2026年托福阅读技巧提升：指代与修辞目的专项试题解析卷

2026年托福阅读技巧提升：指代与修辞目的专项试题解析卷考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______模拟试卷第一部分：指代阅读以下短文，回答问题。Thediscoveryofpenicillinin1928byAlexanderFlemingmarkedasignificantturningpointinthehistoryofmedicine.Fleming,aScottishbacteriologist,wasworkinginhislaboratorywhenheobservedthatamold,lateridentifiedas*Penicilliumnotatum*,hadcontaminatedaPetridishofStaphylococcusbacteriaandhadkilledthesurroundingbacteria.AlthoughFlemingnotedthephenomenon,hedidnotinitiallyrecognizeitsfullpotential.Itwasn'tuntilthelate1930sthatotherscientists,particularlyHowardFloreyandErnstBorisChain,furtherinvestigatedpenicillinanddevelopedmethodstopurifyandmass-produceit.Theirworkeventuallyledtothewidespreaduseofpenicillinasaneffectiveantibiotic,savingcountlesslivesbytreatingbacterialinfectionsthatwerepreviouslydeadly.1.Inthesecondsentence,theword*it*refersto:a)AlexanderFlemingb)themold*Penicilliumnotatum*c)thePetridishd)Staphylococcusbacteria2.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidFlemingdowithhisinitialobservation?a)Heimmediatelybeganpurifyingthepenicillin.b)Hepublishedapaperaboutitspotentialapplications.c)Helargelyignoreditssignificanceatthetime.d)HeshareditwithHowardFloreyandErnstBorisChainimmediately.3.Theword*their*inthethirdsentencerefersto:a)scientistsb)AlexanderFlemingc)Staphylococcusbacteriad)themold*Penicilliumnotatum*4.Inthefourthsentence,theword*it*refersto:a)penicillinb)thewidespreadusec)anantibioticd)countlesslives5.Thephrase*thatwerepreviouslydeadly*inthefinalsentencerefersto:a)penicillinb)bacterialinfectionsc)Staphylococcusbacteriad)themethodstomass-producepenicillin第二部分：修辞目的阅读以下短文，回答问题。Climatechangepresentsoneofthemostsignificantchallengesfacingtheglobalcommunitytoday.Risingglobaltemperatures,primarilyduetoincreasedgreenhousegasemissions,arecausingacascadeofenvironmentalimpacts.Theseimpactsincludemorefrequentandsevereheatwaves,meltingpolaricecapsandglaciers,risingsealevels,andincreasedintensityofextremeweathereventslikehurricanesandfloods.Theconsequencesofthesechangesarefar-reaching,affectingecosystems,agriculture,humanhealth,andeconomicstabilityworldwide.Itiscrucialthatnationscollaboratetoreduceemissionsanddevelopsustainablepracticestomitigatetheeffectsofclimatechangebeforethesituationbecomesirreversible.6.Whatisthemainpurposeofthesecondparagraph?a)Todescribethehistoricaldiscoveryofclimatechange.b)Toprovidespecificexamplesoftheenvironmentalimpactscausedbyrisingtemperatures.c)Toargueagainsttheneedforinternationalcooperationonclimatechange.d)Toexplaintheeconomicbenefitsofreducinggreenhousegasemissions.7.Theword*primarily*inthesecondsentenceisusedto:a)emphasizethemaincauseoftheproblem.b)suggestthatotherfactorsareequallyimportant.c)indicatethatthesituationistemporary.d)contrastwithpastclimateconditions.8.Thephrase*Theseimpactsinclude...*servesprimarilyto:a)introducethetopicofextremeweatherevents.b)explainthescientificmechanismbehindclimatechange.c)providesupportingdetailsfortheconsequencesmentionedinthefirstsentence.d)arguefortheneedforinternationalcollaboration.9.Whatisthepurposeofthethirdparagraph?a)Tooutlineaspecificplanforreducinggreenhousegasemissions.b)Toemphasizetheseverityoftheconsequencesandtheurgencyofaction.c)Tolisttheeconomiccostsassociatedwithclimatechange.d)Tointroduceanewstudyonclimatechangetrends.10.Thefinalsentenceservesmainlyto:a)suggestthatindividualactionsaresufficienttosolvetheproblem.b)statetheurgencyandnecessityofglobalactiontopreventirreversibledamage.c)listthespecificactionsthatnationsshouldtake.d)dismissthepossibilityofclimatechangebeingaseriousissue.第三部分：指代与修辞目的综合阅读以下短文，回答问题。Thedevelopmentoftheinternethasfundamentallyalteredhowhumanscommunicateandaccessinformation.Priortoitswidespreadadoption,communicationoverlongdistanceswaslimitedbytimeandcost,oftenrelyingonmailservicesorexpensivelong-distancephonecalls.Theinternet,however,enablednear-instantaneousglobalcommunicationthroughemail,socialmedia,andmessagingplatforms.Thisshifthashadprofoundsocialandeconomicimplications.Economically,ithascreatednewindustries,transformedexistingones,andfacilitatedglobaltradebyconnectingbusinessesandconsumersworldwide.Socially,ithasconnectedpeopleacrossvastdistances,facilitatedthesharingofdiverseculturesandideas,andevenenabledonlinecommunitiescenteredaroundnicheinterests.Despitethesebenefits,concernsremainaboutprivacy,misinformation,andthedigitaldividebetweenthosewithandwithoutreliableinternetaccess.11.Inthesecondsentence,theword*its*refersto:a)humansb)communicationc)longdistancesd)mailservices12.Theword*they*inthethirdsentencerefersto:a)humansb)communicationc)timeandcostd)mailservices13.Accordingtothepassage,whathastheinternetfacilitatedglobally?a)Thelimitationofcommunication.b)Thecreationofnewindustriesandglobaltrade.c)Therelianceonexpensivelong-distancecalls.d)Theisolationofpeopleduetodigitaldivide.14.Thephrase*facilitatedthesharingofdiverseculturesandideas*inthefourthsentenceprimarilyservesto:a)listanothereconomicbenefitoftheinternet.b)provideanexampleofsocialtransformationcausedbytheinternet.c)arguethatculturalsharingisunnecessary.d)explainhowsocialmediaworks.15.Theword*those*inthefinalsentencerefersto:a)benefitsb)concernsc)peopled)industries16.Whatisthemainpurposeofthefifthparagraph?a)Toarguethattheinternethasnosocialbenefits.b)Tointroducetheideathattheinternethasbothpositiveandnegativeaspects.c)Toprovideadetailedeconomicanalysisoftheinternet'simpact.d)Todescribethetechnologybehindsocialmediaplatforms.试卷答案1.b解析思路：定位代词“it”在第二句的句末，其指代对象应为前面描述的对象，即“mold,lateridentifiedas*Penicilliumnotatum*”，选项b为正确先行词。2.c解析思路：根据第三句“AlthoughFlemingnotedthephenomenon,hedidnotinitiallyrecognizeitsfullpotential.”中的“Although”可知，Fleming最初并未充分认识到这一现象的重要性，即“largelyignoreditssignificanceatthetime”，选项c为正确表述。3.a解析思路：定位代词“their”在第三句的主语位置，指代后面动词“investigated”和“developed”的行为主体，即“HowardFloreyandErnstBorisChain”，选项a为正确先行词。4.a解析思路：定位代词“it”在第四句的主语位置，指代后面动词“led”的宾语，即“thewidespreaduseofpenicillinasaneffectiveantibiotic”，选项a为正确先行词。5.b解析思路：定位短语“thatwerepreviouslydeadly”修饰的对象“bacterialinfections”，该短语说明细菌感染以前是致命的，选项b为正确指代内容。6.b解析思路：分析第二段结构，首句提出环境影响的“theseimpacts”，随后列举具体例子（heatwaves,meltingcaps,etc.），因此该段主要目的是提供首句提到的环境影响的具体例子，选项b为正确修辞目的。7.a解析思路：分析单词“primarily”在句中的位置和作用，它修饰“dueto”，表明“increasedgreenhousegasemissions”是导致“risingglobaltemperatures”的主要原因，选项a为正确理解。8.c解析思路：分析短语“Theseimpactsinclude...”的功能，它承接第一句提出的“acascadeofenvironmentalimpacts”，并列举具体内容来支撑和解释第一句的观点，选项c为正确修辞目的。9.b解析思路：分析第三段内容，该段强调气候变化后果的严重性（deadly），并指出需要采取行动（mitigate,beforethesituationbecomesirreversible），因此主要目的是强调后果的严重性和采取行动的紧迫性，选项b为正确修辞目的。10.b解析思路：分析最后一句在文中的位置和作用，它总结全文，并提出需要采取行动以避免不可逆转的损害，强调的是行动的紧迫性和必要性，选项b为正确修辞目的。11.b