【《抗生素废水污染概述》3200字】

抗生素废水污染概述目录TOC\o"1-3"\h\u23249抗生素废水污染概述 0306761.1污染现状 05371.2抗生素废水来源 171791.3抗生素的环境行为 2199371.4抗性基因 2自弗莱明1929年发现青霉素以来，大量的抗生素被用于治疗由病原菌引起的人，动物和植物的疾病ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[1]。结果，大量抗生素通过家庭，医院，制药公司，污水处理厂(WWTP)以及水产养殖场和牲畜饲养场流入自然环境ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[2-4]。抗生素在地表水，地下水和土壤沉积物中的含量较高，因而被认为是一种新型污染物ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[5-6]。在中国，抗生素污染已经成为严重的公共健康问题之一ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Tello</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>634</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>634</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616144919">634</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tello,A.</author><author>Austin,B.</author><author>Telfer,T.C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>InstituteofAquaculture,UniversityofStirling,Stirling,Scotland,UnitedKingdom.alfredotello@</auth-address><titles><title>Selectivepressureofantibioticpollutiononbacteriaofimportancetopublichealth</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives</full-title></periodical><pages>1100-6</pages><volume>120</volume><number>8</number><edition>2012/05/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Bacteria/classification/*drugeffects</keyword><keyword>EnvironmentalPollutants/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>MicrobialSensitivityTests</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>*PublicHealth</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1552-9924(Electronic) 0091-6765(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22571927</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/22571927</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>PMC3440082</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1289/ehp.1104650</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[7]，2014年，在居民的自来水和中国主要河流中均检测到抗生素的存在。水环境中的多种抗生素对水生生物构成严重的威胁，并诱导水生生态系统中抗性基因(ARG)和抗性细菌(ARB)的产生ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[8-9]。1.1污染现状中国是世界上最大的抗生素生产国和消费国，2013年全国抗生素的总生产量和使用量分别为24.8万吨和16.2万吨ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[10]。在2005至2016年期间，我国的水体中共监测到五种主要类别（磺胺类，氟喹诺酮类，四环素类，大环内酯类和β-内酰胺类）超过90种抗生素的存在，浓度范围在0.1至1000ng/L之间ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[11]。由于污水处理厂和畜牧养殖业废水的直接排放导致地表水中抗生素浓度增加，如金霉素（68,900ng/L），土霉素（361,000ng/L）和四环素（25,500ng/L）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[6,12]。而我国三大河流（长江，黄河和珠江）中，以阿莫西林和青霉素占主导地位，最高可达3380ng/LADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Guan</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>553</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>553</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1615466855">553</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guan,Yidong</author><author>Wang,Bo</author><author>Gao,Yongxia</author><author>Liu,Wen</author><author>Zhao,Xiaoli</author><author>Huang,Xiaofeng</author><author>Yu,Jianghua</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>OccurrenceandFateofAntibioticsintheAqueousEnvironmentandTheirRemovalbyConstructedWetlandsinChina:Areview</title><secondary-title>Pedosphere</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pedosphere</full-title></periodical><pages>42-51</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><section>42</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>10020160</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s1002-0160(17)60295-9</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]。在湖泊方面，华北和华东的湖泊较太湖和白洋湖中发现抗生素的浓度更高ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[6]。而海水中抗生素的浓度比在河流和湖泊中低约一个数量级，这主要是由于河流运输过程中的稀释，沉淀和降解作用所致ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[11]。1.2抗生素废水来源抗生素通过生活废水、医疗废水、养殖废水以及抗生素制药废水进入城市污水处理系统ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[14]。由于一般的污水处理工艺无法将废水中的抗生素完全去除，导致了大量的抗生素流入自然环境。目前抗生素已在多种环境中被检出，尤其是在水生环境中。这些抗生素即使在低浓度下也具有较高的活性，并对人类和水生生物产生毒害作用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ebele</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>647</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>647</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616164568">647</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ebele,AnekweJennifer</author><author>Abou-ElwafaAbdallah,Mohamed</author><author>Harrad,Stuart</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pharmaceuticalsandpersonalcareproducts(PPCPs)inthefreshwateraquaticenvironment</title><secondary-title>EmergingContaminants</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EmergingContaminants</full-title></periodical><pages>1-16</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><section>1</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>24056650</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]。抗生素在水生环境中的主要作用机理是抑制基因的合成和关键酶的表达，抑制细胞壁的合成，干扰细胞膜的通透性，影响细菌ATP和叶酸代谢等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Guan</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>553</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>553</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1615466855">553</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guan,Yidong</author><author>Wang,Bo</author><author>Gao,Yongxia</author><author>Liu,Wen</author><author>Zhao,Xiaoli</author><author>Huang,Xiaofeng</author><author>Yu,Jianghua</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>OccurrenceandFateofAntibioticsintheAqueousEnvironmentandTheirRemovalbyConstructedWetlandsinChina:Areview</title><secondary-title>Pedosphere</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pedosphere</full-title></periodical><pages>42-51</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><section>42</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>10020160</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s1002-0160(17)60295-9</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]。环境中的抗生素主要来源以下几个方面（如图1-1所示）：（1）养殖废水：抗生素是养殖场中用于预防和治疗疾病以及改善牲畜生长的有效药ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sarmah</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>648</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>648</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616219713">648</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sarmah,A.K.</author><author>Meyer,M.T.</author><author>Boxall,A.B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>LandcareResearchNewZealandLimited,PrivateBag3127,Hamilton,NewZealand.sarmahA@LandcareResearch.co.nz</auth-address><titles><title>Aglobalperspectiveontheuse,sales,exposurepathways,occurrence,fateandeffectsofveterinaryantibiotics(VAs)intheenvironment</title><secondary-title>Chemosphere</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemosphere</full-title></periodical><pages>725-59</pages><volume>65</volume><number>5</number><edition>2006/05/09</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Anti-BacterialAgents/pharmacology/toxicity</keyword><keyword>BacterialInfections/drugtherapy/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>DrugResistance,Microbial</keyword><keyword>EnvironmentalMonitoring</keyword><keyword>*EnvironmentalPollutants/metabolism/toxicity</keyword><keyword>*GlobalHealth</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Manure/microbiology</keyword><keyword>RiskAssessment</keyword><keyword>SoilMicrobiology</keyword><keyword>*VeterinaryDrugs/pharmacology/toxicity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0045-6535(Print) 0045-6535(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16677683</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/16677683</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]，兰德斯等人的研究表明在美国约有88％的养殖场在饲料中添加抗生素以预防牲畜疾病和促进生长ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>731</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>731</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1617108159">731</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Qian-Qian</author><author>Ying,Guang-Guo</author><author>Pan,Chang-Gui</author><author>Liu,You-Sheng</author><author>Zhao,Jian-Liang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ComprehensiveEvaluationofAntibioticsEmissionandFateintheRiverBasinsofChina:SourceAnalysis,MultimediaModeling,andLinkagetoBacterialResistance</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmentalscience&technology</full-title></periodical><pages>6772-6782</pages><volume>49</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Jun2</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-936X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000355779100049</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000355779100049</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acs.est.5b00729</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]。但是，大多数动物对抗生素的吸收很差，抗生素会以原型态或代谢产物的形式通过动物的粪便和尿液排出ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[18-19]。在中国，每年约97000吨抗生素用于兽医治疗和促进牲畜生长ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>664</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>664</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616227357">664</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Jin-Lin</author><author>Wong,Ming-Hung</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pharmaceuticalsandpersonalcareproducts(PPCPs):AreviewonenvironmentalcontaminationinChina</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentInternational</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentInternational</full-title></periodical><pages>208-224</pages><volume>59</volume><section>208</section><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>01604120</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.012</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]。而在水产养殖中（包括鱼类，软体动物，甲壳类等水生生物），主要是将抗生素直接注入水中，用于治疗和预防水生动物发生病变ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[21-22]。但是抗生素会诱导养殖鱼类产生耐药性细菌并传播，导致野生鱼类种群存在广泛的抗药性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Marshall</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>667</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>667</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616227825">667</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Marshall,B.M.</author><author>Levy,S.B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>TuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine,DepartmentofMolecularBiologyandMicrobiology,Boston,MA02111,USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Foodanimalsandantimicrobials:impactsonhumanhealth</title><secondary-title>ClinicalMicrobiologyReview</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ClinicalMicrobiologyReview</full-title></periodical><pages>718-33</pages><volume>24</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/10/07</edition><keywords><keyword>AnimalHusbandry/methods</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anti-BacterialAgents/*administration&dosage/adverseeffects</keyword><keyword>DrugResidues/analysis</keyword><keyword>DrugResistance,Microbial</keyword><keyword>Europe</keyword><keyword>*FoodSafety</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Meat/*standards</keyword><keyword>RiskFactors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-6618(Electronic) 0893-8512(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21976606</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/21976606</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>PMC3194830</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1128/CMR.00002-11</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]。因此，养殖废水是抗生素重要的储存库ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[24]。（2）制药废水：Larsson等人在印度调查了多个制药厂的生产废水，检出了11种抗生素，其中广谱类抗生素居多，尤其环丙沙星，浓度高达31000μg/L，该浓度超过了细菌毒性阈值的1000倍ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Fick</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>732</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>732</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1617108498">732</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fick,Jerker</author><author>Soederstrom,Hanna</author><author>Lindberg,RichardH.</author><author>Phan,Chau</author><author>Tysklind,Mats</author><author>Larsson,D.G.Joakim</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Contaminationofsurface,ground,anddrinkingwaterfrompharmaceuticalproduction.</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalToxicologyAndChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalToxicologyAndChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>2522-2527</pages><volume>28</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0730-7268</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000271694000006</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000271694000006</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1897/09-073.1</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]。在中国的制药废水中，也有大量广谱性抗生素被检出（例如氧氟沙星，罗红霉素，诺氟沙星，磺胺甲恶唑等）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[26-27]。同时Fick等人对制药废水处理厂周边的自然水体中的抗生素进行了调查，检测结果表明地下水样品中的抗生素浓度超过了1μg/L，湖水中氟喹酮类抗生素高达6.5mg/L，表明抗生素生产地自然环境受到严重的抗生素污染[25]。（3）污水处理厂：城市污水中抗生素的主要来源是家庭（75％），其次是医院（5％–20％）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[28]。大多数医院直接与城市污水处理系统相连ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kummerer</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>665</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>665</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616227550">665</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kummerer,K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofEnvironmentalHealthSciences,UniversityMedicalCentreFreiburg,Freiburg,Germany.Klaus.Kuemmerer@uniklinik-freiburg.de</auth-address><titles><title>Thepresenceofpharmaceuticalsintheenvironmentduetohumanuse--presentknowledgeandfuturechallenges</title><secondary-title>JournaofEnvironmentalManagement</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournaofEnvironmentalManagement</full-title></periodical><pages>2354-66</pages><volume>90</volume><number>8</number><edition>2009/03/06</edition><keywords><keyword>EnvironmentalMonitoring/*methods</keyword><keyword>EnvironmentalPollution/*analysis</keyword><keyword>PharmaceuticalPreparations/*analysis</keyword><keyword>RiskAssessment/methods/trends</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1095-8630(Electronic) 0301-4797(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19261375</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/19261375</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.023</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]。虽然污水处理厂被认为是地表水中抗生素的主要来源，但是目前欧盟和美国的现行法规中并未对污水处理厂废水中抗生素浓度的进行设限ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Grenni</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>669</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>669</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616228282">669</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Grenni,Paola</author><author>Ancona,Valeria</author><author>BarraCaracciolo,Anna</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ecologicaleffectsofantibioticsonnaturalecosystems:Areview</title><secondary-title>MicrochemicalJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MicrochemicalJournal</full-title></periodical><pages>25-39</pages><volume>136</volume><section>25</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>0026265X</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]。据Sim等人报道，美国污水处理厂废水中浓度最高的抗生素是林可霉素，最大可达44mg/L，同时在污水处理厂测得较高浓度的磺胺嘧啶，磺胺二甲嘧啶和金霉素的存在ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kim</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>658</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[30]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>658</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616223992">658</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kim,JinYong</author><author>Hwang,JunSeong</author><author>Yoon,Hyuk</author><author>Yang,Suk-Kyun</author><author>Loftus,EdwardV.</author><author>Park,SangHyoung</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>TheComparisonofDisease-RelatedKnowledgeofPatientswithInflammatoryBowelDiseaseBetweenWestandEastUsinganUpdatedQuestionnaire</title><secondary-title>Gastroenterology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gastroenterology</full-title></periodical><volume>156</volume><number>6</number><section>S-1131</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>00165085</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s0016-5085(19)39793-8</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[30]ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[31]。此外在中国的污水处理厂废水中也检测到多种抗生素，浓度范围大多在1~2000ng/L之间ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[32-33]。（4）垃圾填埋场渗滤液：在中国生活垃圾填埋场的渗滤液中，抗生素的浓度范围从ng/L到μg/L不等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Shi</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>662</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[34]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>662</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616224843">662</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shi,Yanchao</author><author>Cao,Jinde</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Finite-timesynchronizationofmemristiveCohen–Grossbergneuralnetworkswithtimedelays</title><secondary-title>Neurocomputing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Neurocomputing</full-title></periodical><pages>159-167</pages><volume>377</volume><section>159</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>09252312</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.neucom.2019.10.036</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[34]。Fang等人的研究表明新鲜渗滤液中的抗生素浓度更高ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[35]。1.3抗生素的环境行为环境中残余的抗生素会对生态环境和人类健康造成威胁，主要表现在以下四个方面：（1）通过食物链造成抗生素在人类和动物体内积累，危害人类和动物健康；（2）其毒性直接影响微生物和植物活性，抑制其生长和繁殖；（3）改变环境中的细菌群落结构，打破环境生态平衡；（4）导致抗性细菌和抗性基因的出现ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[4,36]。高浓度的抗生素会对细菌产生杀菌和\o"从ScienceDirect的AI生成的主题页面中了解有关抑菌剂的更多信息"抑菌作用，从而对生态系统中的微生物群落结构产生直接的影响。抗生素的存在会显著降低微生物的多样性，且会影响细菌群落的生长和\o"从ScienceDirect的AI生成的主题页面中了解有关酶活性的更多信息"酶的活性，并最终影响其生态功能ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[37-38]。抗生素对微生物群落结构具有选择作用。Zoetendal等人研究发现，磺胺类抗生素会使牛肠道内的变形菌丰度增加ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[39]，另外抗生素会显著降低土壤中的细菌总量ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Alphei</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>734</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[40]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>734</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1617109256">734</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alphei,J.</author><author>Bonkowski,M.</author><author>Scheu,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Applicationoftheselectiveinhibitionmethodtodeterminebacterialfungalratiosin3beechwoodsoilrichincarbon.</title><secondary-title>BiologyAndFertilityOfSoils</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BiologyAndFertilityOfSoils</full-title></periodical><pages>173-176</pages><volume>19</volume><number>2-3</number><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0178-2762</isbn><accession-num>WOS:A1995QG26300014</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:A1995QG26300014</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/bf00336155</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[40]，同时还会改变环境中细菌和真菌的比例ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zielezny</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>674</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[41]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>674</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616231875">674</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zielezny,Yvonne</author><author>Groeneweg,Joost</author><author>Vereecken,Harry</author><author>Tappe,Wolfgang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Impactofsulfadiazineandchlorotetracyclineonsoilbacterialcommunitystructureandrespiratoryactivity</title><secondary-title>SoilBiologyandBiochemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SoilBiologyandBiochemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>2372-2380</pages><volume>38</volume><number>8</number><section>2372</section><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>00380717</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.031</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[41]。抗生素也会影响水体中的细菌群落结构。Kim等人研究发现，水体中的红霉素会改变好氧细菌的丰度，尤其是革兰氏阳性菌丰度ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[42]。环境中的抗生素主要通过以下三种方式对细菌发挥作用：（1）通过富集环境中已经存在的抗性细菌进行抗性选择；（2）产生遗传和表型变异以增加环境适应性进化的速度促进耐药性的进程；（3）作为\o"从ScienceDirect的AI生成的主题页面中了解有关信号分子的更多信息"信号分子影响细菌的各种生理活动，包括\o"从ScienceDirect的AI生成的主题页面中了解有关生物膜形成的更多信息"生物膜形成和基因表达ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Knapp</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>735</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[43]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>735</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1617109559">735</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Knapp,CharlesW.</author><author>Engemann,ChristinaA.</author><author>Hanson,MarkL.</author><author>Keen,PatriciaL.</author><author>Hall,KennethJ.</author><author>Graham,DavidW.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Indirectevidenceoftransposon-mediatedselectionofantibioticresistancegenesinaquaticsystemsatlow-leveloxytetracyclineexposures</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmentalscience&technology</full-title></periodical><pages>5348-5353</pages><volume>42</volume><number>14</number><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jul15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-936X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000257620000054</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000257620000054</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/es703199g</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[43]。由于抗生素进入环境中会对微生物产生选择压力，进而诱导形成新型污染物：ARB和ARGs。抗生素还会对水环境中动物产生毒性，抑制其生长。许多抗生素是光合作用抑制剂，因为它们可以阻断蓝绿藻体内光合作用系统中的电子传递链ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Nie</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>677</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[44]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>677</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616241225">677</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nie,X.P.</author><author>Liu,B.Y.</author><author>Yu,H.J.</author><author>Liu,W.Q.</author><author>Yang,Y.F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofEcology,JinanUniversity,Guangzhou510632,China.</auth-address><titles><title>Toxiceffectsoferythromycin,ciprofloxacinandsulfamethoxazoleexposuretotheantioxidantsysteminPseudokirchneriellasubcapitata</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalPollution</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalPollution</full-title></periodical><pages>23-32</pages><volume>172</volume><edition>2012/09/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Anti-BacterialAgents/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Catalase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Chlorophyta/*drugeffects/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Ciprofloxacin/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Erythromycin/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>Glutathione/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GlutathionePeroxidase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GlutathioneTransferase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>LipidPeroxidation/drugeffects</keyword><keyword>Sulfamethoxazole/*toxicity</keyword><keyword>SuperoxideDismutase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>WaterPollutants,Chemical/*toxicity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1873-6424(Electronic) 0269-7491(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22982550</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/22982550</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.013</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[44]，同时还会诱导藻类产生活性氧，从而引起自身氧化应激反应。而抗生素在无脊椎动物和甲壳类动物（卤虫，盐生水蚤，大水蚤）中的毒害作用较低ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[45-46]。尚无研究表明在环境浓度下，抗生素会对脊椎动物产生急性毒性ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[47]。1.4抗性基因抗生素的滥用对生态环境和人类健康造成严峻威胁的同时还诱导ARB和ARGs的产生ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kummerer</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>681</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[48]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>681</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="pfara5vag0d9v3e255ixsr2levpwwe0w2psp"timestamp="1616242498">681</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kummerer,K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofEnvironmentalHealthSciences,UniversityMedicalCenterFreiburg,BreisacherStrasse115B,D-79106Freiburgi.Br,Germany.Klaus.kuemmerer@uniklinik-freiburg.de</auth-address><titles><title>Antibioticsintheaquaticenvironment--