跨文化交际.ppt

1、1,Cross-culturalcommunication,2,Contents,Cross-culturalcommunication,3,Basicconcepts,Whatisculture?,Whatiscommunication?,WhatisCross-culturalcommunication?,4,WhatisCommunication?,ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchang

2、einformationorideas.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(Griffin,2006:54),5,VariousChineseTranslationsofCommunication,Communication,6,TypesofCommunic

3、ation,humancommunication(人类交际）animalcommunication(动物交际）human-animalcommunication（人类与动物的交际）human-machinecommunication（人机交际）machine-to-machinecommunication（机器交际）,7,LinearModelofCommunication,Sender,Receiver,Channel(message),encoding,decoding,noise,Isthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication?,ModeofCommunica

4、tion,8,InteractiveModelofCommunication,SenderReceiver,SenderReceiver,encoding,decoding,noise,Feedbackisessentialtogoodcommunication,decoding,encoding,message/channel,message/channel,9,Elementsofcommunication,Context(location,time,light,temperature,seatingarrangements)Participants(relationship,gender

5、,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise)Feedback(Griffin,2006:94),10,Characteristicsofcommunication,1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)Communicationta

6、kesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext.(Griffin,2006),11,WhatisCross-culturalCommunication?,Cross-culturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Cross-culturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembe

7、rsofanyculturalcommunities.(SamovarandPorter,2004:47),12,Cross-culturalCommunicationVsInterculturalCommunication,Cross-culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations,affectivedispositions,communicativestylesetc.(psychologicalprocess)Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyam

8、emberofonecultureintoanotherculture(practicalsignificance)InChinese:“跨文化交际学”或“跨文化交流学”,13,Historicaldevelopment,TheestablishmentoftheForeignServiceInstitute(1940s-50s);ThebodyofworkbyanthropologistEdwardT.Hall(1950s);Thelaunchingofcross-culturalorganizations(1970s-80s);Theincreaseofcross-culturalcour

9、seworkincollegesanduniversities(1970s-80s);Thegrowthofabodyofworkincross-culturalcommunicationtheoryandresearch(1980s-present)(Dijk,1998:145),14,Interdisciplinaryorientation,Thesefieldsinclude:anthropologyculturalstudiespsychologycommunication,15,ClassicalWorksintheField,In1940,FranzBoas,Race,Langua

10、geandCulture.In1957,firstly“Crossculturalstudies”byRobertLadoinhisLinguisticAcrossCultures(跨文化语言学）.Hediscussedtheculturalcomparisoninthreeaspects:form,meaninganddistribution(顾嘉祖，4）.In1959,theSilentLanguagebyEdwardT.Hallinitiatedthecross-culturalstudies.R.Oliver,1962，CultureandcommunicationA.G.Smith,

11、1966,CultureandcommunicationIn1970s,ICA(InternationalCommunicationAssociation)acceptedCross-culturalCommunicationasabranchdiscipline.asadiscipline)Journals:InternationalandInterculturalJournalofInterculturalRelations.,16,AMonumentalFigure,EdwardTwitchellHall,(19142009),Americananthropologistandcross

12、-culturalresearcher.Hallintroducedanumberofnewconcepts,includingproxemics,polychronicandmonochronictime,andhighandlowcontextcultures.TheSilentLanguage(1959)TheHiddenDimension(1966)BeyondCulture(1976),17,Proxemics(人际距离学）,Itreferstoadescriptionofhowpeoplebehaveandreactindifferenttypesofculturally-defi

13、nedpersonalspace.Fourcategoriesofdistanceinclude:,Friendsandrelatives,socialdistance,publicdistance,18,Timesystems(Hall,1976),MonochronicTime(M-Time)PolychronicTime(P-Time)美国人类学家霍尔（EdwardHall）在（BeyondCulture）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronictime）和“多向计时制”（polychronictime),19,MonochronicTime(M-Ti

14、me),Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.e.g.American“单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时”,认为“时间是线性的、可分割的，就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去”。美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情（doonethingatatime）,20,PolychronicTime(P-Time),P-times

15、chedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itismoreflexibleandmorehumanistic.PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandsometimesbreakthem(Hall,1976:73).e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsiancultures,21,AspectsofCross-cultur

16、alCommunication,HighandLowContextCulturesVerbandNonVerbalCommunication,22,HighandLowcontextcultures,TheideaofcontextinculturewasanideaputforthbyananthropologistbythenameofEdwardTHall.Hallbrokeupcultureintotwomaingroups:HighandLowcontextcultures.Hereferredtocontextasthestimuli,environmentorambiancesu

17、rroundingtheenvironment.,23,High-contextCulture:,Inhigh-contextmessages,meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliation)(Hall,1959:97).High-Contextcult

18、uresassumetheindividualisknowledgeableaboutthesubjectandhastobegivenverylittlebackgroundinformation.High-contextculturesincludeChinese,Japanese,MiddleEasterners,etc.,24,Low-contextCulture:,Inlow-contextmessages,themajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.low-contextculturesassumethattheindi

19、vidualsknowverylittleaboutwhattheyarebeingtold,andthereforemustbegivenalotofbackgroundinformation.Low-contextculturesincludeEnglish,NorthAmerican,German,etc.,25,verbal,non-verbal,language,others,bodylanguage,others,speaking,writing,sound,spokenlanguage,writtenlanguage,informal,formal,paralinguistics

20、,signlanguage,gestures,flag,codes,humancommunication,Diagramofhumancommunication,26,VerbalCommunication,Paralanguage(伴随语言):referstovoicecharacteristicsandvocalqualities.Paralinguisticsisthestudyofsuchaspectsofspeechastone,volume,pitchandtempo,pauseandthelikewhicharetogetherwithverbalinformation.Ourv

21、oicemaybeoneofthemostinformativeelementsinbuildingupourimages.,27,(1)Pitch,Pitchdecideshesitationoremphasis.Whenoneisexcited,his/hervoicewouldbehighinpitch,quickinrate,andtherewillbenopausesbetweensentences;Whenoneissadordepressed,his/hervoicetraitswouldsurelybetheopposite.,28,(2)VolumeControl,TheEn

22、glishalwaysspeakinlowervoicethanChinesewhentheymakespeechoralecture,ortalkingwitheachother,orphoning.ButChineseoftenspeakinloudvoiceintheaforesaidoccasions.Americanaremoreskilledinregulatingtheirvoicevolumeanduseverymanydifferentvolumelevelsdependingonthesizeoftheaudienceandthephysicalenvironment.,2

23、9,(3)Silence,Silencecanbelongerbetweenfriendsorintimatesthanthestrangerswhohavetoconverse.Chinesepaymoreattentiontothefunctionofsilenceinthetalking,andthinkthatthepausesandsilencehaverichmeanings.Silencemayhavemanypossiblemeanings:agreement-disagreement,thoughtful-ignorance,consideration-inconsidera

24、tion,secrecy,coldness,submission,boredomandsoon.,30,NonverbalCommunication,Nonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!,31,Definition,Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesour

25、ceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004),32,Wherearetheyfrom?,muumuu,jeans,33,Kimono,Sari(Saree),34,GeneralAppearanceandDress,Concernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal.Wemakeinferences(oftenfaulty)aboutanothers“intelligence,gender,age,ap

26、proachability,financialwell-being,class,tastes,values,andculturalbackground”fromattractiveness,dress,andpersonalappearance.,35,BodyLanguage,Bodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements.Bodylanguageincludesgestures,headmovements,facialexpressions,eyebehaviors,posturesandot

27、herdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.,36,GesturesGesturesareanimportantcomponentofnon-verbalcommunication.Itmustbeemphasizedthatgesturesvaryinmeaningfromculturetoculture.,Non-verbalCommunication,37,1.theringgesture:InAmerica,itmeansOK.Itsgreat.InJapanitmeansmoney;InFranceitmeanszeroorworthless;InTu

28、nisia突尼斯“Illkillyou.”,38,2.thesinglefingerbeckon:InAmericaitsimplymeans:comehere.InYugoslaviaandMalaysiaitisonlyusedforbeckoninganimals.InIndonesiaandAustraliaitisusedforbeckoningprostitutes.,39,3.Thethumbs-upsign:InBritainitmeansOKandisalsousedasasignforhitch-hiking.InGreeceitisaninsult.InChineseit

29、meansOKorpraising.,40,Cross-culturalCommunicativeCompetence,Integrationofcommunicativecompetenceandculturalcompetence.,41,CommunicativeCompetence,GrammaticalCompetencemasteringthelinguisticcodeofalanguage(sentencelevel)DiscourseCompetenceformingameaningfulwholeoutofaseriesofutterances.(inter-sentent

30、ialrelationships),42,SociolinguisticCompetenceknowledgeofthesocio-culturalrules(appropriatenessofutterances)StrategicCompetenceverbalandnonverbalcommunicationstrategiesthatmaybecalledintoactiontocompensateforbreakdownsincommunicationduetoinsufficientcompetence.,43,CulturalCompetence,Awarenessofoneso

31、wnculturalworldview;Attitudetowardsculturaldifferences;Knowledgeofdifferentculturalpracticesandworldviews;cross-culturalskills.,44,EthnocentrismStereotypingPrejudiceDiscriminationRacismLackofKnowledge,Motivation,butoftentakenas“truth”.,48,Inthepast:AmericanstereotypeonJapanese:FujiMountain,Sakura,Ge

32、ishaJapanesestereotypeonAmericans:chewinggumAtpresent:AmericanstereotypeonJapanese:Economichole,workaholicJapanesestereotypeonAmericans:thewhiteforeignersspeakingEnglish,49,Prejudice,Itreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.Itisanunfair,biased,orintol

33、erantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.“ThoseGermansdiditonce,soIcannevertrustanyofthemeveragain.”“DontpaytheMexicansverymuch.Theydonthaveanyeducationandwillworkforalmostnothing.”,50,Discrimination,Itreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.,Racism,51

34、,LackofKnowledge,Motivationuniformityandconformityarestressed.,54,AcaseinpointAuthorialidentityinacademicwritingIndividualisticVS.CollectivisticVisibleinvisibletheuseofI,Weetc.,55,56,FormofAddress,Surname+Title,Title+Surname,Surname+Title,Title+Surname,GivenName,GivenName,GivenName,57,Focus,Theuseof

35、personstitle:,InChina:,Surname+Title:张局长,李经理,严校长,InAmerica:,onlyafewoccupationsortitles:,Doctor,ProfessorNurse,Judge,Mayor,Theranksinthearmedforce:Captain,Usage:Singly/+surname,58,59,60,Focus,Family,relativesorcloseneighbors:,InChina:,二哥,三姐,四婶,王大伯,InAmerica:,Givennames,Exceptions:,Parentsgrandparent

36、solderrelatives,61,Thepropertopicstostartconversations:,InitiatingConversationandConversationTopic,HobbiesAlocalornationaleventHolidaysJobsTheweatherFilms/books,62,SometopicsthatChineseshouldbecarefulaboutdiscussing:,Age,Money,Health,63,Suchquestionsaboutmoneyshouldbeavoided:,Howmuchdoyouearn?,Howmu

37、chisthedress/mobilephone?,Theissuecanonlybeapproachedindirectly:,XiaoHe:Thatsabeautifulplantstand!Wheredidyoubuyit?Jennifer:AttheplantshoponSimingRoad.XiaoHe:Oh,Idlovetobuyonemyself.Wasitveryexpensive?Jennifer:Notreally.Infact,Ithoughtitwasquitereasonable.Ipaidfiveyuanforit.,64,Businessrelated,Visiting,characteristics,arrangedinadvance,straighttothepoint,sociallyrelated,characteristics,dependingonindividualpreference,butusuallywithanadvancenotice,65,Gifts,66,ShowingHospitalityinDifferentWays,67