsD.developingone'sabilitiesusefulinschoolwork

8、Ofcourse,mostimmigrantsdidnotgetrichovernight,butthe______ofthemwereeventuallyabletoimproveupontheirformerstandardofliving.A.maximumB.minorityC.majorityD.minimum

9、Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruefighters．We'repushingourkidstogetgoodgrades,takeSATpreparatorycoursesandbuildresumessotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice．I'vetwicebeentothewars,andasIsurveythebattlefield,somethingdifferentishappening．Weseeourkids'collegebackgroundasaprizedemonstratinghowwellwe'veraisedthem．Butwecan'tacknowledgethatourobsessionismoreaboutusthanthem．Sowe'vecontrivedvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths,prejudicesormyths．Itactuallydoesn'tmattermuchwhetherAaronandNicolegotoStanford．Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic;weworrythattherewon'tbeenoughprizestogoaround．Fearfulparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever．Underlyingthehysteriaisthebeliefthatscarceelitedegreesmustbehighlyvaluable．Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabettereducationanddevelopbettercontacts．Allthatisplausible--andmostlywrong．Wehaven'tfoundanyconvincingevidencethatselectivityorprestigematters．Selectiveschoolsdon'tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructionalapproachesthanlessselectiveschools．Ontwomeasures--professor'sfeedbackandthenumberofessayexams--selectiveschoolsdoslightlyworse．Bysomestudies,selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduates'lifetimeearnings．Thegainisreckonedat2-4%forevery100-pointincreaseinaschool'saverageSATscores．Buteventhisadvantageisprobablyastatisticalfluke．Awell-knownstudyexaminedstudentswhogotintohighlyselectiveschoolsandthenwentelsewhere．Theyearnedjustassuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools．Kidscountmorethantheircolleges．GettingintoYalemaysignifyintelligence,talentandambition．Butit'snottheonlyindicatorand,paradoxically,itssignificanceisdeclining．Thereason:somanysimilarpeoplegoelsewhere．GettingintocA.GettingintoPh.D.programsmaybemorecompetitivethangettingintocollegeB.Degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdonotguaranteeentrytograduateprograms,C.GraduatesfromprestigiousuniversitiesdonotcaremuchahouttheirGREscoresD.Connectionsbuiltinprestigiousuniversitiesmayhesustainedlongaftergraduation,

10、Passage2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwas?surprisinglystraightup．Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightout?andsaidhewasleaving"topursuemygoalofrunningacompany,"Broadcastinghisambitionwas"verymuchmydecision,"McGeesays．Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththe?boardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember21.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindof?companyhewantedtorun．Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations．AndMcGeeisn′talone．InrecentweekstheNo．2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquit?withtheexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost．Asboards-scrutinizesuccessionplansin?responsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon′tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon．A?turbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncements?cloudtheirreputations．Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethe?jumpwithoutanet．Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervous?boardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch．Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders．Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional．Foryears?executivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesarethe?oneswhomustbepoached．SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:"Ican′tthinkofasingle?searchI′vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst．"Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven′talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly．EllenMarram?quitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO．Itwasayearbeforeshe?becameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange．RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin?2005withambitionstobeaCEO．Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthree?yearslater．Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers．Thefinancialcrisishasmade?itmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone．"Thetraditionalrulewasit′ssaferto?staywhereyouare,butthat′sbeenfundamentallyinverted,"saysoneheadhunter．"Thepeople?who′vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho′vestayedtoolong．"Theword"poached"(Para．4)mostprobablymeans___________．查看材料A.approvedofB.attendedtoC.huntedforD.guardedagainst

11、Whatshouldtheteachertrytoavoidwhenselectinglisteningmaterials?A.ThetextscriptedandrecordedinthestudioB.ThetextwithimplicatedconceptsbeyondthecomprehensionofstudentsC.ThetextwithlocalaccentsinpronunciationD.Thetextwithsomedifficultwordsforstudents

12、WhichbranchofstudycanNOTbeincludedinthescopeofLinguistics?A.SyntaxB.PragmaticsC.PhoneticsD.Anthropology

13、Howmanyliaisonsofsoundarethereinthesentence"Hefetcheditforme"?A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four

14、请阅读短文，完成此题。We'vegotitallwrong,saysCarlosSlim,theMexicantelecomstycoonandworld'ssecond-richestman:weshouldbeworkingonlythreedaysaweek.AttendingabusinessconferenceinParaguay,Mr.Slimsaiditwastimefora"radicaloverhaul"ofpeople'sworkinglives.Insteadofbeingabletoretireat50or60,hesays,weshouldworkuntilweareolder--buttakemoretimeoffaswedoso."Peoplearegoingtohavetoworkformoreyears,untiltheyare70or75,andjustworkthreedaysaweek--perhaps11hoursaday,"hetoldtheconference,accordingtoPnewsagency."Withthreeworkdaysaweek,wewouldhavemoretimetorelaxforqualityoflife.Havingfourdays(off)wouldbeveryimportanttogeneratenewentertainmentactivitiesandotherwaysofbeingoccupied."The74-year-oldself-mademagnatebelievesthatsuchamovewouldgenerateahealthierandmoreproductivelabourforce,whiletacklingfinancialchallengeslinkedtolongevity.Heisputtinghismoneywherehismouthis.InhisTehnexfixed-linephonecompanyinMexico,whereworkersonacollectivelabourcontractwhojoinedthecompanyintheirlateteensareeligibletoretirebeforetheyare50,hehasinstitutedavoluntaryschemeallowingsuchworkerstokeepworking,onfullpay,buttheyonlyneedtoworkfourdaysaweek.Mr.SlimstunnedtheMexicanbusinessworldthismonthwithplanstobreakuphisAm6ricaM6vilempire,sellingaboutafifthofitsassets,inordertoavoidregulatorysanctions.Hiscompaniesdominate80percentofthefixed-lineand70percentofthemobilemarketsinMexico--aboveanew50percentthreshold.Themagnateisakeenstrategistandphilanthropist,whohasoftensaidwhathelikestodobestistothink.Hehascultivatedinterestsoutsidethecorporateworld:hispassionforRodinsculptureandartcollectingisevidentintheSoumayamuseuminMexicoCitydedicatedtohislatewife.Anotherofhisdeep-heldbelA.heisamagnateB.heisadiplomatistC.heisastrategistD.heisaphilanthropist

15、请阅读Passage2。完成第小题。Passage2Realitytelevisionisagenreoftelevisionprogrammingwhich,itisclaimed,presentsunscripteddramaticorhumoroussituations,documentsactualevents,andfeaturesordinarypeopleratherthanprofessionalactors.Itcouldbedescribedasaformofartificialor"heightened"documentary.Althoughthegenrehasexistedinsomeformoranothersincetheearlyyearsoftelevision,thecurrentexplosionofpopularitydatesfromaround2000.Realitytelevisioncoversawiderangeoftelevisionprogrammingformats,fromgameorquizshowswhichresemblethefrantic,oftendemeaningprogrammesproducedinJapaninthe1980sand1990s(amodernexampleisGakiNoTsukai),tosurveillance-orvoyeurism-focusedproductionssuchasBigBrother.Criticssaythattheterm"realitytelevision"issomewhatofamisnomerandthatsuchshowsfrequentlyportrayamodifiedandhighlyinfluencedformofreality,withparticipantsputinexoticlocationsorabnormalsituations,sometimescoachedtoactincertainwaysbyoff-screenhandlers,andwitheventsonscreenmanipulatedthrougheditingandotherpost-productiontechniques.Partofrealitytelevision'sappealisduetoitsabilitytoplaceordinarypeopleinextraordinarysituations.Forexample,ontheABCshow,TheBachelor,aneligiblemaledatesadozenwomensimultaneously,travellingonextraordinary"datestosceniclocales.Realitytelevisionalsohasthepotentialtoturnitsparticipantsintonationalcelebrities,outwardlyintalentandperformanceprogramssuchasPopIdol,thoughfrequentlySurvivorandBigBrotherparticipantsalsoreachsomedegreeofcelebrity.Somecommentatorshavesaidthatthename"realitytelevision"isaninaccuratedescriptionforseveralstylesofprogramincludedinthegenre.Incompetition-basedprogramssuchasBigBrotherandSurvivor,andotherspecial-living-environmentshowslikeTheRealWorld,theproducersdA.itshowseligiblemalesdatingwomenB.itusesexoticlocationsC.itshowsaveragepeopleinexceptionalcircumstancesD.itcanturnordinarypeopleintocelebrities

16、Passage2Evenintraditionaloffices,"thelinguafrancaofcorporateAmericahasgottenmuchmoreemotionaland?muchmoreright-brainedthanitwas20yearsago,"saidHarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorNancyKoehn.Shestartedspinningoffexamples."IfyouandIparachutedbacktoFortune500companiesin1990,we?wouldseemuchlessfrequentuseoftermslikejourney,mission,passion.Thereweregoals,therewerestrategies,therewereobjectives,butwedidn′ttalkaboutenergy;wedidn′ttalkaboutpassion."Koehnpointedoutthatthisneweraofcorporatevocabularyisvery"team"-oriented--andnotbycoinci-dence."Let′snotforgetsports--inmale-dominatedcorporateAmerica,it′sstillabigdeal.It′snotexplicitly?conscious;it′stheideathatI′macoach,andyou′remyteam,andwe′reinthistogether.Therearelotsand?lotsofCEOsinverydifferentcompanies,butmostthinkofthemselvesascoachesandthisistheirteamand?theywanttowin."Thesetermsarealsointendedtoinfuseworkwithmeaning--and,asKhuranapointsout,increaseallegiancetothefirm."Youhavetheimportationofterminologythathistoricallyusedtobeassociatedwithnon-profitorganizationsandreligiousorganizations:Termslikevision,values,passion,andpurpose,"said?Khurana.Thisnewfocusonpersonalfulfillmentcanhelpkeepemployeesmotivatedamidincreasinglylouddebatesoverwork-lifebalance.The"mommywars"ofthe1990sarestillgoingontoday,promptingarguments?aboutwhywomenstillcan′thaveitallandbookslikeSherylSandberg′sLeanIn,whosetitlehasbecomea?buzzwordinitsownright.Termslikeunplug,offline,lifehack,bandwidth,andcapacityareallaboutsetting?boundariesbetweentheofficeandthehome.Butifyourworkisyour"passion,"you′llbemorelikelytodevoteyourselftoit,evenifthatmeansgoinghomefordinnerandthenworkinglongafterthekidsareinbed.Butthisseemstobetheironyofofficespeak:EveryonemakesfuA.moreemotionalB.moreobjectiveC.lessenergeticD.lessstrategic

17、__________isNOTincludedinthefactorsusedinanalyzingvowels.A.PositionofthetongueB.ShapeoflipsC.OpennessofthemouthD.Opennessofthevocalcords

18、请阅读Passage1。完成第小题。Passage1Africanelephantshavebeenslaughteredatalarmingrateoverthepastdecade,largelybecausetheyaretheprimarysourceoftheworld'sivory.Theirpopulationhasbeendwindledfrom1.3millionin1979tojust625,000today,andtherateofkillinghasbeenacceleratinginrecentyearsbecausemanyoftheolder,biggertuskedanimalshavealreadybeendestroyed."Thepoachersnowmustkilltimesasmanyelephantstogetthesamequantityofivory,"explainedCurtisBohlen,SeniorvicepresidentoftheWorldWildlifeFund.Thoughitsrecordontheenvironmenthasbeenspottysofar,thegovernmentlastweektooktheleadinamajorconservationissuebyimposingabanonivoryimportsintotheUS.Themovecamejustfourdaysafteraconsortiumofconservationgroups,includingtheWorldWildlifeFundandWildlifeConservationInternational,calledforthatkindofaction,anditmadetheUSthefirstnationtoforbidimportsofbothrawandfinishedivory.Theban,saysBohlen,sendsaveryclearmessagetotheivorypoachersthatthegameisover.InthepastAfricannationshaveresistedanivoryban,butincreasinglytheyrealizedthatthedecimationoftheelephantherdsposesaseriousthreattotheirtouristbusiness.LastmonthTanzaniaandseveralotherAfricancountriescalledforanamendmenttothe102nationConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesthatwouldmaketheivorytradeillegalworldwide.TheamendmentisexpectedtobeapprovedatanOctobermeetinginGenevaandtogointoeffectnextJanuary.Butbetweennowandthen,conservationistscontend,poachersmaygoonarampage,killingelephantswholesale,sonationsshouldunilaterallyforbidimportsrightaway.TheUSgovernmentbroughtthatargument,andbyweek'sendthetwelvenationsEuropeanCommunityhadfollowedwithitsownban.WhydidtheAfricannationswelcomeanivoryban?查看材料A.TherateofkillinghasbeenacceleratingB.TheUSgovernmentforbidsimportsofbothrawandfinishedivoryC.TheyrealizedthatthekillingofelephantsisaseriousthreattotheirtouristbusinessD.Africanpeopleadvocatedanivoryban

19、Mother'sDayisthoughtto__________inthe19lOs,isn'tit?A.firstmarkB.befirstmarkedC.havefirstmarkedD.havefirstbeenmarked

20、Whichofthefollowingisakindofinformationgapactivitiesinclass?A.PatterndrillsB.MakingasurveyC.SentencetransformationD.Formingsentences

21、Passage2Americansdon’tliketolosewars．Ofcourse，alotdependsonhowyoudefinejustwhatawaris．Thereareshootingwars—thekindthattestpatriotismandcourage--andthosearethekindatwhichtheU．S．excels．Butotherstrugglestestthosequalitiest00．WhatelsewastheGreatDepressionorthespaceraceortheconstructionoftherailroadsIfAmericanindulgeinabitofflag--whenthejobisdone，theyearnedit．Nowthereisasimilarchallenge--globalwarmin2.Thesteadydeteriorationoftheveryclimateofthisveryplanetisbecomingawarofthefirstorder，andbyanymeasure，theU．S．islosing．Indeed，ifAmericaisfightingatall，it’sfightingonthewrongside．TheU．S．producesnearlyaquarteroftheworld’sgreenhousegaseseachyearandhasstubbornlymadeitclearthatitdoesn’tintendtodoawholelotaboutit．Althoughl74nationsapprovedtheadmittedlyflawedKyotoaccordstoreducecarbonlevels，theU．S．walkedawayfromthem．Therearevaguepromisesofmanufacturingfuelfromherbsorpoweringcarswithhydrogen．Butforacountrythattightlycitespatriotismasoneofitscorevalues，theU．S．istakingapassonwhatmightbethemostpatrioticstruggleofall.It′shardtoimagineabiggerfightthanoneforthesurvivalofacountry′scoastsandfarms,thehealthofitspeopleandstabilityofitseconomy.Therubis,ifthevastmajorityofpeopleincreasinglyagreethatclimatechangeisaglobalemergency,there′sfarlessagreementonhowtofixit.Industryoffersitsplans,whichtoooftenwouldfixlittle.Environmentalistsoffertheirs,whichtoooftenamounttonativewishliststhatcouldweakenAmerica′sgrowth.Butlet′sassumethatthoseinterestedpartiesandotherswillalwaysbentthetableandwillalwaysdemandthattheirvoicesbeheardandthattheirneedsbeaddressed.Whatwouldanaggressive,ambitious,effectiveplanlooklike--onethatwouldleavetheU.S.bothenvironmentallysafeandeconomicallysoA.HumanwarsB.EconomiccrisisC.America'senvironmentalpoliciesD.Globalenvironmentingeneral

22、请阅读Passage2，完成小题。Passage2Papermoneyisusedeverydaybutpeopledonotoftenthinkofmoneyasjustpaper.Thisis?becausepeopleagreethatithasvalue,andpapermoneyissupportedbythegovernment.Peoplehaveusedpapermoneyforonlyafewhundredyears,butwhatdidpeopledobefore?printedmoneywasinvented?InMedievalEngland,astickwastheofficialrepresentationofmoney.Thecommonsystemthatwasusedinvolvedcountingdebtonapieceofwoodcalleda"tallystick".Thetallystickwasmarkedwithaknife.Eachmark,ortally,indicatedanamountofmoney.The?tallystickactedasacontract.Noonereallyknowswhoinventedthetallystick,butKingHenryIofEnglandiscreditedas?thefirsttousethestickinawidespreadfashion.InEngland,thetallystickwasusedfrom?1100-1826.Marksweremadeonatallysticktorepresenttheamountofserviceorgoodsthatwere?exchanged.Thetallystickwascutinhalflengthwiseintotwoparts,andonestickwaslongerthan?theother.Thepersongivingservicesorgoodsreceivedthelongerendofthestick,calledthe"stock",andthepersonpayingfortheserviceorgoodsreceivedtheshorterend.Oncethestickwas?cut,itcouldnotbealtered.Whenputtogether,thetwohalvesfitperfectlytogether.MedievalEnglandwasnottheonlycountrytousethetallysticksystem.In1960,Belgian?scientistJeandeHeinzelindeBraucourtdiscoveredanextremelyoldtallystickmadeofbaboon?boneinAfrica.Atfirst,hedeterminedthesticktobebetweenabout8,000to10,000yearsold.This?surprisedmanypeoplebecauseitprovedthatthetallysticksystemhadbeeninuseformuchlonger?thaneveryonehadpreviouslythought.Furtherresearchhasshownthatthisstickisactuallymuch?older:now,scientistsbelieveitis20,000yearsold.Thetallysticksystemmaynolongerbeinusetoday,butitsinfluenceisstillapparent.People?stillmakecontractsandpeoplestillborrowandlendmoney.Peoplestilltrustthat"things"--whethertheyaresticks,paper,orcoins--havevalue.Thenexttimepapermoneyisused,just?remember:itisonlypaper!Whowasresponsibleformakingthetallysticksystemsopopular?A.HenryIB.NoonereallyknowsC.MoneyborrowersD.JeandeHeinzelindeBraucourt

23、Thereisnodoubt__________,inmyopinion,__________mattersisnotthespeed,butthequalityoftheproduct．A.what;whatB.that;thatC.that;ifD.that;what

24、Languageenablesitsspeakerstorefertoallkindsofthings,whichareeitherpresentorabsent;eitherexistingatpresent,inthepastorinthefuture;eitherrealorunreal.Thisqualityiscalled__________.A.arbitrarinessB.dualityC.creativityD.displacement

25、__________maybedefinedasanykindofengagingwiththelanguageonthepartofthelearners,usuallyundertheteacher'ssupervision,whoseprimaryobjectiveistoconsolidatelearning.A.PresentationB.PracticeC.ProductionD.Preparation

26、Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?"is__________．A.informativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative

27、Passage1Thebrainistrulyamarvel.Aseeminglyendlesslibrary,whoseshelveshouseourmostpreciousmemoriesaswellasourlifetime'sknowledge.Butisthereapointwhereitreachescapacity?Inotherwords,canthebrainbe“full”?Theanswerisaresoundingno,because,well,brainsaremoresophisticatedthanthat.AstudypublishedinNatureNeuroscienceearlierthisyearshowsthatinsteadofjustcrowdingin,oldinformationissometimespushedoutofthebrainfornewmemoriestoform.Previousbehavioralstudieshaveshownthatlearningnewinformationcanleadtoforgetting.Butinthisstudy,researchersusednewneuroimagingtechniquestodemonstrateforthefirsttimehowthiseffectoccursinthebrain.Thepaper'sauthorssetouttoinvestigatewhathappensinthebrainwhenwetrytorememberinformationthat'sverysimilartowhatwealreadyknow.Thisisimportantbecausesimilarinformationismorelikelytointerferewithexistingknowledge,andit'sthestuffthatcrowdswithoutbeinguseful.Todothis,theyexaminedhowbrainactivitychangeswhenwetrytoremembera“target”memory,thatis,whenwetrytorecallsomethingveryspecific,atthesametimeastryingtoremembersomethingsimilar(a“competing”memory).Participantsweretaughttoassociateasingleword(say,thewordsand)withtwodifferentimages--suchasoneofMarilynMonroeandtheotherofahat.Theyfoundthatasthetargetmemorywasrecalledmoreoften,brainactivityforitincreased.Meanwhile,brainactivityforthecompetingmemorysimultaneouslyweakened.Thischangewasmostprominentinregionsnearthefrontofthebrain,suchastheprefrontalcortex,ratherthankeymemorystructuresinthemiddleofthebrain,suchasthehippocampus,whichistraditionallyassociatedwithmemoryloss.Theprefrontalcortexisinvolvedinarangeofcomplexcognitiveprocesses,suchasplanning,decisionmaking,andselectiveretrievalofmemory.Extensiveresearchshowsthispartofthebrainworksincombinationwiththehippocampustoretrievespecificmemories.Ifthehippocampusisthesearchengine,theprefrontalcortexisthefilterdeterminingwhichmemoryisthemostrelevant.Thissuggeststhatstoringinformationaloneisnotenoughforagoodmemory.Thebrainalsoneedstobeabletoaccesstherelevantinformationwithoutbeingdistractedbysimilarcompetingpiecesofinformation.Indailylife,forgettingactuallyhasclearadvantages.Imagine,forinstance,thatyoulostyourbankcard.Thenewcardyoureceivewillcomewithanewpersonalidentificationnumber(PIN).ResearchinthisfieldsuggeststhateachtimeyourememberthenewPIN,yougraduallyforgettheoldone:Thisprocessimprovesaccesstorelevantinformation,withoutoldmemoriesinterfering.Whenweacquirenewinformation,thebrainautomaticallytriestoincorporateitwithinexistinginformationbyformingassociations.Andwhenweretrieveinformation,boththedesiredandassociatedbutirrelevantinformationisrecalled.Themajorityofpreviousresearchhasfocusedonhowwelearnandremembernewinformation.Butcurrentstudiesarebeginningtoplacegreateremphasisontheconditionsunderwhichweforget,asitsimportancebeginstobemoreappreciated.Whichofthefollowingislikelytobediscus