科技英语写作unit8教学提纲

科技英语写作unit8SectionofResults:Thesectionofresultsisoneofthe

mostimportantelements

inaprofessionalpaper,becauseanyresearchshouldhavean

outcome,nomatterwhatitmaybe.Itisinthissectionthatthefinalresultsofthepaperarepresented.1)GeneralFunctionsandContentsofResults

Thevalueofaresearchliesinthe

valueofitsfinalresultsandtheauthor'sinterpretationoftheresults.

Iftheprecedingsectionsofapaper(Introduction,Investigations,Experiments,Calculations,etc.)aredesignedtoexplain

howtheauthorobtainstheresults,andthefollowingsectionsofthepaper(Analysis,Discussion,SummaryorConclusion,etc.)aretotell

whattheresultsshouldmean.Then,inthesectionofresults,theauthor(s)should

bringaboutasolidfoundationonwhichthewholepaperrests,byboilingdownallthefactsanddatahehasgained.Intermsof

content,researchresultsareusuallypresentedtogetherwiththecorrespondinganalysisconcerned.Sointhissectiontheauthorshouldpresenttheessentialresultsanddataandthengeneralizethemtoatheoreticalheight.Thereforethereareusually

twoingredients

inthesectionofresults:

fullpresentationofthespecificdataoftheworkanddetailedanalysisoftheresults(esp.whenthereisnospecialsectionofDataAnalysisinthepaper).2)WritingRequirementsforResults

Sosortingoutandselectingdatashouldbehighlynecessary.JustasDr,JolinPowell,anotedAmericangeologist,says:"Thefoolcollectsfacts;thewisemanselectsthem."Second,thepresentationofresultsshouldbeshortwithoutverbiageandbeofcrystalclarity.Thisisbecauseitistheresearchresultthatcontains

newingredientsofknowledgeorfindings

whichthewritercanclaimashisowncontributiontothescienceworld,andthatbuildsthebasisforthewholepaperoftheauthor.

Inwritingthissection,redundancyshouldbeavoided.Forexample,thestatement

"ItisclearlyshowninTable1thattheinformationdesiregrowswiththedevelopmentofindustry"

(18words)shouldbereplacedby"Theinformationdesiregrowswiththedevelopmentofindustry(Table1)"(11words).3)ExamplesandSome

UsefulExpressions

Listedbelowaresomeusefulexpressionsfrequent/yencounteredinthesectionofresult.

Theresearchwehavedonesuggestsanincreasein...Asaresultofourexperimentsweconcludedthat...Thisfruitfulworkgivesanexplanationof...Ourexperimentaldataarebrieflysummarizedasfollows...Figure3showstheresultsobtainedfromstudiesof...Table5presentsthedataprovidedbytheexperimentson...

Thistablesummarizedthedatacollectedduringtheexperimentof...Someoftheauthor'sfindingsarelistedintables.Thedirectoutcomewasthenreportedin...Sufficientresultfor..,hasbeenobservedwiththenewmethod...Thisworkdidprovide...Mostrecentexperimentstothesameeffecthaveledtheauthorstobelievethat.Asaresultofourexperiments,weconcludedthat...

SectionofDiscussion:Thesectionofdiscussionisgenerallyconsideredtobe

themostdifficultsectiontowrite.And,whetheryouknowitornot,manysubmittedpapersarerejectedbytheeditorsbecauseofafaultydiscussion,eventhoughthedataofthepapermightbebothvalidandinteresting.GeneralFunctions

andMainElementsofDiscussion

Ifthesectionofresultfunctionstoshowthefactsobservedbytheresearcher,thenthepurposeofthesectionofdiscussionistoexpoundtheinterrelationsamongtheobservedaswellastoexplainthefactsdenotedbysymbolsorsignsofmathematics.Followingthesectionofresultwheredataarepresented,theconsequentstepsandessentialelementsofdiscussionusuallyinclude:

(1)AnalyzingtheData

Trytopresentthebasicprinciples,factualrelationships,andsuccessfulgeneralizationsoftheresults.Bearinmindthat,inagooddiscussion，whatyouneedtodoistodiscussbutnotrecapitulate(statebriefly)theresults.(2)PointingoutDoubts

Pointoutexceptionsoranylackofcorrelation,anddefineunsettledpointsordoubts,thelimitations,failures,aswellaspointsforattention,ifany.(3)Expoundingviewpoints

Giveyourjudgment,evaluation,analysis,andshowhowyourresultsandinterpretationsagree(orcontrast)withpreviouslypublishedwork.(4)StatingtheSignificance

Pointoutthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourwork,aswellasanypossiblepracticalapplications(5)ArrivingataConclusion

Providetheoutcomeand/ortheend-resultsoftheresearch,etc.,asclearlyaspossible;andsummarizeyourevidenceforeachconclusivestatement.

2)WritingRequirementsforDiscussion

Firstly,youshouldsufficientlyanalyzethepresenteddataandpointoutthefactualrelationships.Inthisrespect,theprimarypurposeofadiscussionistoshowtherelationshipamongobservedfacts.Enoughattentionshouldbepaidtothispointsoastomakeclearthefactualrelationshipsthatcanreallyreflecthisresearchresultsandthereforecanleadhimtotheirlogicalconclusions.Secondly,sincethepurposeoftheprofessionalpaperisto

confirmtheauthor'sresearchwork,itisbeneficialforhimtofullyreviewwhathehasdoneinhiswork.Thatmeanshehasto

fullyevaluatehisownsuccessratherthanjustmakeasummaryoffacts.Thirdly

thewriterhastoadmithis

weakpointsorfailurefrankly,ifany.Itdoesnotmeanthatthewritersimplyconfessesthathehasmetwithfailureduringhisresearch,butmeansthatheisadvisedtorelatehisfailuretothefailingdataorstate

thelimitations

ofhisexperiment(investigation)conditions,sothat

thereaderwillfocusonhisargumentratherthanonhisfault.Fourthly,briefandforcefulexpressions

shouldbeusedinthesectionofdiscussion.Thismeansthewriterwillgivethereaderanimpressionofhis

academiccapability.Finally,keepinmind

nevertowritemorewordsthannecessary.

Excessivewordsorphrasesmayonlyreducetheforceordispersethereader'sattention,evendestroythevalueofthewholepaper.

E.g.Page119.SectionofConclusion:Astheend-resultofthewholepaper,

conclusion(alsocalledsummary)isthefinalviewpointdrawnbytheauthor(s)afterinvestigations,experiments,inferences,discussionsandsoon.

1)GeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofConclusion

Somepapersdonotneedaseparateconcludingsection,particularlyiftheconclusionsorresultshavealreadybeenstatedintheintroduction.

Functionsandmainelements:(1)SummingupSummingupislikelytobeapartwithitsmainfunctionofsummarizingthechiefpiecesofpurefacts,dataandinformationinthepaper,whereformalconclusionsorrecommendationsusuallyhavenoplace.

Ifyouincludeasummary,makecertain

(i)thatyouactuallysummarize,withdueemphasis,theprincipalitemsofinformationinthemainbodyofthepaperand(ii)thatyouincludeonlymaterialthatappearedearlierinanexpandedform.(3)StatementofRecommendations

Recommendations,atleastformalones,appearlessfrequentlyinprofessionalpapersthanin,say,technicalreports.Ifyouincluderecommendations,

besurethattheyfollowlogicallyfromthedataandconclusionspresentedearlier,and

donotdangleasproposalsthatyouthinkaregoodbutforwhichyouhavegivennosupportingevidence,

andthat,aswithconclusions,theyshouldneverclashwithwhatyoumayhaveexpectedtodoinyourintroduction.(4)GracefulTermination

Gracefulterminationisachievedwhenallthematerialsoftheconclusionaresmoothlywoventogetherandsatisfactorilyroundoffthewhole.

Thesuggestionsofferedin(1)-(3)abovewillpromote

coherence.Be

onguardagainstduplicatinglargeportionsoftheintroductionintheconclusion.Verbatimrepetitioncanbeboringandevencreateafalseunity,whichisdefinitelynocomplimenttotheauthor'ssuccess.2)RequirementsforWritingaConclusion

Thefollowingarethepointsforattentioninpreparingthesectionofconclusion:(1)Becarefulnotto

drawconclusionsfromdatainvolvingerrorsofobservation,errorsinarithmetic,compensatingerrors,systematicandpersonalerrors.(2)Donotuse

mathematicalformulaswithoutclearlyunderstandingoftheirderivationsandalltheassumptionsinvolved.(3)Becautiousincomparing

conclusionsbaseduponexperimentsinwhichtheinfluentialconditionshavebeenimproperlycontrolled,andthereforenotduplicated.(4)Avoidconfusing

factswithopinionsofinfluences,notonlyintheinvestigationitselfbutalsoinpreparingresultsforpublication.

(5)Donotdraw

aconclusionfromtoofewdata,ortoobroadaconclusionthatisbasedonextrapolated(extended)curves.(6)Guardagainst

failingtoqualifyaconclusion,inordertoshowthelimitswithinwhichitapplies,orthevariationwhichistobeexpected.

(7)Whenyouindulge

inaspeculation?besuretoremindyourreadertoknowthatitremainsaspeculation.Theresultsoftheexperimentindicate...Inconclusion,theresultshows...Wehavedescribed...,wefound...Ourargumentproceedsin...Theresearchworkhasbroughtaboutadiscoveryof...Finally,asummaryisgivenof...ThesefindingsoftheresearchhaveledtheauthortotheconclusionthatTheresearchhasresultedinasolutionof...

习语与地理环境1.航海业的发展对习语的影响2.捕鱼业的发展对习语的影响3.采煤业的发展对习语的影响4.畜牧业的发展对习语的影响5.多雨多雾的气候对习语的影响1.航海业的发展对习语的影响1.Allatsea.(不知所措)2.Rai