自考英语词汇学 部分章节 重点归纳English Lexicology

1、英语词汇学（课程代码：00832）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the lang

2、uage. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds a

3、nd derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative

4、sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concep

5、t or relationships.Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations sugg

6、ested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.Affective meaning indicates the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative).Collocative me

7、aning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）1多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to

8、 all nature language that a word has more than one sense.An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.2.Two approaches to polysemy

9、(多义关系的两种研究方法): diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度). 3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independ

10、ent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning linking together, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的 shifts.6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6

11、.2.1Types of homonyms1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meani

12、ng. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spelling.2. Borrowing.3. Shortening.6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)They are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation.One and same worddif

13、ferent words （share form）The fundamental difference最根本的区别 same sourceDifferent sourcesCorrelated 相关的unrelatedAll meanings listed under one headword(词条)Separate entries6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sou

14、nd and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2.同义词的2个分类 1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, emb

15、race different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.3.同义词的4个来源 1) Borrowing. (外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法)4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)difference in denotation.(

16、外延意义)2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words) (内涵意义) 3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）6.4 Antonymy反义关系semantic opposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)-oppositeness2) C

17、ontrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)semantic relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)relational opposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1) Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition

18、.(adj. v. n.)there are more synonyms than antonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of i

19、ntensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite.3.使用：解释词义。构成习惯表达。被作家喜欢。6.5 Hyponymy上下义关系 semantic inclusion(语义包含关系)The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of anot

20、her more general word. (specific wordssubordinate/hyponyms; general wordssuperordinate /hypernym )Subordinates下义词,are concrete and precise, presenting a vivid verbal picture;hyponyms上义词 only convey a general and vague idea.的概念和相互关系.评论，那个句子更好。6.6 Semantic filed语义场:语义上相关的词构成的群体。语义场的概念:the words of lan

21、guage can be classified into semantically related sets or fileds.语义场的作用Chapter 7 Changes In Word Meaning (词义的演变)7.1 Types of changes Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, elevation, degradation, transfer.7.1.1 ExtensionExtension of meaning, also known as generalization, is a process

22、 by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.7.1.2 Narrowing Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening meaning.It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.7.1.3 ElevationElevati

23、on or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.7.1.4 DegradationDegradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is the process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words

24、come to be used in derogatory sense. Transfer/Semantic transferTransfer is a process by which words used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else.(a) Associated transfer,(b) Transfer between abstract and concrete meaning.(c) Transfer between subjective and objective meaning.(d

25、) Transfer of sensations.7.2 Cause of changes变化的原因There are generally two major factors that cause changes in meaning extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors.Extra-linguistic factors: 1) Historical reason: referent changed. 2) Class reason: elevation or degradation 3) Psychological reason: t

26、he associated transfer, euphemistic use of words; Psychological motives; Religious influence.Linguistic factors: 1) Shortening. 2) The influx of borrowings. 3)Analogy 类比Chapter 8 Meaning and Context（词义与语境）8.1 Types of ContextContext is used in different senses. People, culture, time, place, backgrou

27、ndWords, clause, sentences, paragraphs book.The structure that a word occursWords that occur together with the word in questionIn a broad sense, it includes the physical situation which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole culture background. This is called extra-linguistic or non-li

28、nguistic context.(非语言语境)In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences, a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book in which a word appears, this is known as linguistic context.（语言语境）Linguistic context (verbal context) can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context.Lexical context refers to the words that occur together